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Spray
Kinds of Spray Terms modified by Spray Selected AbstractsIMPROVED VIABILITY OF SPRAY DRIED BREWER'S YEAST BY USING STARCH (GRITS) AND MALTODEXTRIN AS PROCESSING AIDSJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 6 2000GUADALUPE LUNA-SOLANO ABSTRACT Active dry brewer's yeast was prepared by spray drying (Tout 50 and 60C). Addition of processing aids to the yeast cream was necessary in order to dry at these temperatures. Corn starch (grits) and maltodextrins (DE-6) two levels of additions (10 and 20%) were used as processing aids. Statistical analyses proved that processing aids concentration, air outlet temperature and rotor speed had significant effects on yeast viability. Dried samples could be preserved at least 4 months stored at 5 and 25C with a loss of 1 and 2 log cycles of viable cells, respectively. [source] Multifunctional Mesostructured Silica Microspheres from an Ultrasonic Aerosol Spray,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 19 2008Li Li Abstract Multifunctional mesostructured silica microspheres are prepared using ultrasonic aerosol spray in conjunction with solvent evaporation-induced assembly. Rare earth ion,phenanthroline complexes, magnetite particles, photoacid generators, and pH-sensitive dyes are chosen as luminescent, magnetic, and photosensitive components. The incorporation of these functional components into mesostructured silica microspheres can be readily realized by dispersing them in the precursor solution of the aerosol spray process. Luminescent microspheres that can emit at multiple wavelengths when excited at a single wavelength are produced by the addition of multiple rare earth complexes into the precursor solution. The addition of magnetite particles leads to the production of magnetic luminescent microspheres. Photoacid generators and pH-sensitive dyes are further employed to produce magnetic photosensitive microspheres that can release acid and change color upon UV light illumination. Such multifunctional microspheres could have exciting potential for many optical and biotechnological applications, such as multiplexed labeling, diagnosis, simultaneous imaging and therapy, cell capture and separation, targeted delivery, and optical data storage. [source] Sumatriptan Nasal Spray in Adolescent Migraineurs: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Acute StudyHEADACHE, Issue 2 2006Paul Winner DO Objective.,To compare the efficacy and tolerability of sumatriptan nasal spray (NS) (5, 20 mg) versus placebo in the acute treatment of migraine in adolescent subjects. Background.,Currently, no triptan is approved in the United States for the treatment of migraine in adolescent subjects (12 to 17 years). In a previous randomized, placebo-controlled study of 510 adolescent subjects, sumatriptan NS at 5, 10, and 20 mg doses was well tolerated. However, the primary efficacy analysis for headache relief with 20 mg at 2 hours did not demonstrate statistical significance (P= .059). A second study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of sumatriptan NS in this population. Methods.,This was a randomized (1:1:1), placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study. Overall, 738 adolescent subjects (mean age: 14 years) with ,6-month history of migraine (with or without aura) self-treated a single attack of moderate or severe migraine. The primary endpoints were headache relief at 1 hour and sustained relief from 1 to 24 hours. Pain-free rates, presence/absence of associated symptoms, headache recurrence, and use of rescue medications were also assessed. Tolerability was based on adverse events (AEs) and vital signs. Results.,Sumatriptan NS 20 mg provided greater headache relief than placebo at 30 minutes (42% vs. 33%, respectively; P= .046) and 2 hours (68% vs. 58%; P= .025) postdose, but did not reach statistical significance at 1 hour (61% vs. 52%; P= .087) or for sustained headache relief from 1 to 24 hours (P= .061). Significant differences (P < .05) in favor of sumatriptan NS 20 mg over placebo were observed for several secondary efficacy endpoints including sustained relief from 2 to 24 hours. In general, sumatriptan NS 5 mg percentages were slightly higher than placebo but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Both doses of sumatriptan NS were well tolerated. No AEs were serious or led to study withdrawal. The most common event was taste disturbance (2%, placebo; 19%, sumatriptan NS 5 mg; 25%, sumatriptan NS 20 mg). Conclusions.,This study suggests that sumatriptan may be beneficial to some adolescents and is generally well tolerated in the acute treatment of migraine in this population. [source] Long-Term Tolerability of Sumatriptan Nasal Spray in Adolescent Patients With MigraineHEADACHE, Issue 10 2004Shankar Natarajan MD Objective.,This 1-year, open-label, multicenter study was designed to assess the long-term tolerability and efficacy of sumatriptan nasal spray 20 mg in adolescent patients with migraine. Methods.,A prospective, multicenter, open-label study was conducted in patients aged 12 to 17 years who were allowed to treat an unlimited number of migraines at severe, moderate, or mild pain intensity with sumatriptan nasal spray for up to 1 year. All patients started the study at the 20-mg dose of sumatriptan nasal spray. Dose could be adjusted downward to 5 mg at the discretion of the investigator to optimize therapy. Results.,A total of 484 adolescent migraineurs treated 4676 migraines with sumatriptan nasal spray 20 mg (3593 during the first 6 months and 1083 during the second 6 months). A total of 3940 migraines and 699 migraines were treated with one and two 20-mg doses of sumatriptan nasal spray, respectively. Only 10 patients (treating 42 migraines) took the 5-mg dose of sumatriptan