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Spherical Equivalent (spherical + equivalent)
Terms modified by Spherical Equivalent Selected Abstracts3232: Safety and efficacy of femtosecond LASIK with reverse side cutACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010F MENICACCI Purpose Laser in situ keratomileusis has several advantages over photorefractive keratectomy when performed properly in appropriate eyes. These include faster visual recovery, less discomfort after surgery, and milder and more predictable wound healing with less risk for haze. Lamellar corneal flap formation is the critical step in successful LASIK surgery. In our study we used femtosecond lasik with 90° hinge and 100 µm thickness flap wi Methods We performed femtosecond lasik in 58 eyes of 30 patients (mean age 35 y.o.) with AMO's IntraLaseÔ FS and STAR S4 IRÔ Excimer Laser System. Criteria for inclusion were spherical myopia of -2 to -8.00 D, hyperopia up to 5 D, astigmatism miopic/hyperopic up to 4.50 D; stable refraction for 2 years; a best-spectacle corrected vision (BSCVA) of at least 20/25 in each eye. Corneal flap thickness was 100µm and hinge position was 90 degrees with reverse 120° side cut. The optical zone of the ablation was from 6.5 to 7 mm, transition zone from 8 to 9 mm. Results Controls were made at 1day, 1 and 3 months. No flap decentration was observed in any case, we had one case of epithelial sloughing and one slightly irregular flap border. Spherical equivalent was within +/- 0.50 D and the cylinder was 0.50 D or less in all patients. Only 5% of patients showed marked discomfort and avversion to light for several days. Conclusion Flap creation is probably the most important step during laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and complications during it can affect the rest of the procedure and cause permanent visual loss. In our exeprience the use of 100µm thickness flap with oblique side cut demonstrated itself to be a safe procedure with a very low complications rate and good refractive results. [source] Intraocular lens power prediction for triple procedures in Fuchs' dystrophy using multiple regression analysisACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 3 2005Anja Viestenz Abstract. Purpose:,To develop a correcting term for intraocular power (IOLP) prediction for penetrating keratoplasty combined with simultaneous extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation (triple procedure). Methods:,As part of a prospective clinical study, triple procedures were performed in 42 eyes with Fuchs' dystrophy. Only eyes with readable preoperative K-values were included in this study. Differences (DEV) between achieved and target refraction (TR) depending on the values of the theoretical-optical formula according to HAIGIS were investigated using multiple regression analysis in a linear anova model: DEV = a + b CP + c AL + d IOLP + e TR. CP represents central corneal power, AL represents axial length. Results:,Spherical equivalent after suture removal was , 1.39 ± 2.86 D (TR: , 1.64 ± 1.72 D). A multiple regression formula was developed for correction of conventionally calculated IOL power. CP (b = , 1.391, p = 0.028), AL (c = , 4.733, p = 0.007), IOLP (d = , 1.301, p = 0.009) and TR (e = , 1.804, p = 0.005) correlated significantly with DEV (a = 198.684). Conclusion:,Proposed correcting multiple regression formula for IOL power prediction may help to improve the postoperative refractive outcome in patients undergoing triple procedures. [source] Relationships between ocular dimensions and adult stature among participants in the Reykjavik Eye StudyACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 6 2005Thor Eysteinsson Abstract. Purpose:,To examine the relationships between adult stature, age and ocular dimensions in a large homogenous, white population. Methods:,We used the national population census for Reykjavik to select a random sample of adults aged 50 years or older. A total of 846 persons were examined. Scheimpflug images were used to measure anterior chamber depth. Ultrasound was used to measure axial length, lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth. An autorefracto-keratometer was used to measure autorefractive and keratometric values, including the radius of the corneal curvature. Stereo fundus photographs were taken of the optic disc and measurements of the disc diameters were made using computer software. Results:,Height correlated positively with axial length in the multivariate model (B = 0.020, 95% CI 0.006,0.034, p < 0.01). Both age and height showed significant correlations with vitreous chamber depth, where the correlation with age was