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Soluble Salts (soluble + salt)
Selected AbstractsTHE IMPACT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON THE DETERIORATION OF PHARAONIC AND COPTIC WALL PAINTINGS AT AL QURNA, EGYPT: MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2009A. M. A. MOUSSA The wall paintings of Al Qurna in Egypt were studied by means of XRD and ICP,AES in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition, and to evaluate the impact of soluble salts on their deterioration, including the identification of the building materials and pigments used. Soluble salts analysis showed that NaCl is the most common soluble salt in the bedrock, ground water and surface water samples. The building materials are affected by the ground water, while the wall paintings in the area are affected by the Upper Egypt climatic conditions, which were studied in order to detect their role in the deterioration cycle in the area. [source] Artificial Recharge Through a Thick, Heterogeneous Unsaturated ZoneGROUND WATER, Issue 3 2008John A. Izbicki Thick, heterogeneous unsaturated zones away from large streams in desert areas have not previously been considered suitable for artificial recharge from ponds. To test the potential for recharge in these settings, 1.3 × 106 m3 of water was infiltrated through a 0.36-ha pond along Oro Grande Wash near Victorville, California, between October 2002 and January 2006. The pond overlies a regional pumping depression 117 m below land surface and is located where thickness and permeability of unsaturated deposits allowed infiltration and saturated alluvial deposits were sufficiently permeable to allow recovery of water. Because large changes in water levels caused by nearby pumping would obscure arrival of water at the water table, downward movement of water was measured using sensors in the unsaturated zone. The downward rate of water movement was initially as high as 6 m/d and decreased with depth to 0.07 m/d; the initial time to reach the water table was 3 years. After the unsaturated zone was wetted, water reached the water table in 1 year. Soluble salts and nitrate moved readily with the infiltrated water, whereas arsenic and chromium were less mobile. Numerical simulations done using the computer program TOUGH2 duplicated the downward rate of water movement, accumulation of water on perched zones, and its arrival at the water table. Assuming 10 × 106 m3 of recharge annually for 20 years, a regional ground water flow model predicted water level rises of 30 m beneath the ponds, and rises exceeding 3 m in most wells serving the nearby urban area. [source] Increases in pH and soluble salts influence the effect that additions of organic residues have on concentrations of exchangeable and soil solution aluminiumEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002M. S. Mokolobate Summary It has been suggested that additions of organic residues to acid soils can ameliorate Al toxicity. For this reason the effects of additions of four organic residues to an acid soil on pH and exchangeable and soil solution Al were investigated. The residues were grass, household compost, filter cake (a waste product from sugar mills) and poultry manure, and they were added at rates equivalent to 10 and 20 t ha,1. Additions of residues increased soil pH measured in KCl (pH(KCl)) and decreased exchangeable Al3+ in the order poultry manure > filter cake > household compost > grass. The mechanism responsible for the increase in pH differed for the different residues. Poultry manure treatment resulted in lower soil pH measured in water (pH(water)) and larger concentrations of total (AlT) and monomeric (Almono) Al in soil solution than did filter cake. This was attributed to a soluble salt effect, originating from the large cation content of poultry manure, displacing exchangeable Al3+ and H+ back into soil solution. The considerably larger concentrations of soluble C in soil solution originating from the poultry manure may also have maintained greater concentrations of Al in soluble complexed form. There was a significant negative correlation (r = ,0.94) between pH(KCl) and exchangeable Al. Concentrations of AlT and Almono in soil solution were not closely related with pH or exchangeable Al. The results suggest that although additions of organic residues can increase soil pH and decrease Al solubility, increases in soluble salt and soluble C concentrations in soil solution can substantially modify these effects. [source] Sodium removal from a calcareous saline,sodic soil through leaching and plant uptake during phytoremediationLAND DEGRADATION AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2003M. Qadir Abstract Saline,sodic and sodic soils are characterized by the occurrence of sodium (Na+) to levels that can adversely affect several soil properties and growth of most crops. As a potential substitute of cost-intensive chemical amelioration, phytoremediation of such soils has emerged as an efficient and low-cost strategy. This plant-assisted amelioration involves cultivation of certain plant species that can withstand ambient soil salinity and sodicity levels. It relies on enhanced dissolution of native calcite within the root zone to provide adequate Ca2+ for the Na+Ca2+ exchange at the cation exchange sites. There is a lack of information for the Na+ balance in terms of removal from saline,sodic soils through plant uptake and leaching during the phytoremediation process. We carried out