nasal spray. The overall percentage of migraines treated with either one 20-mg dose or one, two, or three 20-mg doses with at least 1 drug-related adverse event was 19%. The most common specific drug-related adverse event was unpleasant taste, reported in 17% of migraines. No other single drug-related adverse event was reported in more than 1% of migraines over the 1-year treatment period. When unpleasant taste was excluded from the adverse-event tabulations, the percentages of migraines with at least 1 drug-related adverse event after one or one, two, or three 20-mg doses declined to 4% and 3%, respectively. No patient experienced any drug-related changes in 12-lead ECGs, vital signs, or nasal assessments; and no clinically meaningful changes in clinical laboratory values were observed. Across all migraines with evaluable efficacy data (n = 4334), headache relief was reported in 43% of migraines at 1 hour and in 59% at 2 hours after dosing with sumatriptan nasal spray 20 mg. Of the 2561 migraines with headache relief 2 hours postdose, headache recurrence was reported within 24 hours of initial dosing in 7% of migraines. None of the efficacy or tolerability results varied as a function of time in the study (ie, first 6 months vs. second 6 months). Conclusion.,Sumatriptan nasal spray 20 mg is generally well tolerated and may be beneficial during long-term use by adolescent migraineurs ages 12 to 17 years. [source] Butterscotch Masks the Bitter Taste of Sumatriptan Nasal SprayHEADACHE, Issue 2 2001Harvey J. Blumenthal MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Stability of , -carotene in spray dried preparation of Rhodotorula glutinis mutant 32JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003P. Bhosale Abstract Aims: To obtain , -carotene-rich dry cell preparation from mutant 32 of Rhodotorula glutinis and determination of its pigment stability. Methods and Results: The mutant 32 of R. glutinis was grown in a 14 l stirred tank fermenter. Cell mass was concentrated 10-fold by cross-flow microfiltration and then spray dried. Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and d -tocopherol were used as protecting agents. A two-level, three-variable, factorial optimization was performed to achieve moisture-free, non-viable and , -carotene-rich feed additive. Conclusions: The , -carotene and cell mass in stirred tank fermenter were found to be 54 ± 5 mg l,1 and 12·8 ± 2 g l,1, respectively. In the presence of BHT, 97 ± 3% (w/w) , -carotene was recovered for all the inlet temperatures studied. The best , -carotene and yeast powder recoveries were obtained at 160°C, 11·6% (w/v) cell mass concentration and 1 g l,1 BHT. The pigments inside dried yeast powder were stable in dark and cold condition for at least 10 weeks. The purified , -carotene got almost totally denatured, under similar conditions of storage, within 76 h. Significance and Impact of the Study: Spray dried and stable preparation of , -carotene-rich yeast, R. glutinis can provide alternative source of , -carotene for use in animal nutrition. [source] Seasonal inventory and status of flying insects, in Kihansi Gorge, TanzaniaAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Edward K. Msyani Abstract Sampling of flying insects in Kihansi Gorge was conducted in six micro-habitats namely Lower, Upper, Main, Mid-Gorge and Mhalala Spray Wetlands and adjacent forest. The four traps used were, malaise, pitfall, light and artificial substrate sampler, besides sweep netting and beating. In the wet season, 65,549 flying insects (65.13%) were recorded when compared to 35,633 flying insects (34.87%) in dry season. At its peak, 29,783 flying insects (29.15%) were recorded at the start of wet season (December 2004). The abundance value was significant (,2 = 1794.98, d.f. = 5, P , 0.001). The favourable weather condition at the beginning of the wet season might have triggered emergence of high numbers of winged insects like ants, to facilitate migration through dispersal and reproduction, and some aquatic insects (Plecoptera, Odonata and Trichoptera) moulted and entered into terrestrial life to raise terrestrial abundance. No association was recorded between abundance of flying insects and amphibians (Kihansi Spray Toad; Nectophynoides asperginis), for Mid-Gorge and Main Spray Wetlands (r = ,0.71, n = 4, P = 0.147 and r = ,0.69, n = 5, P = 0.201) respectively. Résumé On a récolté des échantillons d'insectes volants dans la Kihansi Gorge, dans six micro-habitats à savoir les Lower, Upper, Main, et Mid-Gorge et les Mhalala Spray Wetlands ainsi que dans les forêts voisines. Les quatre pièges utilisés étaient le piège malaise, le piège-fosse ou Barber, le piège lumineux et l'échantillonnage sur substrat artificiel, auxquels s'ajoutaient le filet et la frappe. En saison des pluies, 65.549 insectes volants (65,13%) ont été rapportés, comparéà 35.633 (34,87%) en saison sèche. Le maximum a été atteint avec 29.783 insectes volants (29,15%) capturés au début de la saison des pluies, en décembre 2004. L'abondance avait une valeur significative (,2 = 1 794,98, d.f. = 5, P , 0.001). Les conditions climatiques favorables au début de la saison des pluies peuvent avoir suscité l'émergence d'insectes ailés qui devaient se reproduire et se disperser, comme les fourmis, et de certains insectes aquatiques (Plécoptères, Odonates et Trichoptères) qui entament leur vie terrestre pour augmenter l'abondance des espèces. On n'a rapporté aucune association entre l'abondance des insectes ailés et les amphibiens (crapaud de Kihansi Spray, Nectophynoides asperginis) pour la Mid-gorge ni pour les Main Spray Wetlands (r = ,0,71, n = 4, P = 0.147; et r = ,0,69, n = 5, P = 0.201) respectivement. [source] Anomalous properties of spray dried solid dispersionsJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 12 