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Terms modified by SPSS Selected AbstractsSpontaneous remission of primary hyperparathyroidism: A case report and meta-analysis of the literatureHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 1 2006Christopher T. Wootten MD Abstract Background. In a minority of patients, primary hyperparathyroidism spontaneously remits either by autoinfarction or by hemorrhage into or around the adenoma. We describe a case of autoparathyroidectomy occurring in a 63-year-old man 9 years after three parathyroid glands were removed during a total thyroidectomy. This case is compared with 50 previously reported cases of autoparathyriodectomy, and a meta-analysis is performed. Methods. Case report, literature review, and meta-analysis were done using statistical software (SigmaStat 2.0, SPSS, Chicago). Results. Fifty cases of autoparathyroidectomy were summarized according to the three etiologies. The greatest biochemical aberration was found in the acute intracapsular hemorrhage group, with [Ca++] falling from a mean 15.1 mg/dL to 8.9 mg/dL. The average drop in parathyroid hormone was 69% across all groups, comparing favorably to surgical resection. Conclusions. Autoparathyroidectomy is a rare but described outcome of unoperated primary hyperparathyroidism that may delay or supplant operative management. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck27: XXX,XXX, 2005 [source] Striving for a better operative outcome: 101 PancreaticoduodenectomiesHPB, Issue 6 2008A.W.C. Kow Abstract Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), once carried high morbidity and mortality, is now a routine operation performed for lesions arising from the pancreatico-duodenal complex. This study reviews the outcome of 101 pancreaticoduodenectomies performed after formalization of HepatoPancreatoBiliary (HPB) unit in the Department of Surgery. A prospective database comprising of patients who underwent PD was set up in 1999. Retrospective data for patients operated between 1996 and 1999 was included. One hundred and one cases accrued over 10 years from 1996 to 2006 were analysed using SPSS (Version 12.0). The mean age of our cohort of patients was 61±12 years with male to female ratio of 2:1. The commonest clinical presentations were obstructive jaundice (64%) and abdominal pain (47%). Majority had malignant lesions (86%) with invasive adenocarcinoma of the head of pancreas being the predominant histopathology (41%). Median operative time was 315 (180,945) minutes. Two-third of our patients had pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) while the rest had pancreaticogastrostomy (PG). There were five patients with pancreatico-enteric anastomotic leak (5%), three of whom (3%) were from PJ anastomosis. Overall, in-hospital and 30-day mortality were both 3%. The median post-operative length of stay (LOS) was 15 days. Using logistic regressions, the post-operative morbidity predicts LOS following operation (p<0.005). The strategy in improving the morbidity and mortality rates of pancreaticoduodenectomies lies in the subspecialization of surgical services with regionalization of such complex surgeries to high volume centers. The key success lies in the dedication of staffs who continues to refine the clinical care pathway and standardize management protocol. [source] Factors affecting outcome in liver resectionHPB, Issue 3 2005CEDRIC S. F. LORENZO Abstract Background. Studies demonstrate an inverse relationship between institution/surgeon procedural volumes and patient outcomes. Similar studies exist for liver resections, which recommend referral of patients for liver resections to ,high-volume' centers. These studies did not elucidate the factors that underlie such outcomes. We believe there exists a complex interaction of patient-related and perioperative factors that determine patient outcomes after liver resection. We sought to delineate these factors. Methods. Retrospective review of 114 liver resections by a single surgeon from 1993,2003: Records were reviewed for demographics; diagnosis; type/year of surgery; American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score; preoperative albumin, creatinine, and bilirubin; operative time; intraoperative blood transfusions; epidural use; and intraoperative hypotension. Main outcome measurements were postoperative morbidities, mortalities and length of stay (LOS). Data were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model (SPSS v10.1 statistical analysis program). Results. Primary indications for resections were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (N=57), metastatic colorectal cancer (N=25), and benign disease (N=18). There were no intraoperative mortalities and 4 perioperative (30-day) mortalities (3.5%). Mortality occurred in patients with malignancies who were older than 50 years. Morbidity was higher in malignant (15.6%) versus benign (5.5%) disease. Complications included bile leak/stricture (N=6), liver insufficiency (N=3), postoperative bleeding (N=2), myocardial infarction (N=2), aspiration pneumonia (N=1), renal insufficiency (N=1), and cancer implantation into the wound (N=1). Average LOS for all resections was 8.6 days. Longer operative time (p=0.04), lower albumin (p<0.001), higher ASA score (p<0.001), no epidural use (p=0.04), and higher creatinine (p<0.001) all correlated positively with longer LOS. ASA score and creatinine were the strongest predictors of LOS. LOS was not affected by patient age, sex, diagnosis, presence of malignancy, intraoperative transfusion requirements, intraoperative hypotension, preoperative bilirubin, case volume per year or year of surgery. Conclusions. Liver resections can be performed with low mortality/morbidity and with acceptable LOS by an experienced liver surgeon. Outcome as measured by LOS is most influenced by patient comorbidities entering into surgery. Annual case volume did not influence LOS and had no impact on patient safety. Length of stay may not reflect surgeon/institution performance, as LOS is multifactorial and likely related to patient population, patient selection and increased high-risk cases with a surgeon's experience. [source] Predictive model for the outcome of infliximab therapy in Crohn's disease based on apoptotic pharmacogenetic index and clinical predictorsINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 4 2007Tibor Hlavaty Abstract Background: Infliximab (IFX) is an effective therapy for refractory luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease (CD). Predictors of response could improve selection of patients with a higher probability of favorable outcomes and could improve the safety profile. We aimed to develop a predictive model for the response to infliximab in CD. Methods: Genetic and clinical data collected in a previous pharmacogenetic study of apoptosis genes were analyzed using SAS Enterprise miner modeling software and SPSS 12.0. We proposed a novel apoptotic pharmacogenetic index (API) with a score ranging from 0 (low apoptotic response) to 3 (high apoptotic response) and subsequently developed a decision tree model. Results: Response and remission rates significantly increased with API score (P = 0.005 in the group of patients with luminal CD, P = 0.02 in the group of patients with fistulizing CD). Patients with an API , 1 (n = 59) had the lowest response and remission rates in both the luminal CD (50% and 39.5%, respectively) and fistulizing CD (61.9% and 28.6%, respectively) groups, compared to those with an API of 2 (n = 158), whose response and remission rates were 73.8% and 56.1%, respectively, in the luminal CD group and 85.7% and 44.9%, respectively, in the fistulizing CD group; and those with an API of 3 (n = 10), whose response and remission rates were 100% and 85.7%, respectively, in the luminal CD group and 100% and 0% in the fistulizing CD group. Response in patients with an API , 1 was significantly influenced by concurrent azathioprine therapy in the luminal CD (21.4% versus 78.9%, P < 0.001) and in the fistulizing CD (46.6% versus 100%, P = 0.04) groups. In patients with an API of 2, we saw an interaction with age older than 40 years and location of disease (response 52.2% versus 83.9%, P = 0.008) in the luminal CD group and with baseline CRP greater than 5 mg/L (73.9% versus 93.9%, P = 0.04) in the fistulizing CD group. Conclusions: From our newly proposed apoptotic pharmacogenetic index and clinical predictors, we developed a model for prediction of low, medium, and high responses to the first infusion of IFX in patients with CD. Further studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis generated by our study. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007) [source] Consumers' awareness and information need about food hygiene in Korea: focused on pesticide residues and food borne illnessINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 3 2003Meera Kim This study investigated consumers' awareness and information need about food hygiene especially focused on pesticide residues and food borne illness in Korea. The data were collected from 350 adults living in Daegu and Busan, Korea by a self-administered questionnaire. Frequency and chi-square tests were conducted by SPSS. The results of the survey were as follows: Firstly the consumers' concerns about food hygiene were high. About three-fourths of the respondents answered that they were ,somewhat' or ,highly' concerned about pesticide residues and food borne illness. Especially women and the older showed more concerns than men and the younger. Secondly, the respondents worried about eating vegetables, fruits and grains in turn because of pesticide residues, and did not trust the results from food hygiene tests by the Government. Thirdly, three-fourths of the respondents used the way to wash food stuffs with water several times to clean pesticide residues. Fourth, about four-fifths of the subjects worried about food borne illness caused by fish to the extreme and about two-thirds answered that un-fresh or contaminated food stuffs were the major factor of food borne illness in cooking. Finally, the respondents primarily wanted to get the information about harmfulness of pesticide residues in foods, and methods to choose fresh food regarding food borne illness. Under the situation of the lack of educational programs for food hygiene in Korea, the educational contents for food hygiene to improve public health can be developed on the basis of this study. [source] Consumer attitudes and acceptance of genetically modified organisms in KoreaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 3 2003Hyochung Kim Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) were first used to designate micro organisms that had had genes from other species transferred into their genetic material by the then-new techniques of ,gene-splicing.' Cultivation of GMOs has so far been most widespread in the production of soybeans and maize. The United States holds almost three-fourths of the total crop area devoted to GMOs. Because many crops have been imported from the US, there is a large possibility for consumers to intake the products of GMOs in Korea. The safety of GMOs is not scientifically settled at this time, however. Additionally, the research regarding the GMOs issue of consumers has rarely been conducted in Korea. This study therefore focused on the consumer attitudes about GMOs and willingness to purchase them. The data were collected from 506 adults living in Seoul, Daegu and Busan, Korea, by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Frequencies and chi-square tests were conducted by SPSS. The results of the survey were as follows. First, the consumer concerns about GMOs were high but recognition was low; many respondents answered they did not have exact information about GMOs, although they had heard about them. Second, almost 93% of the respondents desired the labelling of GMOs. Third, the level of acceptance of GMOs was high; two-thirds of the respondents showed that they were willing to buy GMOs. Finally, many respondents worried about the safety of GMOs in that 73% of the respondents primarily wanted to be informed about safety of GMOs. This study suggests that the consumer education about GMOs should be conducted through mass media and consumer protection organisations. [source] Measurement of stain on extracted teeth using spectrophotometry and digital image analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE, Issue 3 2007DL Lath Abstract:, Aim:, The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validate a customized image analysis system, designed for use within clinical trials of general dental hygiene and whitening products, for the measurement of stain levels on extracted teeth and to compare it with reflectance spectrophotometry. Method:, Twenty non-carious extracted teeth were soaked in an artificial saliva, brushed for 1 min using an electric toothbrush and a standard toothpaste, bleached using a 5.3% hydrogen peroxide solution and cycled for 6 h daily through a tea solution. CIE L* values were obtained after each treatment step using the customized image analysis system and a reflectance spectrophotometer. A statistical analysis was carried out in SPSS. Results:, Fleiss' coefficient of reliability for intra-operator repeatability of the image analysis system and spectrophotometry was 0.996 and 0.946 respectively. CIE L* values were consistently higher using the image analysis compared with spectrophotometry, and t -tests for each treatment step showed significant differences (P < 0.05) for the two methods. Limits of agreement between the methods were ,27.95 to +2.07, with a 95% confidence of the difference calculated as ,14.26 to ,11.84. The combined results for all treatment steps showed a significant difference between the methods for the CIE L* values (P < 0.05). Conclusion:, The image analysis system has proven to be a reliable method for assessment of changes in stain level on extracted teeth. The method has been validated against reflectance spectrophotometry. This method may be used for pilot in vitro studies/trials of oral hygiene and whitening products, before expensive in vivo tests are carried out. [source] Registered nurse incentives to return to practice in the United StatesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 5 2009Joanne C Langan PhD RN This US study uniquely listened to registered nurses with current licenses who do not work as nurses or are unemployed. An electronic survey was advertised in 13 Boards of Nursing newsletters. Investigated was why nurses left nursing, what would entice them to return to nursing, and what skill review is essential to competent and confident return to nursing practice. Herzberg's theory was used to study factors affecting registered nurses' decision to practise nursing. Data were analysed using SPSS and manifest content analysis. Nurses (n = 127) identified various work conditions as the primary reasons for leaving nursing. Work condition improvement, recognition of one's work, opportunities for professional growth and family needs consideration were identified as key enticing factors for returning to nursing. Many respondents identified needing review of medicines, intravenous skills, new technologies and a refresher course. Acting on their voiced concerns will enhance nurse recruitment and retention. [source] Factors associated with the coping of parents with a child in psychiatric inpatient careINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 5 2001Tiina Puotiniemi MSc The purpose of this study was to establish the parental coping' factors associated with having a child in psychiatric inpatient care. The data were collected from 19 hospitals with child psychiatry units. At the time of data collection, all parents of children in psychiatric inpatient care in these hospitals were recruited. The method of data collection was a questionnaire (n = 79). The data were analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows statistical software. The connections between variables were studied with cross-tabulation, and the ,2 test was used to determine significance. Changes in internal and external family relationships and matters related to the upbringing of the child with mental problems statistically correlated significantly with parental coping (P < 0.001). Problem-oriented and emotionally-oriented coping