a lysimeter experiment on a calcareous saline,sodic soil [pH of saturated soil paste (pHs),=,7.2, electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract (ECe),=,4.9,dS,m,1, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR),=,15.9, CaCO3,=,50,g,kg,1]. There were three treatments: (1) control (without application of a chemical amendment or crop cultivation), (2) soil application of gypsum according to the gypsum requirement of the soil and (3) planting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as a phytoremediation crop. The efficiency of treatments for soluble salt and Na+ removal from the soil was in the order: gypsum,,,alfalfa,>,control. In the phytoremediation treatment, the amount of Na+ removed from the soil through leaching was found to be the principal cause of reduction in salinity and sodicity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A pair of diastereomeric 1:1 salts of (S)- and (R)-2-methylpiperazine with (2S,3S)-tartaric acidACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 7 2009Hiroshi Katagiri The structures of diastereomeric pairs consisting of (S)- and (R)-2-methylpiperazine with (2S,3S)-tartaric acid are both 1:1 salts, namely (S)-2-methylpiperazinium (2S,3S)-tartrate dihydrate, C5H14N22+·C4H4O62,·2H2O, (I), and (R)-2-methylpiperazinium (2S,3S)-tartrate dihydrate, C5H14N22+·C4H4O62,·2H2O, (II), which reveal the formation of well defined ammonium carboxylate salts linked via strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Unlike the situation in the more soluble salt (II), the alternating columns of tartrate and ammonium ions of the less soluble salt (I) are packed neatly in a grid around the a axis, which incorporates water molecules at regular intervals. The increased efficiency of packing for (I) is evident in its lower `packing coefficient', and the hydrogen-bond contribution is stronger in the more soluble salt (II). [source] THE IMPACT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON THE DETERIORATION OF PHARAONIC AND COPTIC WALL PAINTINGS AT AL QURNA, EGYPT: MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2009A. M. A. MOUSSA The wall paintings of Al Qurna in Egypt were studied by means of XRD and ICP,AES in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition, and to evaluate the impact of soluble salts on their deterioration, including the identification of the building materials and pigments used. Soluble salts analysis showed that NaCl is the most common soluble salt in the bedrock, ground water and surface water samples. The building materials are affected by the ground water, while the wall paintings in the area are affected by the Upper Egypt climatic conditions, which were studied in order to detect their role in the deterioration cycle in the area. [source] Waterponding: Reclamation technique for scalded duplex soils in western New South Wales rangelandsECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION, Issue 3 2008Ray Thompson Summary Building on previous trials initiated in the 1960s, a demonstration programme involving 18 landholders was established at Nyngan, New South Wales Australia; in the mid-1980s to refine ,waterponding' techniques used to rehabilitate scalded claypans. The waterponding technique involves building horseshoe shaped banks (about 240 m in length) to create ponds of about 0.4 ha each. Each pond retains up to 10 cm of water after rain which leaches soluble salts from the scald surface. This improves the remaining soil structure, inducing surface cracking, better water penetration and allows entrapment of wind-blown seed. Consequently, niches are formed for the germination of this (and any sown) seed and recovery of a range of chenopod native pasture species occurs on the sites, which can be supplemented by direct seeding. What started as a project continues now as a standard rangeland rehabilitation process for reclaiming bare, scalded semi-arid areas of New South Wales and turning them back into biodiverse and productive rangelands. Since 1985, further modifications have been made to the method and the ongoing programme has surveyed, marked out and built approximately 56 700 waterponds within the Marra Creek waterponding district. [source] Increases in pH and soluble salts influence the effect that additions of organic residues have on concentrations of exchangeable and soil solution aluminiumEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002M. S. Mokolobate Summary It has been suggested that additions of organic residues to acid soils can ameliorate Al toxicity. For this reason the effects of additions of four organic residues to an acid soil on pH and exchangeable and soil solution Al were investigated. The residues were grass, household compost, filter cake (a waste product from sugar mills) and poultry manure, and they were added at rates equivalent to 10 and 20 t ha,1. Additions of residues increased soil pH measured in KCl (pH(KCl)) and decreased exchangeable Al3+ in the order poultry manure > filter cake > household compost > grass. The mechanism responsible for the increase in pH differed for the different residues. Poultry manure treatment resulted in lower soil pH measured in water (pH(water)) and larger concentrations of total (AlT) and monomeric (Almono) Al in soil solution than did filter cake. This was attributed to a soluble salt effect, originating from the large cation content of poultry manure, displacing exchangeable Al3+ and H+ back into soil solution. The considerably larger