2009Hisham Al-Obaidi Abstract The use of solid dispersions for oral dosage forms can increase the dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs. Spray drying is one process that can be used to prepare solid dispersions. Spray dried solid dispersions of griseofulvin, poly[N -(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylate] (PHPMA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were prepared from acetone and water. When methanol was substituted for water, the morphology, stability and dissolution properties of the solid dispersion changed dramatically. The glass transition temperature for the ternary solid dispersion (GF, PHPMA, and PVP) shifted from 83°C (acetone/water) to 103°C for the acetone/methanol system. These differences in the dispersions are thought to derive from conformational variations of the polymers in solution prior to spray drying. Both PHPMA and PVP formed globules in solution of a size range between 16 and 33 nm. The effect of drug and polymer concentration in solution (before spray drying) on the properties of the solid dispersion was studied. It was found that solid dispersions that were prepared using lower concentrations of drug and polymers in solutions resulted in the formation of particles that display a lower relaxation rate. This result supports the hypothesis that the polymer conformation may significantly change the properties of the solid dispersion. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:4724,4737, 2009 [source] Topical antiinflammatory activity of an innovative aqueous formulation of actichelated® propolis vs two commercial propolis formulationsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2007Silvio Sosa Abstract A novel aqueous commercial formulation of a new hydrophilic propolis product (Actichelated® Propolis, contained in ,LeniGola PropolEffect Spray Senza Alcohol'; Pharbenia, Milan, Italy) was evaluated for its topical antiinflammatory activity in comparison with a hydroglyceric propolis spray solution (,Propoli LeniGola Spray Senza Alcool'; Pharbenia, Milan, Italy) and a hydroalcohol preparation (,Propoli LeniGola Spray Forte'; Pharbenia, Milan, Italy). Actichelated® propolis (Actimex, Trieste, Italy) is a multicomposite material obtained with a patented technology, mechano-chemical activation, which application led to a new hydrosoluble form of propolis. Each propolis preparation provoked a dose-dependent inhibition of the croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. Considering the administered doses of flavonoids, ,LeniGola PropolEffect Spray Senza Alcool' (ID50 = 13.6 µL/cm2, corresponding to 13.6 µg flavonoids/cm2) is slightly more active than the hydroglyceric formulation ,Propoli LeniGola Spray' (ID50 = 13.7 µL/cm2, corresponding to 20.6 µg flavonoids/cm2) and six times more active than the hydroalcohol preparation ,Propoli LeniGola Spray Forte' (ID50 = 5.5 µL/cm2, corresponding to 82.5 µg flavonoids/cm2). As a reference, 15 µL/cm2 of the commercial sprays Tantum® Verde and Froben®, containing 37.5 or 45 µg of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs benzidamine hydrochloride or flurbiprofen, induced 18% and 35% oedema inhibition, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Relationship between leaf emergence and optimum spray timing for leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) control on winter barleyPLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2006C. S. Young For wheat, the optimum time to apply fungicide to control disease on a given leaf layer is usually at, or shortly after, full leaf emergence. Data from field experiments on barley were used to investigate whether the same relationship was applicable to control of leaf blotch on barley. Replicated plots of winter barley were sown in the autumns of 1991, 1992 and 1993 at sites in southwest England with high risk of Rhynchosporium secalis infection. Single fungicide treatments at four doses (0·25, 0·5, 0·75 or 1·0 times the label rate) were applied at one of eight different spray times, starting in mid-March in each year, with intervals of 10,11 days between spray timings. Disease was assessed every 10,11 days and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were used to construct fungicide dose by spray time response surfaces for each of the upper four leaves, for each year. Spray timings shortly before leaf emergence were found to minimize the AUDPC for each year and leaf layer, and also the effective dose (the dose required to achieve a specified level of control), similar to wheat. Fungicide treatments on barley were effective for a longer period before leaf emergence than afterwards, probably because treatments before emergence of the target leaf reduced inoculum production on leaves below. This partly explains why fungicides tend to be applied earlier in the growth of barley compared with wheat. [source] Innentitelbild: Paper Spray for Direct Analysis of Complex Mixtures Using Mass Spectrometry (Angew. Chem.ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 5 20105/2010) Feuchtes Filterpapier ist Bestandteil einer leistungsfähigen massenspektrometrischen Methode, die G. Cooks, Z. Ouyang et,al. in ihrer Zuschrift auf S.,889,ff. vorstellen. Proben können z.,B. durch Abwischen einer Oberfläche direkt auf das Papier aufgetragen oder aus einer Lösung zugeführt werden. Mögliche Anwendungen ergeben sich für die quantitative Vollblut-Analyse, die mobile Spurenanalytik und die In-situ-Analyse. [source] Paper Spray for Direct Analysis of Complex Mixtures Using Mass Spectrometry,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 5 2010He Wang Komplexe Gemische können für eine massenspektrometrische Analyse von Spurenbestandteilen direkt vom Papier weg ionisiert werden. Vorgeschaltete Trennschritte sind ebenfalls möglich. [source] Cover Picture: Biotechnology Journal 6/2006BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2006Article first published online: 14 JUN 200 Cover illustration: Foreground photographs show transmission and photon light images of human CD4 T cells in culture following three days after infection by HIV-1-luciferase and subsequent activation (from Sáez-Cirión et al., current issue); Background photograph by Shelley Spray (with permission Institut Pasteur, Paris); Montage by M. Marchand and S. Shorte, http://www.pfid.org. Image ,Self-Diagnosis' © Artville/Getty Images. [source] Störeinfluss durch Schlieren bei der Tropfengrößenmessung an Zweistoffdüsen durch LaserbeugungsspektrometrieCHEMIE-INGENIEUR-TECHNIK (CIT), Issue 5 2010A. Mescher Dipl.