strategies, skills and palliative strategies correlated significantly with parental coping (P < 0.001). Emotional support, support for the care and upbringing of the child in inpatient care, and love and acceptance also had statistically significant associations with parental coping (P < 0.001). [source] Evaluating the context within which continence care is provided in rehabilitation units for older peopleINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OLDER PEOPLE NURSING, Issue 1 2007Jayne Wright Aim., This paper presents the first phase of an all Ireland 2-year study between the University of Ulster and University College Cork, to determine the contextual indicators that enable or hinder person centred continence care and management in rehabilitation settings for older people. The primary outcome of the study was the development of a tool to enable practitioners to assess the practice context within which continence care is provided. The main focus of this paper is the value of understanding practice ,context' (culture, leadership and evaluation) and its impact to the provision of person centred continence care. Background., The literature highlights the effect of continence problems on the quality of life of older people. Incontinence is often seen by health care professionals and older people as an inevitable consequence of ageing and difficult to treat. Furthermore, health care professionals do not always have the necessary skills and knowledge of best practice in continence care and treatments. The Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework utilized in the study proposes that successful implementation of evidence in practice is dependent on the inter-relationship of three key elements; the nature of the evidence, the quality of the context and expert facilitation. Kitson et al. propose that for successful implementation, evidence needs to be robust, the context receptive to change and appropriate facilitation is needed. Consequently understanding practice ,context' and its impact on the provision of person centred continence care is of value. Methods., Case study methodology with several data collection methods was utilized to measure all aspects of ,context' as identified by the PARIHS framework. Methods include: Royal College of Physicians Audit Scheme, Staff Knowledge questionnaire, semi-structured observation of practice and multidisciplinary focus groups. Findings., The data were analysed in two stages. Stage 1 using both qualitative and quantitative (SPSS 12) methods. Stage 2 analysed all the data utilizing the characteristics of context from the PARIHS framework in order to identify the strong and weak characteristics of the context within which continence care was provided. Continence care and management in this study was found to be focused on continence containment rather than proactive management. The evidence suggests that the context (leadership, culture and evaluation) was weak and not conducive to person centred continence care and management. Conclusion., An analysis of the data using the context framework provided a picture of the context within the units and the identification of the specific contextual issues hindering and enabling the delivery of person centred continence care. This process has thus, added to our understanding of the importance of context to the provision of person-centred care. [source] Measuring job satisfaction of UK pharmacists: a pilot studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 4 2007Professor Karen Hassell chair in social pharmacy Objective To review the UK published literature on pharmacy job satisfaction, in order to describe and assess the strengths of their methods and the findings and to validate an existing instrument to measure work satisfaction, with a sample of locum pharmacists. Method A literature review of relevant databases was used to identify UK studies exploring any aspect of job, role, career or work satisfaction. A search of the grey literature was also undertaken. A satisfaction scale, the Warr-Cook-Wall scale, previously used with general practitioners (GPs), was adapted and administered to a sample of locum pharmacists (n = 175, response rate = 75%). Validity and reliability analyses were undertaken in SPSS v13. Key findings Three articles, two reports, one thesis abstract and one conference abstract were identified through the search. The findings of the review indicate that the way in which pharmacist satisfaction has been measured to date renders it difficult to determine historical trends or make cross-sectoral comparisons. A Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.90 was obtained for the job satisfaction scale, indicating that the job satisfaction scale is a satisfactory and reliable tool for use with this group of pharmacists. In terms of substantive findings, these suggest that locum pharmacists in general derive high levels of job satisfaction and higher levels than those reported by GPs. Conclusion Limited evidence is available regarding pharmacists' job satisfaction in the UK. The review highlights the need for a universal, multifaceted measure of satisfaction. The findings of this study suggest that the Warr-Cook-Wall satisfaction scale has very high reliability and is suitable for use with pharmacists without any further amendments. Although the study suggests relatively high satisfaction scores in this group of pharmacists, it would be instructive to determine the applicability of the job satisfaction measure and to explore the satisfaction levels of pharmacists in a wide range of roles and sectors, to determine relative levels of satisfaction. [source] Predictors of disability among Filipinos with knee osteoarthritisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 3 2008Ester G. Penserga Abstract Aims: This study aims to describe the level of disability of Filipino patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) in relation to common risk factors. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional analytic study. Patients with knee osteoarthritis diagnosed using the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of knee OA, seen at East Avenue Medical Center, using the Quezon City, Philippines, were entered by convenient sampling. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC (va) 3.1 Tagalog Version) osteoarthritis index was used. Self-reported disability was measured by the function subscale of the WOMAC OA index and used as the dependent variable. Independent variables assessed as possible risk factors affecting disability were age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), education (in years), number of comorbidities present, smoking status (pack years), duration of knee OA, pain and stiffness. Categories of disability were identified as high, moderate and low. Analyses of the data were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13. Results: Eighty-five subjects were included in the study. The mean disability score was 674.1 ± 318.81 (moderate disability). Chi-square tests showed that the categories or levels of disability are not significantly dependent on the categorical variables. Significant direct correlations were seen between mean disability and weight (r = 0.260, P = 0.016), pain (r = 0.574, P = 0.000), and stiffness (r = 0.616, P = 0.000). Conclusion: This is the first study analysing the relationship between disability and specific risk factors among Filipino patients with knee OA. Self-reported disability of knee OA in the population studied was strongly related to pain scores, weight and joint stiffness scores. [source] A study of antifungal antibiotic production by Thermomonospora sp MTCC 3340 using full factorial designJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Monali Gupte Abstract The three independent variables, viz concentration of carbon source (glucose), concentration of nitrogen source (soybean meal) and temperature of incubation were found to be the most important for production of antifungal antibiotic by the isolate Thermomonospora sp MTCC 3340 from one-factor-at-a-time study. These variables were varied at three levels in a total number of 27 experiments designed using full factorial design. The results on analysis using the statistical software SPSS (version 6.0) indicated that the optimum combination of the three factors for the maximum yield of the antibiotic was concentration of carbon source (glucose) 2%, concentration of nitrogen source (soybean meal) 1% and temperature of incubation 30 °C. A close fit between experimental and predicted values of the antifungal yield was obtained using one of the modes derived from the statistical analysis, indicating that this model was applicable to this production. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] A study of nurses' inferences of patients' physical painJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 4 2006Benita Wilson BSc Aim., The aim of this study was to establish if postregistration education and clinical experience influence nurses' inferences of patients' physical pain. Background., Pain is a complex, subjective phenomenon making it an experience that is elusive and difficult to define. Evaluation of an individual's pain is the product of a dynamic, interactive process that frequently results in ineffective pain management. Educating nurses should address the deficit, however the clinical environment is thought to be most influential in the acquisition of knowledge. Design., A series of vignettes was used to consider nurses' inferences of physical pain for six hypothetical patients; these were employed within a self-administered questionnaire that also addressed lifestyle factors of patients in pain, general attitudes and beliefs about pain management and general knowledge of pain control. Method., One hundred questionnaires were distributed; 86 nurses returned the questionnaire giving a response rate of 86%. Following selection of the sample 72 nurses participated in the study: 35 hospice/oncology nurses (specialist) and 37 district nurses (general). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and qualitative analysis of the written responses. Results., The specialist nurses tended to infer lower levels of physical pain than the general nurses when considering the patients in the vignettes. Conclusion., Education and clinical experience influence nurses' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about pain. However, it would appear that the specialist nurses' working environment and knowledge base engenders a practice theory divide, resulting in desensitization to patients' physical pain. Relevance to clinical practice., It is suggested that the specialist nurses use defence mechanisms to protect them from the conflict that arises from working within the clinical environment. These cognitive strategies have the potential to ease cognitive dissonance for the nurse, but may increase patient suffering. [source] Effects of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on the development of metabolic disordersJOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, Issue 7 2007Jian-Gao Fan Abstract Background and Aim:, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be the liver component of metabolic syndrome. However, the impact of NAFLD on metabolic syndrome is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of NAFLD on the development of metabolic disorders. Methods:, Patients with NAFLD and an age, sex, and occupation-matched control group were recruited from employees of Bao-Steel Group (Shanghai, China) who had received medical check-ups biennially between 1995 and 2002. Anthropometric and laboratory data, and incidence of metabolic disorders were assessed at baseline and at follow-up of at least 4 years. SPSS 11.5 was used for statistical analysis. Results:, The study consisted of 358 patients (326 men and 32 women) and 788 matched controls (711 men and 77 women) with a similar mean age of 39.0 years and median follow-up of 6 years. At the end of follow-up, incidence of obesity (47.6% vs 19.5%), hypertension (69.6% vs 16.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (39.1% vs 16.3%), hypercholesterolemia (24.5% vs 17.3%), impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (25.1% vs 11.6%), diabetes mellitus (20.3% vs 5.2%) and multiple metabolic disorders (MMD) (56.3% vs 16.3%) were significantly higher in the fatty liver group than the control group. Interestingly, the mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level in patients with fatty liver significantly decreased at follow-up compared with baseline (28.56 ± 18.86 vs 31.51 ± 18.34 U/L, P < 0.05). To separate the effects of obesity from fatty liver, the subjects were re-classified according to the presence of obesity and fatty liver at baseline. The incidence of hypertension (61.1% vs 41.3%), hypertriglyceridemia (38.1% vs 15.0%), hypercholesterolemia (29.9% vs 16.6%), IFG (21.3% vs 10.0%) and diabetes (11.1% vs 4.3%) were significantly higher in the fatty liver group without obesity (n = 84) than in the group with without fatty liver or obesity (n = 614). In addition, the incidence of hypertension (72.9% vs 57.4%), hypertriglyceridemia (39.4% vs 22.7%) and diabetes (23.2% vs 8.4%) was higher in the group with fatty liver and obesity (n = 274) than in the group with obesity alone (n = 174). Conclusions:, The presence of NAFLD might predict the development of metabolic disorders due to insulin resistance, rather than obesity itself. ALT levels decreased over time in patients with fatty liver. [source] Protein intake, growth and lung function of infants with chronic lung diseaseJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 3 2009E. Cillié Background:, The increased survival rate of extremely preterm infants has not improved the incidence or outcome of infants diagnosed with chronic lung disease (CLD) (Riley, 2008). The relationship between optimal nutrition (particularly protein intake) and chronic lung disease has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between protein intake, growth and lung function in infants with CLD. Methods:, A CLD database, maintained for the past 10 years, was used to select participants that had reached 1 year of corrected age. Infants who were born during 2001,2006 with a birth weight of <1500 g, and who subsequently had a diagnosis of CLD, were included. Infants with evidence of intra-uterine growth restriction and abnormal cerebral pathology were excluded. Demographic, mean weight gain, protein intake and respiratory support data were collected retrospectively from the medical notes. Growth parameters and need for oxygen and inhalers up to 1 year of corrected age were collected from the CLD follow-up database. SPSS, version 15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) were used for Pearson's or Spearmans correlation analysis and analysis of variance or the Wilcoxon test, as appropriate. Results:, Sixty infants were studied: 25 females and 35 males. The median (range) post-menstrual age at birth was 26 (22,31) weeks. The most common feed was breast milk; fortified breast milk was used for 37% of the total days studied. The mean (SD) protein intake was 2.28 (0.33) g kg,1 day,1 and the mean (SD) weight gain was 11.67 (1.77) g kg,1 day,1. There was a positive correlation between protein intake and weight gain (r = 0.32, P = 0.013), which was stronger in females (r = 0.51, P = 0.009). Protein intake was significantly associated with head circumference growth in females only (r = 0.47, P = 0.038). Protein intake was inversely related to the number of days spent mechanically ventilated (r = ,0.32, P = 0.015). There was no relationship between protein intake and growth at 1 year corrected age, time spent on continuous positive airway pressure, age weaned off oxygen, or the use of inhalers. There was an inverse correlation between total weeks of oxygen dependence and head circumference at 1 year (r = ,0.35, P = 0.022). Discussion:, The mean protein intake was <3 g kg,1 day,1, which is the minimum requirement for preterm infants (Tsang et al., 2005). This was associated with a sub-optimal weight gain in our participants of <15 g kg,1 day,1 (Steward & Pridham, 2002). The study demonstrates the known association between low protein intake and poor growth with ventilator dependence (Loui et al., 2008). Conclusions:, Low birth weight and low gestational