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Soluble CD14 (soluble + cd14)
Selected AbstractsSoluble CD14 at 2 yr of age: Gender-related effects of tobacco smoke exposure, recurrent infections and atopic diseasesPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 4 2006K. C. Lřdrup Carlsen The endotoxin receptor soluble CD14 (sCD14) has been implicated in the ,hygiene hypothesis' suggesting reduced allergic sensitization with bacterial stimulation. However, the relationship between early life sCD14 and allergic diseases is conflicting. We aimed to investigate whether possible risk factors for allergic diseases were associated with sCD14 levels at 2 yr of age. In the nested case,control study of the birth cohort studies ,Environment and Childhood Asthma study in Oslo' 411 children selected with recurrent bronchial obstruction (rBO) (n = 241) and no bronchial obstruction (n = 170) by 2 yr were investigated with skin prick test and structured parental interview at age 2 yr. Exposure to tobacco smoke, pets and infections was recorded semi-annually by questionnaires (0,2 yr). The sCD14 was analysed from frozen, stored serum by ELISA technique. Regression analyses were performed in all subjects with complete data (n = 406, 180 girls), and in girls and in boys separately. Mean sCD14 (ng/ml) was significantly higher among girls 2035 (1973,2096) vs. 1947 (1890,2004) (boys). The sCD14 was significantly reduced among girls exposed to antenatal maternal smoking and with parental asthma, after adjusting for age, parental rhino-conjunctivitis, pet keeping and childhood infections. Recurrent otitis media (OM) increased and common colds significantly decreased sCD14 levels in girls. Boys with atopic dermatitis and rBO had reduced sCD14. Pet exposure was not significantly associated with sCD14. We report novel gender-related effects of sCD14 in early life and suggest that gender, tobacco smoke exposure, age and middle ear disease in particular should be accounted for when assessing the role of sCD14 in childhood allergic diseases. [source] Identification of soluble CD14 as an endogenous agonist for Toll-like receptor 2 on human astrocytes by genome-scale functional screening of glial cell derived proteinsGLIA, Issue 5 2007Malika Bsibsi Abstract Human astrocytes express a limited repertoire of Toll-like receptor (TLR) family members including TLR1-4, which are expressed on the cell surface. Also, TLR3 but not TLR4 activation on astrocytes induces expression of several factors involved in neuroprotection and down-regulation of inflammation rather than in the onset of traditional pro-inflammatory reactions. The notion that astrocyte TLR may thus play a role not only in host defense but also in tissue repair responses prompted us to examine the possibility that endogenous TLR agonists could be expressed in the human central nervous system to regulate the apparently dual astrocyte functions during trauma or inflammation. As a potential source of endogenous agonists, a cDNA library derived from several human brain tumor cell lines was used. Gene pools of this library were transfected into COS-7 cells and the expression products were screened for their ability to induce TLR activation in human primary astrocytes. The screening resulted in the identification of soluble CD14. By using a panel of TLR-transfected HEK293 cells, we found that signaling by soluble CD14 was TLR2 dependent. Moreover, the CD14-triggered TLR2-mediated response in astrocytes lead to the production of CXCL8, IL-6, and IL12p40, whereas typical TLR-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-, and IL-1,, were not produced at detectable levels. In conclusion, our data indicate that apart from its well-known ability to act as a co-receptor for TLR-dependent signaling by peptidoglycans or LPS, soluble CD14 can also act as a direct agonist for TLR2. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Increased lipopolysaccharide binding protein in cirrhotic patients with marked immune and hemodynamic derangementHEPATOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Agustín Albillos Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and translocation, both common in cirrhosis with ascites, may lead to the activation of monocytes and lymphocytes, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced synthesis of nitric oxide present in cirrhosis. Bacterial endotoxin promotes the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), and forms a LPS-LBP complex that binds to CD14. This study was designed to evaluate LBP levels and their correlation to the immune response and the hemodynamic status in cirrhotic patients. Plasma LBP, endotoxin, soluble CD14 (sCD14), cytokines, renin, nitrites, and systemic vascular resistance were determined before and 4 weeks after norfloxacin or placebo in 102 cirrhotic patients and 30 controls. LBP was elevated in 42% of ascitic cirrhotic patients (15.7 ± 0.7 versus 6.06 ± 0.5 ,g/mL, P < .01). In 60% of high LBP patients, endotoxin was within normal range. Among ascitic patients, those with high LBP showed greater (P < .05) levels of sCD14, tumor necrosis factor , (TNF-,), interleukin 6 (IL-6), nitrites + nitrates (NOx)/creatinine, and renin, and lower vascular