-Ing. Abstract Bei der Charakterisierung von Sprays aus Zweistoffdüsen mittels Laserbeugungsspektrometrie können verfälschte Messergebnisse durch lokal fluktuierende Brechungsindizes (Schlieren) im Gasstrahl auftreten. Sie bewirken eine Streuung des Laserlichtes, die nicht auf das Spray, sondern allein auf das Gas zurückzuführen ist. Es wird eine in der Praxis bewährte Methode für optimierte Messungen vorgestellt. [source] Topical antiinflammatory activity of an innovative aqueous formulation of actichelated® propolis vs two commercial propolis formulationsPHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2007Silvio Sosa Abstract A novel aqueous commercial formulation of a new hydrophilic propolis product (Actichelated® Propolis, contained in ,LeniGola PropolEffect Spray Senza Alcohol'; Pharbenia, Milan, Italy) was evaluated for its topical antiinflammatory activity in comparison with a hydroglyceric propolis spray solution (,Propoli LeniGola Spray Senza Alcool'; Pharbenia, Milan, Italy) and a hydroalcohol preparation (,Propoli LeniGola Spray Forte'; Pharbenia, Milan, Italy). Actichelated® propolis (Actimex, Trieste, Italy) is a multicomposite material obtained with a patented technology, mechano-chemical activation, which application led to a new hydrosoluble form of propolis. Each propolis preparation provoked a dose-dependent inhibition of the croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice. Considering the administered doses of flavonoids, ,LeniGola PropolEffect Spray Senza Alcool' (ID50 = 13.6 µL/cm2, corresponding to 13.6 µg flavonoids/cm2) is slightly more active than the hydroglyceric formulation ,Propoli LeniGola Spray' (ID50 = 13.7 µL/cm2, corresponding to 20.6 µg flavonoids/cm2) and six times more active than the hydroalcohol preparation ,Propoli LeniGola Spray Forte' (ID50 = 5.5 µL/cm2, corresponding to 82.5 µg flavonoids/cm2). As a reference, 15 µL/cm2 of the commercial sprays Tantum® Verde and Froben®, containing 37.5 or 45 µg of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs benzidamine hydrochloride or flurbiprofen, induced 18% and 35% oedema inhibition, respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of 0.2% chlorhexidine spray applied once or twice daily on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in a geriatric populationJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 9 2003Javier Clavero Abstract Background/aims: Chlorhexidine (CHX) spray has proven to be an easily applicable method for the chemical control of plaque in elderly and handicapped patients. A randomized double-blind cross-over placebo-controlled trial was undertaken to compare the effects of 0.2% CHX spray applied once or twice daily on the plaque and gingival indexes in 13 institutionalized elderly patients. Method: The study subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. During the first 30-day period, one group received 0.2% chlorhexidine spray twice daily and the other received 0.2% CHX spray once daily plus placebo spray once daily. A washout period of 42 days then followed, after which the groups were interchanged and the process was repeated for another 30-day period. Plaque index and gingival index were determined at the beginning and end of each period. The patients continued with their usual oral hygiene practices throughout the study. Results: A significant reduction in plaque and gingival indexes was produced in both the groups. There were no significant differences in index scores between the groups. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that a single-daily application of 0.2% CHX spray is equally as effective in reducing plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in institutionalized elderly patients as are two-daily applications of the same spray. Zusammenfassung Grundlagen/Ziele: Es hat sich herausgestellt, dass Chlorhexidinspray eine leicht zu handhabende Methode der chemischen Plaquekontrolle bei älteren und behinderten Patienten ist. Um die Unterschiede zwischen ein- oder zweimaliger Applikation von 0.2%-Chlorhexidinspray auf die Plaque- und Gingiva-Indizes zu vergleichen wurde an 13 institutionalisierten älteren Patienten eine randomisierte Plazebo-kontrolierte Crossover-Studie unternommen. Methode: Die Studienteilnehmer wurden randomisiert einer von zwei Gruppen zugeteilt. Während der ersten 30-Tageperiode erhielt eine Gruppe zweimal täglich 0.2%-Chlorhexidinspray und die andere Gruppe einmal täglich 0.2%-Chlorhexidinspray und einmal täglich einen Plazebo-Spray. Es folgte eine Auswaschperiode von 42 Tagen, nach der die Gruppen vertauscht wurden und der Prozess für weitere 30 tage wiederholt wurde. Zu Beginn und am ende einer jeden Periode wurden Plaque-Index (PI) und Gingival-Index (GI) bestimmt. Während der ganzen Studienperiode praktizierten die Patienten ihre üblichen Mundhygienemaßnahmen. Ergebnisse: In beiden Gruppen ergab sich eine signifikante Reduktion der Plaque- und Gingiva-Indizes. Zwischen den beiden Gruppen gab es keine signifikanten Unterschiede der Indexwerte. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie lassen annehmen, dass bei institutionalisierten älteren Patienten eine einzige Applikation pro Tag von 0.2%-Chlorhexidinspray bei der Reduktion der Plaqueakkumulation sowie der Gingivaentzündung genauso effektiv ist, wie die täglich zweimalige Applikation des gleichen Sprays. Résumé Le spray de chlorhexidine (CHX) a prouvé sa facilité d'application pour le contrôle chimique de la plaque dentaire chez les patients âgés et handicapés. Un essai clinique contrôlé, croisé, en double aveugle, randomisé et placebo-contrôle a été entrepris pour comparer les effets d'un spray de CHX 0.2% appliqué une ou deux fois par jour sur la plaque dentaire et les indices gingivaux de patients âgés de douze institutions. Les sujets ont été répartis en deux groupes. Durant une première période de 30 jours, un groupe recevait un spray de CHX 0.2% deux fois par jour tandis que l'autre recevait un spray de CHX 0.2% un fois par jour plus un spray placebo une fois par jour. Une période sans traitement de 42 jours a ensuite étéétablie suivie à la suite de laquelle les groupes ont été interchangés et le processus répété pour une nouvelle période de 30 jours. L'indice de plaque dentaire et l'indice gingival ont été déterminés au début et à la fin de chaque période. Les patients ont continué leurs habitudes d'hygiène buccale habituelles durant toute l'étude. Une réduction significative des indices de plaque et de gencive ont été relevés dans les deux groupes. Il n'y avait aucune différence significative de scores entre les deux groupes. Les résultats de l'étude présente suggèrent qu'une application unique d'un spray de CHX 0.2% est tout aussi efficace dans la réduction de la plaque dentaire et l'inflammation gingivale chez les patients âgés qu'une double application du même spray. [source] A randomized trial of the effects of two novel nicotine replacement therapies on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and user satisfactionADDICTION, Issue 7 2010Hayden McRobbie ABSTRACT Aims To determine effects on craving, user satisfaction, and consumption patterns of two new nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) used for eight hours after overnight tobacco abstinence. Design In a within-subject, cross-over trial participants were randomly assigned Zonnic® nicotine mouth spray (1 mg/spray), Zonnic® nicotine lozenge (2.5 mg), Nicorette® gum (4 mg) and placebo lozenge on each of four study days. Setting University research unit. Participants Forty-seven dependent adult smokers. Measurements Participants rated their urges to smoke, irritability, concentration and restlessness before and during the first hour of product use on a 100-point scale. A subsample of 11 participants provided blood samples for nicotine analysis. Findings All active products reduced craving significantly more than placebo (mean reductions of 28.6, 25.8, 24.7 and 8.9 points for mouth spray, gum, lozenge and placebo). Mouth spray relieved craving faster than placebo and gum with significant reductions within five minutes of use (mean differences of ,14.5 (95% CI: ,23.0 to ,6.0) and ,10.6 (95% CI: ,19.1 to ,2.1) with placebo and gum respectively. Mouth spray produced a faster time to maximum plasma nicotine concentration (14.5 minutes, 95% CI: 8.0 to 21.0) compared to the lozenge (30.3 minutes, 95% CI: 21.1 to 39.5) and gum (45.8 minutes, 95% CI: 36.2 to 55.4). Maximum concentrations of blood nicotine were higher with mouth spray (10.0 ng/ml) and lozenge (10.8 ng/ml) compared to gum (7.8 ng/ml). Both lozenge and mouth spray were well tolerated. Conclusions The mouth spray and lozenge are at least as effective as 4 mg nicotine gum in relieving craving suggesting that they are likely to be effective in aiding smoking cessation. The mouth spray may be particularly useful for acute craving relief. [source] Simulation of two-phase flow with sub-scale droplet and bubble effectsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2009Viorel Mihalef Abstract We present a new Eulerian-Lagrangian method for physics-based simulation of fluid flow, which includes automatic generation of sub-scale spray and bubbles. The Marker Level Set method is used to provide a simple geometric criterion for free marker generation. A filtering method, inspired from Weber number thresholding, further controls the free marker generation (in a physics-based manner). Two separate models are used, one for sub-scale droplets, the other for sub-scale bubbles. Droplets are evolved in a Newtonian manner, using a density-extension drag force field, while bubbles are evolved using a model based on Stokes' Law. We show that our model for sub-scale droplet and bubble dynamics is simple to couple with a full (macro-scale) Navier-Stokes two-phase flow model and is quite powerful in its applications. Our animations include coarse grained multiphase features interacting with fine scale multiphase features. [source] Improved Plasma Spray Torch Stability Through Multi-Electrode DesignCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 7 2007J. Schein Abstract Coating production by thermal plasma spray is dependent on the residence time of particles in the plasma jet produced by the gas flow inside a plasma torch. To ensure a high fraction of well-molten particles to be accelerated towards the substrate a long reproducible residence time is needed. This can be achieved by a long plasma jet with little or no temporal variation in length and temperature. While single electrode plasma torches need an unstable attachment of the anodic arc root in order to avoid excess erosion, which also causes an unstable plasma jet, multi-electrode torches allow operation with fixed anode attachments by subdividing the anode current by the number of electrodes used, and thereby thus reducing the power input for each separated arc root. Once