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Small Cell Carcinoma (small + cell_carcinoma)
Kinds of Small Cell Carcinoma Selected AbstractsDifferential diagnostic features of small cell carcinoma in the uterine cervixDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Min Jung Kim M.D. Abstract Small cell carcinoma (SMCC) of the uterine cervix is rare and known to be an aggressive tumor, but there are only few reports on the cytologic features of cervical SMCC. This rare small cell lesion should be distinguished from malignant lymphoma (ML), squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCIS), and chronic lymphocytic cervicitis (CLC). By clarifying cytologic features and reevaluating the significance of cervical cytologic smears to reveal these cervical lesions, we can improve the diagnostic specificity and patient's outcome. The clinical record and available cervical smears from 13 cases of SMCC, four cases of malignant lymphoma, 20 cases of SCIS, and five cases of CLC were analyzed. The cytologic differential diagnostic points of SMCC were nuclear molding and smearing (100%), salt and pepper chromatin (100%), exudative and necrotic background (91.7%), various architectures including individual cells (83.3%), tight clusters (75%) and feathering and strip (50%), and inconspicuous nucleoli (75%). Early diagnosis of the cervical SMCC by cytology and treatment is important for better outcome of patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:618,623. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Telomerase activity in small cell esophageal carcinomaDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 2 2001V. Chow Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor. Telomerase activation is common in human cancers. There is a lack of data on telomerase activity in esophageal small cell cancers. The present report studied the role of telomerase activity in esophageal small cell carcinoma. The clinicopathologic data of five patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus who underwent primary surgical treatment between 1991 and 2000 were studied. Telomeric repeat amplification protocol assays were used to investigate telomerase activity in these tumors. The proliferative activity (MIB-1) and p53 expression of these tumors were also studied using immunohistochemistry and correlated with the telomerase activity. All five small cell carcinomas showed detectable telomerase activity in the primary tumor. Two out of the five morphologically normal esophageal mucosae adjacent to the primary tumor had detectable telomerase activity. There was no correlation between the p53 expression, tumor stage, survival of patients, and the presence of telomerase activity. High MIB-1 expression in esophageal small cell carcinomas was associated with high telomerase activity. Telomerase activation is common in small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. This fact may find application in anti-telomerase treatment for this aggressive tumor. [source] Biomarker-assisted diagnosis of ovarian, cervical and pulmonary small cell carcinomas: the role of TTF-1, WT-1 and HPV analysisHISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2007J W Carlson Aims:, Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic-type (SCCOH) is morphologically similar to small cell carcinomas from other sites. The aims of this study were to (i) determine if a biomarker panel would distinguish small cell carcinomas of the ovary, cervix (SCCCx) and lung (SCCLu) and (ii) potentially determine the histogenesis of SCCOH. Methods and results:, Nine ovarian small cell carcinomas (seven hypercalcaemic type; two pulmonary type), eight SCCCx and 22 SCCLu were immunostained for thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, WT-1, p16, cKIT and OCT3/4; a subset of cases were tested for human papillomavirus (HPV). WT-1 was diffusely positive in 6/7 SSCOH versus two of 33 other small cell carcinomas (P , 0.001). TTF-1 was diffusely positive in 20/22 SCCLu and 1/8 SCCCx, and negative in all SCCOH. p16 and cKIT demonstrated variable patterns of immunoreactivity in all cases. HPV was identified in 5/6 SCCCx; SCCOH and SCCLu were negative for HPV. Conclusions:, Combined staining with WT-1 and TTF-1 will distinguish SCCOH from SCCLu and SCCCx with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 97%. HPV is specific for tumours of cervical origin, but p16 immunohistochemistry is not useful for this purpose. The presence of diffuse WT-1 supports a Müllerian origin for SCCOH, whereas the absence of cKIT and OCT3/4 argues against a germ cell origin. [source] Rapid progression of small cell carcinoma in a renal transplant recipientINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 6 2006ANTTI RANNIKKO Abstract, Immunosuppression is thought to be responsible for the increased incidence of tumor development after organ transplantation. Natural history of these tumors may be more aggressive than would be expected for a similar tumor in a patient without transplant. We describe the fulminant course of small cell carcinoma, likely of prostatic origin, in a kidney transplant patient. Small cell carcinoma (SCC) and especially SCC of the prostate is an aggressive and rare type of tumor. Due to its rarity, only case reports have been published. To our knowledge, this is the first case of SCC, likely of prostatic origin, in an organ transplant recipient (OTR). The case illustrates the aggressiveness of the disease as reflected by its fulminant progression, which may have been further accentuated by the immunosuppression. [source] A case of pulmonary type of ovarian small cell carcinomaJOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2007Nao Suzuki Abstract Small cell carcinoma is a rare form of ovarian cancer with a poor prognosis. It is divided into two types, the hypercalcemic