concentrations of soluble C in soil solution originating from the poultry manure may also have maintained greater concentrations of Al in soluble complexed form. There was a significant negative correlation (r = ,0.94) between pH(KCl) and exchangeable Al. Concentrations of AlT and Almono in soil solution were not closely related with pH or exchangeable Al. The results suggest that although additions of organic residues can increase soil pH and decrease Al solubility, increases in soluble salt and soluble C concentrations in soil solution can substantially modify these effects. [source] Paleoindian geoarchaeology and paleoenvironments of the western Killpecker Dunes, Wyoming, U.S.A.GEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2003James H. Mayer The Killpecker Dunes in southwestern Wyoming have long been known to contain evidence for Paleoindian occupation. This paper presents the results of geoarchaeological investigations in the western, dormant portion of the Killpecker Dunes. Five localities, including the Krmpotich Folsom and Finley Cody Complex sites, were examined in order to better understand the Paleoindian geochronology of the dune field, and to facilitate a late Quaternary paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Age control is provided by radiocarbon, optical, and artifact ages. Four late Quaternary eolian units, designated as strata 1,4, were recognized; strata 1 and 2 are relevant to the Paleoindian record. Aggradation of stratum 1 began by at least 14,690 cal yr (,12,550 14C yr B.P.), probably in the form of a sand sheet under cool, dry conditions. Redoximorphic features are ubiquitous in stratum 1, indicating a rise in the water table during the latest Pleistocene. A buried soil (Calcid) at the top of this unit indicates a period of stability between ca. 12,000 and 11,000 14C yr B.P. and has the potential to yield Clovis (11,200,10,900 14C yr B.P.) artifacts. Unconformably overlying stratum 1 is stratum 2, a latest Pleistocene to early Holocene sand containing Folsom (10,900,10,200 14C yr B.P.) through Cody Complex (9000,8500 14C yr B.P.) occupations. A buried soil characterized by the accumulation of illuvial clay and sodium (Natrargid) occurs at the top of stratum 2 and probably formed in and around interdunal ponds. The association of Paleoindian material with the stratum 2 soil suggests the use of interdunal areas as natural traps for hunting extinct bison. The accumulation of soluble salts indicates increased rates of evaporation during the early Holocene, probably from an increase in summer insolation. Although conditions in the dune field during the early Holocene became increasingly dry, they were probably moister than at present. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Formation of Highly Crystallized ,-PbO Thin Films by Cathodic Electrodeposition of Pb and Its Rapid Oxidation in Air,ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2005S. Sawatani Abstract The process of electrodeposition of ,-PbO thin films from aqueous solutions of PbII salts has been studied in detail. Contrary to the mechanism assumed in previous studies, thin films of crystalline ,-PbO are obtained after cathodic electrolysis in aqueous solutions of various soluble salts of PbII (Pb(NO3)2, Pb(ClO4)2, and Pb(CH3COO)2), and in both the presence and the absence of O2, thus indicating no contribution of OH, generation by electroreduction of NO3, and/or O2 to the formation of ,-PbO. A gradual color change is noted: a freshly electrodeposited gray film turns yellow as it dries in air. Drying of the films under controlled atmosphere (Ar or O2), combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, has revealed that freshly deposited films are of metallic Pb, which are oxidized and converted into ,-PbO. Such a reaction is operative only when a freshly electrodeposited activated wet Pb film is in contact with gaseous O2. Despite the rapid conversion of a solid material, the resultant ,-PbO thin films are highly crystallized and possess highly ordered internal nanostructure. Elongated nanoparticles (30,nm,×,100,nm) are assembled in a regular alignment to compose a large platelet (greater than 10,,m in size) with single-crystalline character, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) measurement. [source] Microstructural studies of PMMA impregnated mortarsJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2010Priya Nair Abstract Studies on cement concrete microstructures are carried out to explain experimentally observed phenomenon and for modeling of concrete at the macroscopic level. In this article, the preparation of polymer impregnated mortar (PIC) is carried out by partially or fully replacing the pores in the cement mortars (OPC) by PMMA. The effect of this polymer impregnation on density and morphology of the cement matrix is studied. The microstructural changes in the mortar, on exposure of these specimens to hydrochloric acid and sea water for 7 and 28 days, are also investigated in this article. The above studies indicated that the polymer addition decreased the voids in the mortar thereby preventing leaching of water soluble salts present in the OPC. It was observed that the polymer also prevented the external chemical media from permeating into the cement matrix and undergoing interactions with it. It is concluded that the durability and chemical resistance properties of the PIC are better compared with OPC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010 [source] Distribution