the steady anode attachment has been obtained the produced plasma jet exhibits a steady characteristic, but also looses rotational symmetry. The separation can be achieved by using either multi anode or multi cathode geometry with appropriate electrical control. Both version have been produced with 3 electrodes each resulting in two systems known as the Delta Gun (3 anodes) and Triplex (3 cathodes). (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Nanocrystalline transparent SnO2 -ZnO films fabricated at lower substrate temperature using a low-cost and simplified spray techniqueCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2010K. Ravichandran Abstract Nanocrystalline and transparent conducting SnO2 - ZnO films were fabricated by employing an inexpensive, simplified spray technique using a perfume atomizer at relatively low substrate temperature (360±5 °C) compared with conventional spray method. The structural studies reveal that the SnO2 -ZnO films are polycrystalline in nature with preferential orientation along the (101) plane. The dislocation density is very low (1.48×1015lines/m2), indicating the good crystallinity of the films. The crystallite size of the films was found to be in the range of 26,34 nm. The optical transmittance in the visible range and the optical band gap are 85% and 3.6 eV respectively. The sheet resistance increases from 8.74 k,/, to 32.4 k,/, as the zinc concentration increases from 0 to 40 at.%. The films were found to have desirable figure of merit (1.63×10,2 (,/,),1), low temperature coefficient of resistance (,1.191/K) and good thermal stability. This simplified spray technique may be considered as a promising alternative to conventional spray for the massive production of economic SnO2 - ZnO films for solar cells, sensors and opto-electronic applications. (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Optical and electrical studies on spray deposited ZnO thin filmsCRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2007P. P. Sahay Abstract ZnO thin films were prepared by spray pyrolytic decomposition of zinc acetate onto a glass substrate. These films were analyzed for the optical and electrical properties. Optical studies show that in these films the electronic transition is of the direct transition type. The optical energy gap for the films of different thicknesses is estimated to be in the range 2.98 , 3.09 eV. Electrical studies indicate that the films exhibit thermally activated electronic conduction and the activation energies are found to be dependent on the film thickness. The complex impedance measurements were carried out over a wide range of frequencies at room temperature (300 K). All the impedance spectra contain only a single arc, but the arc has a non-zero intersection with the real axis in the high frequency region. Also, the arc has its centre lying below with the real axis which indicates the multirelaxation behavior of the films. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Nonablative 1450-nm Diode Laser in the Treatment of Facial Atrophic Acne Scars in Type IV to V Asian Skin: A Prospective Clinical StudyDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 10 2004Sze-Hon Chua MRCP (UK) Background. There is presently little published data on the clinical effectiveness of nonablative lasers in the treatment of atrophic acne scars and the safety of their use in patients with darker skin types. Objective. This study aims to determine the clinical effectiveness and safety of the nonablative 1450 nm diode laser with cryogen cooling spray in the treatment of facial atrophic acne scars in Type IV-V Asian skin. Methods. This is a prospective non-comparative open study. 4 to 6 laser treatment sessions were performed on patients with atrophic acne scars. Final clinical assessment was performed 6 months after the last treatment. Results. 57 patients were evaluated. Patient's self-assessment of scar improvement as compared with doctor's assessment was as follows: patients who completed 4 treatments (15.7% vs 6.6%), patients who completed 5 treatments (20% vs 7.9%) and patients those who completed 6 treatments (17.3% vs 5.0%). Main side effects were mild to moderate pain during the procedure, transient erythema, and hyperpigmentation which occurred in 39% of treated patients. Conclusion. The nonablative 1450 nm diode laser may be effective in achieving mild to moderate gradual clinical improvement in the treatment of facial atrophic acne scars. The procedure is associated with minimal downtime and is safe for use in darker skin types IV and V. [source] The Surgical Looking Glass: A Readily Available Safeguard Against Eye Splash Injury/Contamination During Infiltration of Anesthesia for Cysts and Other "Porous" Lesions of the SkinDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 4 2002Patrick R. Carrington MD Background. "Breaks" in barrier precautions are a definite abrogating influence on the effectiveness of "universal precautions." Dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons are exposed to significant infectious agents on a daily basis, especially due to the high number of minor surgical procedures performed. Backsplash, spray, and eye splash of bodily fluids during these procedures place the surgeon at a high risk of contamination/infection via the conjunctival membranes. The surgical looking glass is a simple utility based on inexpensive equipment already in place in the physician's office which protects the eyes and face during infiltrative anesthesia or incision of cysts and other lesions. Objective. To offer a simple and inexpensive utility to assist with protection from and reduction of contamination/infection of the ocular mucous membranes during surgical procedures. Methods. Utilizing one or two readily available microscope slides overlying the