negative (B = , 0.016, 95% CI , 0.006 to , 0.025, p < 0.005) and the correlation with height was positive (B = 0.019, 95% CI 0.005,0.034, p < 0.01). Height also showed a positive correlation with the radius of the corneal curvature (B = 0.008, 95% CI 0.004,0.011, p < 0.001). Anterior chamber depth had a negative correlation with age (B = , 0.013, 95% CI , 0.010 to , 0.016, p < 0.001), whereas lens thickness had a significant positive correlation with age (B = 0.019, 95% CI 0.016,0.023, p < 0.001). We found a significant negative correlation between axial length and refraction/spherical equivalent (r = , 0.595, p < 0.0001). Discussion:,Our results indicate that there is a significant relationship between height and several ocular dimensions in this adult population and confirms a negative correlation between axial length and refraction. [source] A novel genetic variant of BMP2K contributes to high myopiaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 6 2009Hsin-Ping Liu Abstract Loss of eye growth regulation may cause myopia, because modulation of optic globe size is essential for the generation of normal optic power. Evidence has implied variations of BMP2 gene expression mediate ocular development and retinal tissue remodeling. Given BMP2 as a potential regulator involved in myopia development, we investigate whether gene BMP2-inducible kinase (BMP2K, BIKe), whose expression is up-regulated during BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation, contributes to susceptibility of high myopia. Participants grouped into high myopia had a spherical equivalent greater than ,6.00 D, compared with a control group of spherical equivalent less than ,0.5 D. Genotyping of polymorphisms 1379 G/A (rs2288255) and 3171 C/G (rs12507099), corresponding with 405 Gly/Ser and 1002 Thr/Ser variation in the BMP2K gene were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and associative study performed by comparing high myopic subjects and healthy controls. The frequency of A allele in the BMP2K gene 1379 G/A polymorphism showed a significant difference between cases and controls (P<0.001, OR=2.99, 95% CI=1.62,5.54) and subjects with either AA or AG genotype show higher risk than GG genotype (P<0.001, OR=3.07, 95% CI=1.59,5.92), while 3171 C/G polymorphism was not significant from this survey. These data suggest that BMP2K gene 1379 G/A variant is strongly correlated with high myopia and may contribute to a genetic risk factor for high degrees of myopic pathogenesis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:362,367, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] A pilot study on the differences in wavefront aberrations between two ethnic groups of young generally myopic subjectsOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 6 2008Alejandro Cerviño Abstract A comparative population-based cross-sectional study design was used to examine the prevalence of wavefront patterns in two different ethnic groups, and the relationship of these patterns with ocular biometrics and gender. The Shin,Nippon SRW5000 open field autorefractor, the Wavefront Analysis Supported Customized Ablation (WASCA) wavefront analyser and the IOLMaster were used to determine wavefront aberrations, mean spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error and axial length (AL). Seventy-four eyes from 74 young healthy subjects (44 British Asians, 30 Caucasians; 36 men, 38 women; mean age 22.51 ± 3.89 years) with mean SE averaging ,1.90 ± 2.76 D (range ,10.88 to +2.19 D) were examined. Relationships between ethnicity, gender, AL and SE, against the wavefront high-order root mean square, and aberration components up to the fifth order, were assessed by using multiple regression and correlation analysis. AL on its own accounted for 4.7% of the variance in trefoil component (F1,72 = 4.602; p = 0.035), 13.7% of coma component (F1,72 = 12.536; p = 0.001), 6.1% of trefoil component (F1,72 = 5.705; p = 0.020) and 9.8% of coefficient (F1,72 = 8.908; p = 0.004). A significant model emerged (F2,71 = 6.164; p = 0.003) for ethnicity and axial length, accounting for 12.4% of variance in primary spherical aberration with ethnicity accounting for 8.4% of that variance. For Caucasian subjects, a significant correlation was found between axial length and (Pearson's correlation coefficient ,0.500; p = 0.005) and (Pearson's correlation coefficient ,0.423; p = 0.020). For British Asian subjects, AL was only correlated with coefficient (Pearson's correlation coefficient ,0.358; p = 0.017). Ethnicity is a factor to be considered in the variability of wavefront aberration, particularly spherical aberration. Relationship between AL and wavefront