resistance. In the cirrhotic patients with high LBP, norfloxacin normalized (P < .01) LBP (from 16.6 ± 0.5 to 5.82 ± 0.8 , g/mL) and sCD14; reduced the level of cytokines, NOx/creatinine, and renin; and increased vascular resistance; but lacked effect in patients with normal LBP. Portal pressure was unchanged after norfloxacin in another group of 18 cirrhotic patients with high and 19 with normal LBP. In conclusion, the subset of ascitic cirrhotic patients with marked immune and hemodynamic derangement is identified by increased LBP levels. Amelioration of these abnormalities by norfloxacin suggests the involvement of enteric bacteria or their products in the triggering of the process. [source] Inhibitory effects of soluble MD-2 and soluble CD14 on bacterial growthMICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Takahiro Ohnishi ABSTRACT The effects of the soluble forms of the endotoxin receptor molecules sMD-2 and sCD14 on bacterial growth were studied. When Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were incubated at 37°C for 18 hr with either sMD-2 or sCD14, growth of these bacteria was significantly inhibited as evaluated by viable cell counts and NADPH/NADH activity. A mutant of sCD14 (sCD14d57-64) lacking a region essential for LPS binding did not inhibit the growth of E. coli, whereas this mutant did inhibit the growth of B. subtilis. Addition of excess PG to the bacterial culture reversed the inhibitory effect of sMD-2 on the growth of B. subtilis, but not on the growth of E. coli. Furthermore, when evaluated by ELISA, both sMD-2 and sCD14 bound specifically to PG. Taken together, these results indicate that sMD-2 and sCD14 inhibit the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and further suggest that binding to PG and LPS is involved in the inhibitory effect of sMD-2 on Gram-positive bacteria and of sCD14 on Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. [source] A promoter polymorphism in the CD14 gene is associated with elevated levels of soluble CD14 but not with IgE or atopic diseasesALLERGY, Issue 5 2004M. Kabesch Background:, A polymorphism in the promoter region of the CD14 gene, C-159T, has been shown to be associated with increased levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and decreased serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the expression of a more severe atopic phenotype in previous studies. Methods:, To test if these associations are consistently found in different populations and different age groups, we genotyped 2048 children of different age groups as well as 888 adults from different regions of Germany for the CD14 C-159T polymorphism. Results:, While an association between this promoter polymorphism and levels of sCD14 could be confirmed in our study population (CC: 1017 ng/ml vs TT: 1370 ng/ml, P = 0.03), no association between CD14 C-159T genotypes and IgE levels or the prevalence of atopic diseases was seen. Conclusions:, The lack of association between CD14 genotypes and IgE as well as atopic outcomes in this large German study population seems to indicate that CD14 genotypes may not directly be involved in the development of allergies during childhood. [source] Induction of IL-10+ CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells with decreased NF-,B expression during immunotherapyPEDIATRIC ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1-Part-II 2010Yi-Giien Tsai Tsai Y-G, Chiou Y-L, Chien J-W, Wu H-P, Lin C-Y. Induction of IL-10+ CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells with decreased NF-,B expression during immunotherapy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: e166,e173. © 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Munksgaard MyD88 is a major toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor to activate NF-,B, which acts as a mater switch for allergic inflammation disease. Sterile hust dust extracts have been reported with TLR-dependent immunostimulatory activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) immunotherapy may increase IL-10+ CD4+ CD25+ T cells with modulating MyD88 signaling proteins, to decrease NF-,B expression. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from patients before and after 1 yr of Der p immunotherapy, and also from matched control subjects. After 2 days of Der p-2 stimulation, intracellular IL-10 and Foxp3 expression of CD4+ CD25+ T cells were measured by flow-cytometry. The expression of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 in cytoplasm and IFN-regulator factor-3 (IRF-3) with NF-,B/p65 in nuclei was determined by Western-blot analysis. Patients undergoing immunotherapy produced more soluble CD14, IL-10, and TGF-, that correlated with FEV1improvement (p < 0.05). In the immunotherapy group, the number of Foxp3+ CD4+ Treg cells increased more than the baseline status (25.06 ± 4.19 vs. 16.08 ± 3.54, p < 0.05). Additionally, increased IL-10 production with decreased IRAK-1 and NF-,B/p65 nuclear translocation was observed in sorted-purified Treg cells. IL-10+ CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells may respond to Der p-2 and down-regulate NF-,B/p65 expression to maintain immune tolerance during immunotherapy. [source] | |||||||||||||