injection site during local infiltrative anesthesia, backsplash or spray can be contained. Results. This utility is effective in containment of backsplash or spray of anesthesia or bodily fluids during even minor surgical procedures. Conclusion. The surgical looking glass can enhance safety and promote "universal precautions" during even minor surgical procedures or infiltration of anesthesia into more porous areas or lesions for the practicing dermatologist or dermatologic surgeon. The pragmatic, practical, and inexpensive nature of the surgical looking glass invites its use on a daily basis by the practicing dermatologist. [source] Nitroglycerin spray rapidly improves pain in a patient with chronic painful diabetic neuropathyDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2004M. Higa No abstract is available for this article. [source] Development of spray- and freeze-dried high-concentration sesamol emulsions and antioxidant evaluation in fibroblasts and UV-exposed rat skin slicesDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008Juliana Alencar Abstract Dry sesamol emulsions were synthesized from several combinations of saccharose with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or sodium caseinate (SC) using spray-drying techniques at 120° to 180°C, or freeze-drying. On the basis of physical characteristics such as droplet size distribution, residual moisture, and microscopic structure, the best material was obtained when spray-drying was applied at either 150° or 180°C with SC or HPMC as excipients, respectively. The extent to which the antioxidant properties of free sesamol towards a set of free radicals (galvinoxyl, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, superoxide, and hydroxyl) were altered in the starting and reconstituted liquid emulsions submitted to normal storage or pre-exposed to a flux hydroxyl radicals was investigated. Emulsions were further evaluated for their antioxidant properties in cultured 3T3 murine fibroblasts and in an ex vivo model of ultraviolet irradiated rat skin. It was found that, in the material having the best physical properties, encapsulation was decisive in: (1) improving the overall antioxidant behavior of reconstituted versus starting liquid emulsions: (2) sparing sesamol consumption due to free radical attack; and (3) significantly protecting cells and skin against free radical- or irradiation-induced enzymatic release and/or lipid peroxidation. Demonstrating a high activity at high dilutions where interactions of excipient become negligible, the new emulsions could be of great interest in sesamol-based pharmacology or topical applications. Drug Dev Res 69:251,266, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Separating host-tree and environmental determinants of honeydew production by Ultracoelostoma scale insects in a Nothofagus forestECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2007ROGER J. DUNGAN Abstract 1.,Sugar-rich honeydew excreted (,produced') by insects feeding on phloem sap is a key energy flow in a range of temperate and tropical ecosystems. The present study measured honeydew produced by Ultracoelostoma sp. (Homoptera: Coelostomidiidae) scale insects feeding on Nothofagus solandri var. solandri (Hook f.) Oerst. trees in a temperate evergreen forest in New Zealand. Simultaneous measurements of environmental variables and canopy photosynthesis were conducted to allow separation of host-tree and environmental determinants of honeydew production. These relationships were further examined in experiments where canopy photosynthesis was manipulated by shading or plant nitrogen levels increased by foliar spray. 2.,Rates of honeydew production varied nine-fold from a maximum (± 1 SE) of 64.4 ± 15.2 mg dry mass m,2 bark h,1 in early summer (December) to a minimum of 7.4 ± 4.2 mg m,2 h,1 in winter (August). Rates of production measured 1.4 m from the base of the trees' stems varied significantly with stem diameter, and were higher on medium-sized (18 cm diameter) than small or large stems. 3.,Rates of production were significantly related to environmental conditions over the hours preceding measurement (air temperature and air saturation deficit averaged over the preceding 24 and 12 h respectively). There was no evidence that rates of production were directly related to short-term changes in the supply of carbohydrates from the canopy (either when compared with measurements of unmanipulated photosynthetic rate, or after sugar levels were manipulated by shading 80% of host-trees' leaf area), or to changes in phloem nitrogen content. 4.,The results show that there is no clear effect of host-tree carbon supply on honeydew production; if production is related to photosynthesis, the effect of this is much less important that the large and significant direct effect of environmental conditions on honeydew production. [source] A randomized trial of the effects of two novel nicotine replacement therapies on tobacco withdrawal symptoms and user satisfactionADDICTION, Issue 7 2010Hayden McRobbie ABSTRACT Aims To determine effects on craving, user satisfaction, and consumption patterns of two new nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) used for eight hours after overnight tobacco abstinence. Design In a within-subject, cross-over trial participants were randomly assigned Zonnic® nicotine mouth spray (1 mg/spray), Zonnic® nicotine lozenge (2.5 mg), Nicorette® gum (4 mg) and placebo lozenge on each of four study days. Setting University research unit. Participants Forty-seven dependent adult smokers. Measurements Participants rated their urges to smoke, irritability, concentration and restlessness before and during the first hour of product use on a 100-point scale. A subsample of 11 participants provided blood samples for nicotine analysis. Findings