age infants at risk of CLD should receive special attention to optimise their protein intake because sub-optimal protein intake potentially leads to poor growth when on a neonatal intensive care unit. References Loui, A., Tsalikaki, E., Maier, K., Walch, E., Kamarianakis, Y. & Obladen, M. (2008) Growth in high risk infants <1500 g birth weight during the first 5 weeks. Early Hum. Dev. 84, 645,650, Doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.04.005. Riley, K., Roth, S., Sellwood, M. & Wyatt, J.S. (2008) Survival and neurodevelopmental morbidity at 1 year of age following extremely preterm delivery over a 20-year period: a single centre cohort study. Acta Paediatr.97, 159,165. Steward, D.K. & Pridham, K.F. (2002) Growth patterns of extremely low-birth-weight hospitalised preterm infants. JOGN Nurs31, 57,65. Tsang, R.C., Uauy, R., Koletzko, B. & Zlotkin, S.H., eds. (2005) Nutrition of the Preterm Infant: Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines. Cincinnati: Digital Educational Publishing. [source] Caterers' experiences and perceptions of implementing the 2006 school meal standardsJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 5 2008C.J. Weir Background:, School meal standards were introduced in 2006 (Department for Education and Skills) and caterers are expected to comply with these standards. No research has been conducted looking at the caterer's experiences and perceptions of implementing these standards. This area has 32 school meal provider organisations for 103 schools. Half the schools are with one provider and the others are, mostly, single-handed in-house operations, often managed by a local community member. The aim of the current study was to explore caterers' understanding of the school meal standards, the barriers to implementation, and proposed solutions, to inform local practice. Methods:, A combined quantitative and qualitative design was used. A questionnaire was used to assess understanding and implementation of the standards and distributed to all the catering provider organisations (n = 32), with a good response rate of 78% (n = 25). For each question about achievement of the ten food-based standards the responses were scored 0,4 where: 0 = ,Do not intend to achieve this standard'; to 4 = ,Fully achieved'. This gave a total standards achievement score for each catering provider organisation, where the minimum score that could be achieved was zero which indicated the minimum level of achievement and the maximum score which could be achieved was forty which indicated all ten standards fully achieved. Four focus group were undertaken involving 40 people who considered themselves to be in a management role within a catering provider organisation. Semi structured interviews were undertaken with 11 people (until saturation), using purposive sampling, to explore barriers and solutions to implementation of the standards in detail. Descriptive and appropriate inferential statistics (Fisher's Exact tests and independent samples t- tests) were performedon the datausingStatistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The process undertaken for the qualitative analysis was thematic analysis, and used analytic hierarchy (Richie & Lewis, 2003). Approval for this study was obtained from Leeds Metropolitan University ethics committee. Results:, The qualitative discussions led to caterers' identifying two main themes. These were: support from various groups, and the roles and responsibilities caterers believed these groups had and should be performing in order to achieve successful implementation of the standards ,Think it's good someone's shaken up school meals but who is doing the actually work , it's us isn't it'.(Semi structured interview respondent medium primary provider) ,I've found it really difficult as I'm on my own at the school, totally on my own without anyone to help'. (Focus group participant primary school group). The groups that caterers identified as those who had roles and responsibilities and who should be providing support were the ,whole school'; catering provider organisations; parents; the local authority; and, the broader environment/whole population. Caterers felt the standards had ,gone too far too soon' and did not allow choice. Caterers felt finances were a barrier, and that training was required across all sectors to achieve success. The standards implementation achievement score were statistically higher for caterers who had received formal training compared with those with only food and hygiene (P = 0.001); and, between caterers who provided to a secondary school as opposed to a primary school only (P = 0.034). There was a statistically significant relationship between providers and qualifications with those providing to secondary schools more likely to have had formal qualifications (P = 0.015). Discussion:, Caterers felt all those involved in schools and school meals needed to undertake their roles and responsibilities, to provide support, and, to implement the ethos of a whole school approach. The caterers in this study identified many barriers and practical obstacles either experienced or perceived to implementing the new school meals standards. Conclusions:, The results will be used to inform the Local Authority and Primary Care Trust to ensure the effective implementation of the school meal standards. There may be opportunity to transfer these results to other school caterers, and to develop support and training to assist implementation. [source] The efficacy of dietetic intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 4 2008L. Bottle Background:, Clinical trials have shown that pulmonary rehabilitation can improve the functional status and quality of life of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients (Lacasse, 2006) but there is no research examining the efficacy of group dietetic intervention during standard 8 week rehabilitation courses. Current input is usually limited to a 1 h nutrition education session. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether patients receiving additional dietetic intervention during pulmonary rehabilitation significantly increased their general nutritional knowledge, thereby facilitating improvements in dietary intake and nutritional status. Methods:, Patients were recruited from two courses of pulmonary rehabilitation and randomly allocated to a control group or an intervention group. Anthropometry (height, weight, body mass index, mid arm circumference and triceps skinfold), 3 day food diaries and nutritional knowledge questionnaires covered guidelines, food groups, choosing healthy options and diet and COPD were completed at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks. In week 2 both groups received the same nutrition education session which covered healthy eating during periods of stability as well as advice on coping with loss of appetite and reduced intake during illness and exacerbations. The intervention group was followed up during weeks 4, 6 and 7 when further anthropometric measurements were taken and additional dietary advice was provided, which addressed issues raised by individual patients. Information from food diaries was converted to nutrients using Windiets dietary analysis software. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (v14) and included Mann,Whitney U non parametric tests, paired t -tests and Spearman correlations used for comparisons over time and between groups. For analysis purposes patients were classified as normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW). Approval was obtained from the appropriate Ethics Committee. Results:, Changes reported were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Complete data sets were obtained for six control (NW = 2, OW = 4) and five intervention (NW = 1, OW = 4) patients. Nutritional knowledge increased in the control group by 5% compared to 3% in the intervention group. Control NW patients increased their energy intake resulting in a mean weight gain of 0.5 kg (SD 3.3). OW control group patients increased their energy intake by 12.4% (16.9) with a mean weight gain of 0.2 kg (2.5). All control patients increased their intake of in total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), sugars and sodium. Conversely there was a decrease in energy intake in the intervention group of 14.4% (17.8) and a mean weight loss of 1.5 kg (1.2) (three out of four overweight patients lost weight). Improvements in diet were shown with reduced intakes of total fat, SFA, sugars and sodium. The NW patient in the intervention group regained weight that had previously been lost. These changes did not correlate with changes in nutritional knowledge. Discussion:, An increase in nutritional knowledge was expected to facilitate appropriate changes in dietary intake and nutritional status. Despite the lack of correlation between dietary knowledge and intake, beneficial outcomes were none-the-less observed in the intervention group. The trend for weight gain in OW control group patients, and weight loss in OW intervention group patients contrasted with results seen by Slinde et al. (2002) where the control OW patients lost weight, and OW intervention patients gained weight. It is possible that in the current study, patients in the intervention group were motivated to lose weight with repeated exposure to the dietitian, rather than an increase in nutritional knowledge. Significant anthropometrical changes were unlikely to be observed in 8 weeks, and further follow up may be necessary to establish sufficient evidence for the most efficacious level of dietetic intervention. The small sample sizes, especially with regard to weight sub groups, limits the conclusions which can be drawn. Further research is recommended, using a larger sample size, in order to make recommendations for dietetic best practice. Conclusion:, The results of this study did not show statistical significance and the association between nutritional knowledge and improved nutritional outcomes remains unclear. However, the findings may have clinical significance since they appear to show that additional dietetic intervention may benefit the nutritional status of patients with COPD attending pulmonary rehabilitation. References, Lacasse, Y., Goldstein, R., et al. (2006) Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD003793. Slinde, F., Gronberg, A.M., et al. (2002) Individual dietary intervention in patients with COPD during multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Respir. Med. 96, 330,336. [source] A randomised, controlled trial of the effects of an energy-dense supplement on energy intake, appetite and blood lipids in malnourished community-based elderly patientsJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 4 2008G.P. Hubbard Background:, Disease-related malnutrition is common in the elderly and if left untreated may have severe consequences (Stratton & Elia, 2003). One of the strategies used to combat malnutrition is the use of high-energy, low-volume [18.8 kJ mL,1 (4.5 kcal ml,1)] nutritional supplements. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an energy dense supplement on energy intake, appetite and blood lipids in elderly patients at risk of malnutrition. Methods:, In this randomised, controlled, parallel study, 42 community-based patients (mean (SD) age: 84 (7.0) years, mean body mass index (BMI): 20.9 (3.5) kg m,2), identified as being at medium or high risk of malnutrition [Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) (Elia, 2003)] were randomised (using standard randomisation methods) to receive either; (i) 1674 kJ day,1 (400 kcal day,1) (in 3 × 30 mL doses) of an energy-dense supplement (Calogen, Nutricia®) (n = 19) or (ii) dietary advice in the form of a standardised dietary advice sheet (n = 23), for 4 weeks. Energy intake, appetite, blood lipids [i.e. total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (subset analysis only)], body weight, gastro-intestinal tolerance, product compliance and product acceptability were assessed during the 4 week study. Results are presented as mean (SD). Paired t -test and one way anova statistical analyses were undertaken using SPSS v15. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the appropriate committee. Results:, Supplementation with the energy dense supplement significantly increased mean total daily energy intake by +1736 kJ (+415 kcal, P = 0.009) from 6456 (2330) kJ [1543 (557) kcal] to 8192 (1477) kJ [1958 (353) kcal], with no significant effect on voluntary food intake or appetite scores (for hunger, fullness and desire to eat). In the dietary advice group, although mean total daily energy intake was also significantly increased by +1105 kJ (+264 kcal, P = 0.026) from 5623 (2107) kJ [1344 (503) kcal] to 6728 (2029) kJ [1608 (485) kcal], it was significantly lower than in the energy dense group [-1464 kJ (-350 kcal), P = 0.012] at week 4. Both energy-dense and dietary advice groups maintained weight during the study. No significant adverse effects on blood lipid concentrations were observed in either group, with a significant decrease in total cholesterol concentrations [from 4.26 (1.0) mM to 3.96 (0.8) mM, P = 0.03] and LDL cholesterol concentrations [from 2.32 (0.6) mM to 2.06 (0.5) mM, P = 0.03] in the energy dense group (subset analysis, n = 9). Both supplementation with energy dense supplement and dietary advice were well tolerated with no gastro-intestinal side effects. The energy dense supplement was well accepted with >80% of patients rating it as pleasant and convenient, with an enjoyable taste. Compliance with the energy dense supplement was high, with 95% of patients consuming the recommended dose of 3 × 30 mL throughout the study. Discussion:, This study in elderly patients with or at risk of malnutrition suggests that the energy dense supplement is effective in significantly improving total intakes of energy with no suppression of appetite or voluntary dietary intake, enabling patients to maintain weight and that the energy dense supplement is well tolerated and accepted, with excellent compliance and no adverse effects on blood lipids. Conclusions:, This randomised controlled trial suggests that an energy-dense supplement is an effective, well tolerated and safe method of providing energy supplementation for the management of elderly patients with or at risk of malnutrition in clinical practice. References, Elia, M. (2003) The "MUST" report. Nutritional screening for adults: a multidisciplinary responsibility. Redditch, UK: BAPEN. Available at http://www.bapen.org.uk (accessed on 15 March 2008). Stratton, R.J., Green, C.J. & Elia, M. (2003) Disease-related malnutrition: an evidence-based approach. Oxford: CABI publishing. [source] Knowledge and use of evidence-based nutrition: a survey of paediatric dietitiansJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 5 2003D. E. Thomas Abstract Objective To survey paediatric dietitians' knowledge and use of evidence-based nutrition (EBN). Design Cross-sectional survey using reply-paid questionnaires. Subjects Paediatric dietitians in Australian teaching hospitals. Main outcome measures Age, sex, appointment, clinical practice, research activities; attitudes to, training in and use of EBN; and perceived barriers to use of EBN. Statistical analysis Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (SPSS). Results Fifty-nine (86%) of 69 questionnaires were returned. Most (97%) dietitians were women working full-time (63%), mean age 37 years (±9 SD). Most (75%) dietitians encountered knowledge gaps less than five times per week and most (87%) questions related to therapy. The majority (95%) performed their own literature searches, less than five times per month. All had access to ,1 electronic literature databases including Medline (n = 58, 98%), Cochrane Library (n = 44, 75%) and CINAHL (n = 35, 59%). Information sources used most often were Medline and consultation with colleagues. Reported barriers to using EBN were lack of time (n = 53, 90%) or lack of skills for critical appraisal of published articles (n = 51, 86%) or literature searching (n = 48, 81%). While 53 (90%) believed in an evidence-based approach, 43 (73%) either did not practise EBN or rated themselves as beginners. Conclusion Most dietitians favoured evidence-based practice, but reported lack of time, skills or rapid access to electronic databases as barriers to its