aberrations seems to vary between ethnicities. If higher order aberrations play a role in the emmetropization process, this may be different for different populations. [source] School grades and myopiaOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 2 2007Seang-Mei Saw Abstract Aim:, To evaluate the association between school performance and myopia in Singapore children. Methods:, Children aged 10,12 years from two schools in the Singapore Cohort study Of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM) were included. Results of a Year 4 standard nation-wide examination were obtained. Cycloplegic autorefraction and A-scan ultrasound biometry measurements were performed in the schools. Results:, The odds ratio for myopia (defined as right eye spherical equivalent at least ,0.5 D) was 2.5 (95% confidence interval 1.4,4.5) for children with average school examination scores in the fourth quartile compared with the first, after adjusting for confounders including reading in books per week and IQ test scores. Similar significant associations were found for English language (p = 0.001) and native language school examination scores (p < 0.001), while the associations with mathematics school examination scores were of borderline significance (p = 0.055). Conclusion:, School grades, a possible indicator of either cumulative engagement in near work activity or intelligence, were positively associated with myopia in Singapore children. [source] Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in adultsOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 2 2001E. A. H. Mallen Summary A clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 (Japan), a newly released commercial autorefractor, was undertaken to assess its repeatability and validity compared to subjective refraction. Measurements of refractive error were performed on 200 eyes of 100 subjects (aged 24.4±8.0 years) subjectively (non-cycloplegic) by one optometrist and objectively with the SRW-5000 autorefractor by a second. Repeatability was assessed by examining the differences between the seven autorefractor readings taken from each eye and by re-measuring the objective prescription of 50 eyes at a subsequent session. Although the SRW-5000 read slightly more plus than subjective refraction (mean spherical equivalent +0.16±0.44 D), it was found to be highly valid (accurate) compared to subjective refraction and repeatable over the prescription range of +6.50 to ,15.00 D examined. The Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor is therefore a valuable complement to subjective refraction and as it offers the advantage of a binocular open field-of-view, has a great potential benefit for accommodation research studies. [source] Central corneal thickness in children with growth hormone deficiencyACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 6 2010Fulvio Parentin Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 692,694 Abstract. Purpose:, To evaluate central corneal thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP) and eye refraction in patients with congenital growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Methods:, Retrospective case series. Forty-five patients with growth defect treated with recombinant GH and 45 healthy children underwent ophthalmological examination, including CCT measurements, applanation tonometry and cycloplaegic refraction. Results:, The average CCT in the GH deficiency group was 570.6 ,m [standard deviation (SD) 37.4]. In the control group, it was 546.0 (SD 24.9). The average IOP in the GH deficiency group was 18.2 mmHg (SD 3.4). In the control group, it was 14.6 (SD 2.0). The mean refractive error (spherical equivalent) in the GH deficiency group was 0.59 D (SD 1.9). In the control group, it was 0.11 (SD 2.1). Conclusion:, GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 are involved in ocular growth by influencing the synthesis of the extracellular matrix of the sclera. Children with congenital GH deficiency or insensitivity have a mean hyperopic defect related to a shorter axial length. A number of studies have demonstrated that CCT in newborns is significantly greater than in adults; a decrease in CCT is closely correlated with an increase in corneal diameter. This finding suggests that the growth of the eye, with possible remodelling and stretching of collagen fibres, may play an important role in the reduction of corneal thickness in the first years of life. Therefore, we conclude that a greater CCT can represent a sign of a delayed growth of the eye in patients with GH deficiency. Finally, our study confirms the influence of corneal thickness on IOP measures, and the prevalence