All active products reduced craving significantly more than placebo (mean reductions of 28.6, 25.8, 24.7 and 8.9 points for mouth spray, gum, lozenge and placebo). Mouth spray relieved craving faster than placebo and gum with significant reductions within five minutes of use (mean differences of ,14.5 (95% CI: ,23.0 to ,6.0) and ,10.6 (95% CI: ,19.1 to ,2.1) with placebo and gum respectively. Mouth spray produced a faster time to maximum plasma nicotine concentration (14.5 minutes, 95% CI: 8.0 to 21.0) compared to the lozenge (30.3 minutes, 95% CI: 21.1 to 39.5) and gum (45.8 minutes, 95% CI: 36.2 to 55.4). Maximum concentrations of blood nicotine were higher with mouth spray (10.0 ng/ml) and lozenge (10.8 ng/ml) compared to gum (7.8 ng/ml). Both lozenge and mouth spray were well tolerated. Conclusions The mouth spray and lozenge are at least as effective as 4 mg nicotine gum in relieving craving suggesting that they are likely to be effective in aiding smoking cessation. The mouth spray may be particularly useful for acute craving relief. [source] Fabrication of enclosed SU-8 tips for electrospray ionization-mass spectrometryELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 24 2005Santeri Tuomikoski Dr. Abstract We describe a novel electrospray tip design for MS which is fabricated completely out of SU-8 photoepoxy. A three-layer SU-8 fabrication process provides fully enclosed channels and tips. The tip shape and alignment of all SU-8 layers is done lithographically and is therefore very accurate. Fabrication process enables easy integration of additional fluidic functions on the same chip. Separation channels can be made with exactly the same process. Fluidic inlets are made in SU-8 during the fabrication process and no drilling or other postprocessing is needed. Channels have been fabricated and tested in the size range of 10,,m×10,,m,50,,m×200,,m. Mass spectrometric performance of the tips has been demonstrated with both pressure-driven flow and EOF. SU-8 microtips have been shown to produce stable electrospray with EOF in a timescale of tens of minutes. With pressure driven flow stable spray is maintained for hours. Taylor cone was shown to be small in volume and well defined even with the largest channel cross section. The spray was also shown to be well directed with our tip design. [source] Analysis of the sinusitis nasal lavage fluid proteome using capillary liquid chromatography interfaced to electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight- tandem mass spectrometryELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 9 2004Begona Casado Abstract The nasal lavage fluids (NLFs) from four subjects with acute sinusitis were analyzed to investigate the amount of proteins expressed in this pathology at the beginning of the event (day 1) and after 6 days of treatment with antibiotics and a nasal steroid spray. The protein identification was performed with capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray-quadrupole time of flight-(LC-ESI-Q-TOF)-mass spectrometry. The samples collected on the first day contained high-abundant plasma proteins, such as albumin and immunoglobulins, glandular serous cell proteins (lysozyme, lactoferrin, and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor), epithelial keratins, and inflammatory cell proteins (myeloperoxidase, IL-16, and IL-17E). After six days of therapy, the complexity of the proteome was reduced to plasma proteins and lysozyme with no inflammatory markers. The presence of hemoglobin, however, suggested that significant squamous metaplasia with breaches in the epithelial barrier, or nasal steroid-related bleeding, had occurred. The proteomic approach presented here allowed us to identify, in the high complexity of acute sinusitis nasal secretions, the proteins that respond to a pharmacological treatment and that could be suitable as markers of this pathology. [source] Successful treatment with a nicotine lozenge of smokers with prior failure in pharmacological therapyADDICTION, Issue 1 2004Saul Shiffman ABSTRACT Aims To assess the influence of unsuccessful past quit attempts using pharmacological treatment on smoking cessation when using a new nicotine lozenge. Design A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Setting Fifteen sites in the United Kingdom and the United States. Participants A total of 1818 smokers seeking smoking cessation treatment; 1145 had had previous pharmacological treatment with nicotine polacrilex lozenge. Intervention Lozenge, 2 mg or 4 mg (or matched placebo); a higher dose was assigned to smokers who smoked their first cigarette of the day within 30 minutes, a sign of dependence. Smokers received minimal instruction and counseling. Measurement Outcome was 28-day, CO-verified continuous abstinence at 6 weeks. Past use of medications was ascertained by self-report. Findings Lozenge was efficacious among smokers with prior pharmacotherapy as well as among those without such history. The effect of lozenge (versus placebo) was significantly greater among those with previous treatment experience, because previous treatment was associated with significantly poorer outcome on placebo, and active lozenge treatment corrected this imbalance. Lozenge efficacy was similar whether smokers had previously tried patch or acute forms of nicotine replacement therapy (gum, inhaler and spray), and also similar for past use of Zyban (bupriopion). Conclusions Smokers with a history of past failure of pharmacological treatment have lower success rates without pharmacological treatment, but equally good outcomes with active lozenge treatment. Smokers who previously tried pharmacological treatments but resumed smoking should be encouraged to try quitting again with the new nicotine lozenge. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||