of zoosporic fungi in the mud of major Egyptian lakesJOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Esam H. Ali Twenty-six identified and three unidentified species belonging to eight genera of zoosporic fungi were recovered from seventy-six mud samples of Egyptian lakes using sesame seeds as baits. Nineteen samples were collected along the borders of four major lakes. Pythium, Phytophthora and Allomyces, yielded the highest spectra of zoosporic species, while Aqualinderella, Blastocladia and Dictyuchus, had one species. Pythium, Aphanomyces, Allomyces, Aqualinderella, Phytophthora and Saprolegnia were the dominant zoosporic genera while Blastocladia and Dictyuchus were rare. The most prevalent species of zoosporic fungi were Aqualinderella fermentans, Aphanomyces laevis and unidentified Pythium species while the other isolated species in this study were rare. Menzalah was the richest lake with zoosporic species followed by Borolous and Karoon. Some zoosporic fungal genera were recovered from the mud of the four tested lakes (participator genera) and others from three lakes or from only two lakes. Physicochemical characteristics of the mud samples (pH, total soluble salts and organic matter) revealed no correlation with the fungal occurrence and distribution in these lakes. [source] RHEOLOGY OF DOUBLE (W/O/W) EMULSIONS PREPARED WITH SOYBEAN MILK AND FORTIFIED WITH CALCIUMJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 5 2010ANDRÉS L. MÁRQUEZ ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study the rheological behavior of water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions prepared with soybean milk and sunflower oil, with different calcium solutions as the internal aqueous phase, in order to evaluate them as a vegetable substitute of whipped dairy cream. The obtained systems exhibited a creamy texture, which was attributed to the swelling of w/o droplets because of the osmotic gradient generated by the inclusion of soluble salts in the internal aqueous phase. A secondary factor could be the flocculation of w/o droplets due to the interaction of released calcium with soybean proteins at the interface. Consequently, the increase of calcium chloride content produced emulsions with higher consistency. A pasteurization produced flocculation and coalescence of w/o droplets only at high calcium chloride content. These double emulsions could be a potential alternative to the whipped dairy cream, because of their texture, reduced fat content and calcium contribution. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This article deals with the formulation of novel calcium-fortified food emulsions prepared with soybean milk and sunflower oil. Because calcium needs to be isolated from soybean milk components (proteins and phospholipids), we proposed to include calcium salts in the internal aqueous phase of a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion. The practical applications of this research could include the formulation of low lipid content emulsions and the isolation of a component which is incompatible with the continuous aqueous phase. Particularly, this work leads to the understanding of how the inclusion of calcium salts in the internal aqueous phase of a w/o/w emulsion prepared with soybean milk affects the rheology and microstructure of the system. The results led to the conclusion that these emulsions can work as a whipped dairy cream substitute with vegetal components, low lipid content and important calcium contribution. [source] Changes in the Concentration of Nutrients and Other Chemical Properties of Shrimp Pond Soils as a Function of Pond UseJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 3 2002Gad Ritvo Several soil nutrients, pH, organic carbon, and total soluble salts from the upper 10 cm of soil samples from 72 shrimp ponds in Texas were analyzed. Large increases in sediment concentrations of C, N, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, nitrate, and water-soluble salts was observed after one production cycle, followed by an asymptotic increase in older ponds. An approximately linear increase in soil concentration of S and P with pond age was observed. The pH showed a marked decrease in ponds that had been used for one production cycle, but stabilized in older ponds. No correlation between Ca and growing cycle was observed. Calculated recovery rates for elements supplied in feed were less than 10% in several cases and 15% for P. No measurable negative effect on shrimp production by the increase of elemental concentrations was measured. [source] THE IMPACT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON THE DETERIORATION OF PHARAONIC AND COPTIC WALL PAINTINGS AT AL QURNA, EGYPT: MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2009A. M. A. MOUSSA The wall paintings of Al Qurna in Egypt were studied by means of XRD and ICP,AES in order to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition, and to evaluate the impact of soluble salts on their deterioration, including the identification of the building materials and pigments used. Soluble salts analysis showed that NaCl is the most common soluble salt in the bedrock, ground water and surface water samples. The building materials are affected by the ground water, while the wall paintings in the area are affected by the Upper Egypt climatic conditions, which were studied in order to detect their role in the deterioration cycle in the area. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||