of hyperopia among children with growth defect. [source] 3353: Response of the human eye against oxidative stress at high altitudesACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010S KARAKUCUK Purpose To evaluate the response of the anterior segment of the eye against oxidative stress during acute exposure to high altitudes. Methods Forty volunteers were examined and measurements performed at Erciyes University Medical Faculty,Ophthalmology Clinic, Kayseri,Turkey(1080m). On the following day, participants were transported to Mt. Erciyes Ski Center by bus(2200m); thereafter they climbed to an altitude of 2800m.with a moderate pace. Central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure,spheric equivalent of refraction, arterial oxygen pressure,blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature were measured at both altitudes. Venous blood samples were taken from volunteers at both altitudes;total oxidant status (TOS),total antioxidant status(TAS),advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), xanthine oxidase (XO), thiol, adenosine deaminase(ADA)levels were investigated at 1080m and 2800m. Results TOS(7.02µmol H2O2 equiv/L, range:0.49-22.07) and AOPP(220.74µmol/L,range:103.81-667.35)significantly increased at high altitude, compared to low altitude levels (3.32µmol H2O2 equiv/L range:0.92-18.41,and 195.58µmol/L,range:84.77-663.16, resp; p<0.05).IOP significantly elevated at high altitude (14.45±3.54mmHg vs 13.22±2.74mmHg; p<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between IOP and TAS levels(p<0.05). No significant correlation was found between spherical equivalent or central corneal thickness with the investigated oxidation parameters at both altitudes Conclusion We conclude that oxidative stress markers, TOS and AOPP are increased along with IOP during acute exposure to hypoxic environment at high altitudes and that antioxidant system may have a limited capacity to counter balance this effect because of acute unacclimatized ascent. [source] A population-based study of macular thickness in full-term children assessed with Stratus OCT: normative data and repeatabilityACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 7 2009Urban Eriksson Abstract. Purpose:, We aimed to determine normal macular thickness values, assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT), in a population of full-term children of normal birthweight. Methods:, A total of 56 children, aged 5,16 years, randomly chosen from the population register, were examined with Stratus OCT. Only children with visual acuity < 0.2 logMAR, spherical equivalent of , 3 to + 3 D and astigmatism < 2 D were included. The fast macular map protocol was used and three examinations were performed in each eye. One eye was then randomized for further analyses. Mean values for the nine ETDRS areas, foveal minimum thickness and macular volume were calculated for 55 eyes. Coefficients of variance and intraclass correlations were calculated for each area. Results:, All children co-operated well and no child was excluded for lack of concentration. Mean ± standard deviation central macular thickness was 204 ± 19 ,m. Mean total macular volume was 7.11 ± 0.35 mm3. No correlations were found between age, gender and macular thickness. Coefficients of variance were < 2% and intraclass correlations were > 0.9 in all areas, except the foveal minimum. Conclusions:, Normal values for macular thickness in healthy full-term children were reported. As the Stratus OCT provides normal values only for adults, these data are a better alternative for comparison with children with retinal abnormalities. We concluded that OCT is suitable for examining the retina in children aged 5,16 years and has the same high level of repeatability as in adults. [source] Clinical evaluation of cessation of hyperopia in 123 children with accommodative esotropia treated with glasses for best corrected visionACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 5 2009Yoonae A. Cho Abstract. Purpose:, This study aimed to determine age at successful cessation of hyperopic glasses, the influence of hyperopia on the esotropic angle and age at discontinuation of glasses in accommodative esotropia (AE) patients. Methods:, We performed a retrospective study in 123 AE patients who achieved complete emmetropization and maintained orthophoria without hyperopic glasses between March 1999 and February 2005. All patients had been prescribed the weakest possible glasses to provide best corrected vision and maintain fusion in hyperopia. Results:, Pure AE was found in 64 patients and partial AE in 59. At the initial visit, 56.1% of patients had refractive errors of 