practice. [source] Snacking patterns influence energy and nutrient intakes but not body mass indexJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2003J. S. Hampl Abstract Objective To study dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) patterns among US adults, stratified by snacking patterns. Design The 1994,1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) provided the study sample. Snacking episodes were defined as a ,food and/or beverage break', and subjects were classified as morning, afternoon, evening, multiple or never snackers. Subjects/setting Our study included data from 1756 men and 1511 women who provided two nonconsecutive, multiple-pass 24-h dietary recalls. Statistical analyses Mean values of each subject's two 24-h recalls were used for analyses, and data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows and SUDAAN. Results Compared with women, men were more likely to be evening, multiple or never snackers. Male multiple snackers had significantly higher energy intakes than did afternoon and never snackers, whereas female multiple snackers had higher energy intakes than did morning, evening and never snackers. At the same time, male and female multiple snackers had more prudent energy-adjusted intakes of protein, cholesterol, calcium and sodium. Coffee, cola, milk, ice cream and fruits were among the most frequently consumed snacks by men and women. The BMI did not differ significantly across snacker categories. Conclusions These data indicate that snacking patterns have some effects on energy and nutrient intakes but not on BMI. Snack food choices remain a concern, especially beverages, including those that are sweetened. Vegetables and fruits as snacks should be encouraged. [source] Burns to persons suffering from diabetes: a systemic preventive approachJOURNAL OF NURSING AND HEALTHCARE OF CHRONIC ILLNE SS: AN INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009MScN (edu), Ma'en Zaid Abu-Qamar Dnurs Aims. To report the findings of an investigation of patients with diabetes and burns, with emphasis on implications for practice: primary and secondary preventions. Background. Diabetes and burns are complex conditions with multi-system involvements, which worsen outcomes for patients, and their management. This research investigated outcomes for patients and diabetes management. Methods. Data on outcomes were obtained from records of patients hospitalised for foot burns in an Australian hospital from 1999,2004. A questionnaire survey design was employed to obtain information on how clinicians in burns units manage diabetes. SPSS was used to analyse data obtained from both resources. Comments written in the questionnaire were analysed using relational analysis. Results. Of the 64 patients, 12 were with diabetes and 52 were without diabetes. Those with diabetes were more likely to sustain contact foot burns (58·3% Diabetes Mellitus vs. 13·5% non Diabetes Mellitus ,2 = 11·487, p = 0·002). The duration of hospitalisation was statistically significantly longer among patients with diabetes compared with those without diabetes (U = 169, p = 0·014); although the two groups were not statistically significant different in terms of severity of burns and received treatment. Of the 29 clinical leaders, 21 (72%) indicated that they regularly provided care to patients with diabetes. Most respondents (n = 15; 58%) reported that new plans need to be initiated to accommodate the combined insult of diabetes and burns. Diabetes centres were located in all participating sites; but not always involved in the process of care. Conclusion. The co-existence of diabetes and burns worsens outcomes for patients, and complicates management plans. Optimal management can be achieved via a multidisciplinary approach starting with glycaemic control, and continued to aggressive management of diabetes and burns. Relevance to clinical practice. Preventive measures should start with tight glycaemic control, identification and avoidance of sources of trauma, early detection and treatment, and continue to aggressive inpatient management of patients with both diabetes and a burn injury. [source] A comparative study of transformational leadership in nursing development units and conventional clinical settingsJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2000A. Bowles RMN Aims This is a comparative study of the leadership provided by nurse managers and leaders in Nursing Development Units and conventional clinical settings in England. Background Nursing development units (NDUs) were originally conceived as centres of nursing excellence, innovation and leadership development. This article describes the first published use of a leadership practices inventory (LPI) explicitly based upon a model of transformational leadership. This style of leadership has been commended as highly effective and suitable for nursing. Methods The use of the LPI was piloted as a postal questionnaire and as a schedule for telephone interviewing, these pilots supported the use of telephone interviewing in the main study. Two matched samples of 70 nurses in total were recruited from across England, comprising 14 nurse leaders and 56 of their day to day colleagues. Data was collected by telephone interviewing over a 6-week period between February and April 1998. Six null hypotheses were developed to identify significant inter-group differences in leadership behaviour. Descriptive and inferential data analysis techniques were employed using SPSS for Windows. Findings The leadership provided by NDU leaders was evaluated more highly than non-NDU leaders. A higher level of congruence between self and observer evaluations was shown by NDU leaders. Statistically significant inter-group differences were apparent in three of the five practices of exemplary leadership and in the overall leadership behaviour. NDU leaders show greater self awareness and are more transformational than their non-NDU counterparts. The limitations of the study design are discussed. Conclusions NDU leaders provide leadership of a more transformational nature than their counterparts working in conventional settings. This finding suggests that NDU leaders have enhanced leadership potential and that formalizing nursing development within NDUs may promote the emergence of transformational leadership and provide a microculture in which it might flourish. The LPI is regarded as a useful, adaptable tool suitable for use in UK nursing applications including research, leadership development and education. [source] Urinary Incontinence in Pregnancy and the PuerperiumJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 6 2001Charlotte E. Spellacy MS Objective: To describe the incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) during pregnancy and the puerperium and to identify potential contributing factors. Design: A descriptive correlational design, using participant interviews and reviews of the existing medical records to determine the incidence of UI in pregnancy and the puerperium and to examine relationships between and among several variables. The variables included parity, episiotomy, use of forceps/vacuum extractor, type of anesthesia, prolonged Stage II labor, and race. Data were collected via two personal interviews and review of medical records. The first interview was conducted during the recruitment of each participant; the second was a telephone interview conducted 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Data collected from the medical records included obstetric history, weeks of gestation, and estimated date of delivery. Data were entered into data files for analysis with SPSS 8.0 and summarized with descriptive statistics. Setting: A secluded area of a university teaching hospital prenatal clinic. Participants: A convenience sample of 50 pregnant women, at least 18 years old, who received their care at a large university hospital prenatal clinic in the southeastern part of the United States. Results: First Interview (N= 50). More than half (62%; n= 31) of the sample reported some degree of involuntary urine loss during their pregnancy. The racial distribution of those reporting UI was the following: white (70%; 21 out of 30); African American (44%; 8 out of 18); Hispanic/Asian (100%; n= 2). Among the participants who experienced UI (n= 31), 76% (n= 23) reported that their health care provider never asked if they were experiencing any UI symptoms. Second Interview (n= 24). Only 48% of the initial participants could be contacted for the second interview because of changes in residence or telephones being disconnected with no forwarding number. Of the women in this sample who reported UI during the first interview (59%; n= 14), 7 (50%) continued to experience UI 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. The 2 remaining participants who reported UI 4 to 6 weeks postpartum (22%) had not experienced UI during pregnancy. Of the participants experiencing postpartum UI, 77% (n= 7) were white. Almost half of the participants with postpartum UI were ages 35 or older (44%; n= 4). Among the participants reporting episiotomy (n= 4), 3 (75%) reported having UI 4 to 6 weeks postpartum. Conclusions: Study results support the conclusion that childbirth, specifically vaginal birth, is a major factor in developing UI in the early postpartum period. Age, race, and use of episiotomy appear to be contributing risk factors. [source] A study of the prevalence and distribution of dentine sensitivity in a population of 17,58-year-old serving personnel on an RAF base in the MidlandsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2002D. R. Clayton Previous studies have reported on dentine sensitivity (DS) prevalence in hospital and general practice populations. Results from these studies indicate that perception and prevalence of DS vary depending on the population. The study aimed to determine any major differences in the perception and prevalence of DS in subjects in a military training establishment. Questionnaires from 228 subjects [188 completed by males, 39 completed by females, with one person not indicating their gender of mean age 24·0 years (s.d. 7·16)] were collected and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Fifty percent of the subjects (n=114) claimed to have DS. Yet approximately 30% of the subjects (29·8%, n=68) perceived the condition as a slight problem and approximately 40% of the subjects (40·8%, n=93) claimed it was an occasional problem and approximately 50% (49·1%, n=112) did not seek treatment. Seventeen subjects (7·5%) used a desensitizing paste during periods of discomfort. No clear pattern emerged with regard to seasonal variation in DS although 5·7% (n=13) subjects considered DS to be more of a problem in winter. Only 7·9% (n=18) reported any previous periodontal surgery, consistent with previous studies (12·6 and 15·5%). Of those who received regular scaling (27·2%, n=62), only 23 (10·1%) reported any discomfort following treatment, which did not last ,5 days. The results indicate that self-reporting of DS was similar to previous reports, although it is of fundamental importance that such studies should be supplemented with a thorough clinical examination to determine more reliable prevalence data. [source] Comparison of dentine hypersensitivity in selected occidental and oriental populationsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2001D. G. Gillam Epidemiological data on dentine hypersensitivity (DH) prevalence are limited. Few studies have compared prevalence between populations. The aim of this investigation, therefore, was to compare the perception and prevalence of DH in two distinct non-periodontal practice populations, one U.K. and one Korean. Completed questionnaires from 557 patients (230 males and 327 females, comprising 115 males and 162 females, mean age 41·7 years (s.d.=14·36), U.K. and 115 males and 165 females, mean age 29·7 years (s.d.=11·86), Korean) were collected. Analysis was by frequency distribution and cross-tabulation (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)). DH prevalence was similar and at levels comparable with those reported previously. Prevalence was higher in the third and fourth decades in both populations. Although there were no differences between U.K. or Korean males and U.K. or Korean females, there was a significant difference between gender reporting of DH, with more females complaining of DH than males (standard normal deviation (SND)=4·3, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0·1134,0·2736). DH appeared to be regarded by patients as not severe in most cases, so treatment was not generally sought. Of those who claimed to have sought treatment, a significant number had received restorative treatment. Of those patients, only 23·3% of U.K. and ,2% of Korean patients claimed to have used a desensitizing dentifrice. Pain from DH was reported as low grade (slight, occasional) occurring over 5 years in both populations. Cold appeared to be the most reported stimulus in the two populations. Less periodontal surgery had been undertaken in these two populations (12·6% U.K. and 7·1% Korean) compared with those referred to a teaching hospital periodontal department (34·5%). This compared favourably with previous findings in the general dental population (15·5%). Discomfort following hygiene therapy did not appear to last ,7 days in either population. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between U.K.- and Korean-based populations in their perception of DH, with the exception that more females complained of sensitivity than males in both groups. Overall, DH was not considered a major dental problem by most patients in either of the populations. [source] The Effect of a Constant Electrical Field on Osseointegration after Immediate Implantation in Dog Mandibles: A Preliminary StudyJOURNAL OF PROSTHODONTICS, Issue 5 2007Yadollah Soleymani Shayesteh DDS Purpose: The long time span between insertion of implants and functional rehabilitation often inconveniences patients. Accelerating bone growth around dental implants can shorten this time span. This in vivo study evaluated the effect of a constant electrical field on bone growth around dental implants. Materials and Methods: Four mongrel dogs were used in this study. Sixteen dental implants were placed immediately after extraction of the first premolar and molar teeth. A constant electrical field (CEF) generator was placed in the mucoperiostal pouch created from the subperiostral dissection under the inferior border of the dog's mandible and connected to the experiment side fixtures. CEF provided 3 V of electrical potential during osseointegration. Histologic sections were stained with hematoxylin,eosin and observed under light microscopy. The sections were analyzed histomorphometrically to calculate the amount of newly formed bone. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.0 computer software (,= 0.05). Results: At the end of the first stage of the osseointegration (90 days) CEF group sections showed enhanced growth of the trabeculae compared with the control group. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between experimental and control groups. Bone contact ratio was statistically significant in the experimental group (p= 0.001). An increase in the local bone formation and bone contact ratio was observed with direct electrical stimulation of the implant and the bone area around the implant. Conclusion: Minimal direct electrical current, which can produce an electrical field around the implant, can increase the amount of bone formation and decrease the time of osseointegration. [source] A Crash Course in SPSS for Windows: Updated for Versions 10, 11, 12 and 13JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES A (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY), Issue 1 2008Venkata Putcha No abstract is available for this article. [source] Handbook of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis and Interpretation with SPSSJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES A (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY), Issue 1 2008Venkata Putcha No abstract is available for this article. [source] SPSS 14 Made SimpleJOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY: SERIES A (STATISTICS IN SOCIETY), Issue 4 2007Güldem Gökçek No abstract is available for this article. 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