3.00,5.00 D (mean cycloplegic spherical equivalent [SE]). The angle of esotropia without correction was 30.90 ± 14.80 prism dioptres (PD) (mean ± standard deviation) in pure AE, and 42.70 ± 15.19 PD in partial AE (p = 0.000). The non-accommodative component in partial AE was 24.07 ± 14.90 PD. The mean age at cessation of glasses use was 13.50 ± 3.81 years. Stereopsis was noted in 70.2% of patients at the initial visit and 96.4% at the last visit. Pearson's correlation coefficients (r) were 0.480 between the degree of hyperopia and amount of optically corrected esotropia (p = 0.000), and 0.434 between the degree of hyperopia and age at successful cessation of corrective glasses use (p = 0.000). Conclusions:, The mean age at resolution of hyperopia with good stereopsis was 13.5 years. The degree of hyperopia seemed to correlate with the angle of esotropia and the age of successful cessation of corrective glasses. [source] Comparison of anterior chamber depth measurements taken with the Pentacam, Orbscan IIz and IOLMaster in myopic and emmetropic eyesACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 4 2009Canan Asli Utine Abstract. Purpose:, This study determined to assess the degree of agreement between anterior chamber depth (ACD) measurements obtained using three different devices and to analyse the relationship between ACD and spherical equivalent (SE) refraction. Methods:, In this cross-sectional study, 42 eyes of 42 patients with a mean SE of , 4.69 ± 4.61 D (range 0.00 D to , 14.88 D) were analysed. Measurements of ACD between the corneal epithelium and the anterior surface of the crystalline lens, obtained using the Pentacam, Orbscan IIz and IOLMaster, were compared. The relationships between SE and ACD measurements obtained with different devices were also investigated. The results were analysed using Bland,Altman analyses, single-sample t -test and Pearson's correlation test. Results:, Orbscan ACD measurements were an average of 0.05 mm less than Pentacam measurements (p = 0.01). IOLMaster measurements were an average of 0.06 mm less than Orbscan measurements (p < 0.001). None of the ACD values measured by any of the devices were correlated with increasing SE (p > 0.05 for all). There was a weak positive correlation between SE and the difference in ACD measurements with Pentacam and Orbscan (p = 0.04); however, the differences between Pentacam and IOLMaster ACD measurements and Orbscan and IOLMaster ACD measurements seemed to be independent of SE (p = 0.17 and p = 0.54, respectively). Conclusions:, The ACD in clinically normal eyes is measured differently by various non-ultrasonic devices. However, the observed mean error between these modalities is too small to create any noticeable difference in refractive outcome. No significant relationship was found between SE and ACD measurements obtained by Pentacam, Orbscan or IOLMaster. [source] Long-term results of cataract surgery with implantation of a mechanically, reversibly adjustable intraocular lens: *Acri.Tec AR-1 PC/IOLACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2008CE JAHN Purpose To investigate long-term safety and function of a mechanically, reversibly adjustable intraocular lens in human eyes Methods Clinical long-term monitoring of the initial 38 eyes of 38 patients with senile cataract after implantation of the *Acri.Tec AR-1 PC/IOL including a control group. Results Median follow-up was 25 (range 6 to 52 months). Throughout the entire period of observation all eyes were behaving clinically in the same way as if implanted with a conventionel PC/IOL. 2 eyes were adjusted surgically 2 weeks after implantation. 19/38 eyes underwent Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy after a median period of 12 (range 6 to 43) months after implantation. Median change of spherical equivalent between 1 month and the last visit was 0 (range , 0.5 to + 0.5) diopters. At the last visit median best visual acuity was 0.7 (range 0.2 to 1.0) for eyes with the *Acri.Tec AR-1 PC/IOL and 0.8( range 0.3 to 1.0) for the control group. Both eyes having undergone adjustment surgery had visual acuity of 0.8 rsp 1.0 with stable refractions 45 rsp. 42 months after adjustment surgery. Conclusion The *Acri.Tec AR-1 PC/IOL implanted into the capsular bag of adult human eyes is a safe PC/IOL. Refraction is predictably adjustable after implantation. It remains stable before and after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy or after surgical adjustment of the refraction. This type of IOL may prove helpful especially in pediatric cataract surgery to avoid the development of amblyopia and in adults when precise refractive outcome is important either because of individual preference of the patient for a preferred refraction or because of intendend monovision to reduce spectacle dependence to a minimum. Commercial interest [source] Visual outcome and corneal aberrometry after implantation of intracorneal ring segments (INTACS) for keratoconusACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2007J HERNANDEZ VERDEJO Purpose: To analyze corneal aberrometry and visual outcome after implantation of intracorneal ring segments (INTACS) in keratoconus patients. Methods: Corneal aberration was measured in 15 keratoconus eyes pre and post implantation of INTACS. Root Mean Square values (RMS), (Total, RMS for corneal astigmatism and RMS for coma) where recorded for 5, 6 and 7 pupil diameters, and where divided into two groups due to their previous levels of coma and total RMS. Comatic aberration was divided in vertical (Z3-1) an horizontal (Z3+1) Zernicke Coeficcients. All data was recorded pre-op and three months after surgery. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), spherical equivalent and astigmatism where also analyzed. Results: We found statistically significant decrease in spherical equivalent (p<0,01) and increase of UCVA (p<0,01). Significant increase (p=0,04) in coma and total RMS in patients with lower previous values for 5 and 6mm and significant decrease in patients with higher previous values for 7mm (p=0,03) Conclusions: INTACS implantation for keratoconus reduces the mean spherical refractive error, increases UCVA and improves keratoconus aberrations for 7mm pupil diameter in patients with previous high levels of coma and total RMS. [source] LASIK after retinal detachment surgeryACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 3 2006Mohsen Farvardin Abstract. Purpose:,To compare, in the same individuals, the safety and efficacy of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in eyes with and without previous retinal detachment surgery. Methods:,In a prospective clinical trial, seven myopic patients who had previously undergone scleral buckling surgery in one eye underwent conventional LASIK surgery in both eyes. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), refraction, Orbscan topography and pachymetry were recorded before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. The eyes were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of eyes that had undergone previous surgery for retinal detachment, and group 2 consisted of the fellow eyes of the same patients, which had not undergone any previous ocular surgery. Student's t -test for match-paired data was used to evaluate the significance of differences. Results:,LASIK was performed successfully in all patients. The UCVA improved in all eyes in both groups. The mean change in the spherical equivalent between 1 and 12 months after LASIK surgery was 1.7 ± 1.1 and 0.6 ± 0.5 diopter in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.019). Conclusion:,LASIK may be considered for treatment of myopia in eyes that have had previous surgery for retinal detachment. However, the risk of regression may be higher in such eyes than in eyes with no previous scleral buckling surgery. [source] Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in a Burmese population: the Meiktila Eye StudyCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 8 2007Robert J Casson FRANZCO Abstract Purpose:, To report the risk factors associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Burmese population. Methods:, The Meiktila Eye study, a population-based cross-sectional study, included inhabitants 40 years of age and over from villages in the Meiktila District. Of 2481 eligible participants identified, 2076 participated in the study and sufficient examination data to diagnose glaucoma in at least one eye was obtained in 1997 participants. The ophthalmic examination included slit-lamp examination, tonometry, gonioscopy and dilated stereoscopic fundus examination. Definitions adhered to the International Society for Geographic and Epidemiological Ophthalmology's recommendations. Univariate and multivariate analyses of potential risk factors were performed. Results:, The overall prevalence of POAG was 2.0% (95% CI 0.9,3.1). In the univariate analysis, increasing age (P = 0.024), spherical equivalent (P = 0.01), axial length (P = 0.023) and intraocular pressure (IOP; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with POAG. And in the multivariate analysis, myopia <0.5 D (P = 0.049), increasing age and IOP (P < 0.001) were significant risk factors for POAG. Conclusion:, POAG in this Burmese population was associated with increasing age, axial myopia and IOP. [source] | ||||||||||