and the pulmonary type, of which the latter is extremely rare. A 49-year-old woman presented with an acute abdomen and was suspected to have torsion of a left ovarian tumor, which was followed up with an emergency operation. Postoperative pathological examination gave a diagnosis of the pulmonary type of ovarian small cell carcinoma. Six courses of paclitaxel and carboplatin therapy were given as adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient has survived for 36 months without recurrence. Here we present an extremely rare patient with the pulmonary type of ovarian small cell carcinoma. [source] Small cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct: Case report and immunohistochemical analysisPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2003Kazuya Kuraoka A small cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct in a 75-year-old Japanese man is reported. The patient suffered from obstructive jaundice, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography-drainage (PTCD) revealed a massive lesion in the lower common bile duct. Because it was diagnosed as a malignant tumor, pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. A nodular infiltrating tumor measuring 4.5 × 3.0 × 2.0 cm was located in the intrapancreatic portion of the extrahepatic bile duct. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a dense proliferation of small atypical cells with a little region of high-grade dysplasia in the adjacent epithelium of the common bile duct. Tumor cells were immunoreactive to neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and Leu7. Although carcinoma cells invaded into pancreas and duodenum, there were no histological findings that indicated the carcinoma arose from the mucosa of either the pancreatic duct or duodenum. These results indicated that the tumor was a small cell carcinoma derived from the epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct; a rare neoplasm with only a few cases reported. A few neuroendocrine cells were recognized in the adjacent epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct, suggesting that the tumor cells might be derived from them. Using immunohistochemical examination, no p53 abnormality was found. Tumor cells showed positive nuclear staining for p16, while negative for cyclin D1, suggesting that functional retinoblastoma protein (pRB) might be lost in the p16/pRB pathway, as in small cell lung cancer. [source] Small cell carcinoma of the prostate expressing prostate-specific antigen and showing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: An autopsy case reportPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2003Shigeo Kawai An autopsy case of primary small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate in a 68-year-old man is reported. The patient was admitted to hospital because of a bloody stool and suspected rectal cancer. However, a diagnosis of prostate cancer was made on the basis of a digital rectal examination, the serum level of prostate-specific antigen, and a needle biopsy of the prostate. The patient also experienced a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. He died 29 days after admission. At autopsy, the tumor had invaded the rectum, bladder and pelvic peritoneum. Metastases to the heart, vertebrae and lymph nodes were observed. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of small round cells that showed a solid growth pattern. Rosette formations were observed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for a prostatic epithelial marker and neuroendocrine markers. A high level of antidiuretic hormone was detected in the tumor tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SCC of the prostate in which both a prostatic epithelial marker and neuroendocrine markers have been found in the same tumor. This finding supports the hypothesis that SCC of the prostate originates from a multipotential stem cell of the prostatic epithelium. [source] Successful treatment for advanced small cell carcinoma of the ovaryPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 6 2008Anne Christin MD Abstract Small cell carcinoma of the ovary is a rare and aggressive malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. The authors describe two females, 12 and 13 years old, who presented with advanced stage disease. They were treated with surgical resection, multiagent chemotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation. They remain free of disease more than 9.5 and 14 years since the diagnosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1276,1277. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladderCANCER, Issue 6 2005The Mayo Clinic experience Abstract BACKGROUND Small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the urinary bladder accounts for 0.35,0.70% of all bladder tumors. There is no standard approach to the management of SCC of the urinary bladder. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective study at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN) to characterize the clinical and pathologic features of patients with SCC of the urinary bladder diagnosed between 1975 and 2003 with emphasis on management. RESULTS Forty-four patients were identified who had primary bladder SCC, 61.4% of whom had pure SCC. The male:female ratio was 3:1, the mean age was 66.9 years, and the mean follow-up was 3.2 years. Twelve patients (27.3%) had Stage II disease, 13 patients (29.6%) had Stage III disease, and 19 patients (43.2%) had Stage IV disease. The overall median survival was 1.7 years. The 5-year survival rates for patients with Stage II, III, and IV disease were 63.6%, 15.4%, and 10.5%, respectively. Six of eight patients with Stage II bladder SCC achieved a cure with radical cystectomy. Five patients with Stage IV disease had obvious metastases and received chemotherapy. Fourteen patients underwent radical cystectomy and were diagnosed later with locally advanced disease (T4b) or lymph node metastasis (N1,N3; Stage IV disease). Only 2 of 19 patients with Stage IV disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy were alive at 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Patients with bladder SCC should undergo radical cystectomy except when metastatic disease is present (M1), in which case, systemic chemotherapy is indicated. Adjuvant treatment is not indicated for patients with Stage II disease after radical cystectomy but should be considered for patients with Stage III and IV disease. Chemotherapy should be a platinum-based regimen. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society. [source] The use of p63 as an effective immunomarker in the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas on de-stained bronchial lavage cytological smearsCYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010M. Uke M. Uke, B. Rekhi, D. Ajit and N. A. Jambhekar The use of p63 as an effective immunomarker in the diagnosis of pulmonary squamous cell carcinomas on de-stained bronchial lavage cytological smears Objectives:, A diagnosis in pulmonary onco-cytopathology primarily necessitates distinguishing small cell carcinoma (SCLC) from non-small cell carcinoma (NSCLC), which includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Lately, p63 antibody has been used for distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from SCLC and adenocarcinoma. We present an analysis of p63 expression in cytological smears from 100 bronchial lavage specimens comprising 51 cases of SCLC and 49 cases of NSCLC. Methods:, A single Papanicolaou-stained conventional smear was de-stained and re-fixed with cold acetone and methanol for immunocytochemical staining with p63 antibody. Staining results were graded as 0 (nil), 1+ (focal), 2+ (moderate, diffuse) and 3+ (strong, diffuse). Results:, Out of 100 cases, 21 were cytologically diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Twenty of these showed 2+ or 3+ p63 positivity, whereas one, which was adenocarcinoma on histology, showed 1+ staining. Of seven cases cytologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, six showed no p63 staining, whereas one, which was squamous cell carcinoma on histology, showed 1+ staining. All 48 cases cytologically diagnosed as SCLC were confirmed as such on histology and showed no p63 staining. Four cases were cytologically designated as poorly differentiated carcinomas, of which three showed no p63 staining and one showed 3+ staining. The former three were found to be SCLC on histology while the latter was squamous cell carcinoma. The remaining 20 cases were cytologically designated as NSCLC. Of these, eight showed no p63 staining, whereas 10 showed 1+ and two showed 2+ staining. The former eight were adenocarcinoma on histology and the latter two were squamous cell carcinoma. The 10 cases that showed 1+ p63 staining were adenocarcinomas (n = 5), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 4) and NSCLC, not otherwise specified (n = 1). Positive staining was seen in normal basal cells, which acted as an internal control. Overall sensitivity of p63 for squamous cell carcinoma was 100% and specificity was 90.4%. Conclusions:, p63 immunostaining on processed cytology smears can be used to help identify squamous cell carcinoma. Its diffuse expression was specific for squamous cell carcinoma while focal staining was also seen in adenocarcinoma. [source] Pulmonary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of diffuse large B-cell type with simultaneous humeral involvement in a young lady: An uncommon presentation with cytologic implicationsDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010C.T., Irene Ruben B.Sc. Abstract A bronchogenic carcinoma, almost invariably, presents as a lung mass. Primary pulmonary lymphomas are rare. We report an unusual case of a pulmonary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with simultaneous involvement of the right humerus in a 37 year old lady. Bronchial lavage smears showed atypical cells with irregular nuclear membranes raising a suspicion of a hematolymphoid tumor, over a small cell carcinoma that was the closest differential diagnosis. Biopsy from the lung mass and from the lesion in the humerus showed an identical malignant round cell tumor with prominent apoptosis. On immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumor cells were diffusely positive for leukocyte common antigen (LCA), CD20 and MIB1 (70%), while negative for cytokeratin (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) synaptophysin, chromogranin, neuron specific enolase (NSE), CD3, and CD10. Diagnosis of a pulmonary NHL of diffuse large B-cell type with involvement of the humerus was formed. The case is presented to create an index of suspicion for the possibility of a NHL on respiratory samples, while dealing with small round cells with irregular nuclear membranes. IHC is necessary to confirm he diagnosis. A simultaneous association in the humerus in our case makes it unusual. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Primary small cell carcinoma of the lung initially presenting as a breast mass: A fine-needle aspiration diagnosisDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Wei Liu M.D. Abstract The incidence of metastases to the breast from extramammary sites is relatively low compared with the incidence of primary breast carcinoma. Primary sites which have a predilection for metastases to the breast include, in the order of decreasing frequency, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, lung carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcoma, followed by gastrointestinal and genitourinary primaries. Most lung primaries metastasizing to breast represent adenocarcinoma. Other types of lung carcinoma, including small cell carcinoma, are relatively rare. We report a case of lung small cell carcinoma metastasizing to the breast and initially presenting with a breast mass in a 50-year-old female. The tumor was first diagnosed on a fine-needle aspiration biopsy specimen (FNAB) from the breast lesion and subsequently supported by core biopsy. A discussion of the differential diagnoses to consider on FNAB follows. Because of the difference in treatment for primary small cell carcinoma of breast versus primary small cell carcinoma of the lung, as well as the difference in prognosis for both malignancies, determining the site of primary malignancy is crucial to adequate patient care. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Differential diagnostic features of small cell carcinoma in the uterine cervixDIAGNOSTIC CYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Min Jung Kim M.D. Abstract Small cell carcinoma (SMCC) of the uterine cervix is rare and known to be an aggressive tumor, but there are only few reports on the cytologic features of cervical SMCC. This rare small cell lesion should be distinguished from malignant lymphoma (ML), squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCIS), and chronic lymphocytic cervicitis (CLC). By clarifying cytologic features and reevaluating the significance of cervical cytologic smears to reveal these cervical lesions, we can improve the diagnostic specificity and patient's outcome. The clinical record and available cervical smears from 13 cases of SMCC, four cases of malignant lymphoma, 20 cases of SCIS, and five cases of CLC were analyzed. The cytologic differential diagnostic points of SMCC were nuclear molding and smearing (100%), salt and pepper chromatin (100%), exudative and necrotic background (91.7%), various architectures including individual cells (83.3%), tight clusters (75%) and feathering and strip (50%), and inconspicuous nucleoli (75%). Early diagnosis of the cervical SMCC by cytology and treatment is important for better outcome of patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:618,623. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Telomerase activity in small cell esophageal carcinomaDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 2 2001V. Chow Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus is a rare and aggressive malignant tumor. Telomerase activation is common in human cancers. There is a lack of data on telomerase activity in esophageal small cell cancers. The present report studied the role of telomerase activity in esophageal small cell carcinoma. The clinicopathologic data of five patients with small cell carcinoma of the esophagus who underwent primary surgical treatment between 1991 and 2000 were studied. Telomeric repeat amplification protocol assays were used to investigate telomerase activity in these tumors. The proliferative activity (MIB-1) and p53 expression of these tumors were also studied using immunohistochemistry and correlated with the telomerase activity. All five small cell carcinomas showed detectable telomerase activity in the primary tumor. Two out of the five morphologically normal esophageal mucosae adjacent to the primary tumor had detectable telomerase activity. There was no correlation between the p53 expression, tumor stage, survival of patients, and the presence of telomerase activity. High MIB-1 expression in esophageal small cell carcinomas was associated with high telomerase activity. Telomerase activation is common in small cell carcinoma of the esophagus. This fact may find application in anti-telomerase treatment for this aggressive tumor. [source] Reporting lung cancer pathology specimens.HISTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Impact of the anticipated 7th Edition TNM Classification based on recommendations of the IASLC Staging Committee Led by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC), there are currently several major international collaborative projects underway that will have a significant impact on the future reporting of lung cancer pathology. In particular, the IASLC Staging Committee has just completed an analysis of >100 000 lung cancer cases, providing the basis for proposed revisions of the current TNM staging classification. The purpose of this review is not to provide a comprehensive document on recommendations for specimen processing, but rather to discuss how the anticipated changes in the 7th edition TNM will impact on specimen processing, specifically looking at tumour size, how to deal with multiple tumours and visceral pleural invasion. TNM staging of carcinoid tumours and small cell carcinoma is also discussed. [source] ,93G,A polymorphism of hMLH1 and risk of primary lung cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 4 2004Sun Ha Park Abstract Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes may be associated with differences in the repair capacity of DNA damage and may thereby influence an individual's susceptibility to smoking-related cancer. We investigated the association between the ,93G,A polymorphism in the hMLH1 gene and the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. The hMLH1 ,93G,A polymorphism was typed in 372 lung cancer patients and 371 healthy controls that were frequency-matched for age and sex. There was no significant association between the hMLH1 ,93G,A genotype and the risk for adenocarcinoma or small cell carcinoma. However, the AA genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma compared with both the GG genotype (adjusted OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.15,3.55; p = 0.014) and the combined GG and GA genotype (adjusted OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.24,2.71; p = 0.003). When the subjects were stratified by smoking exposure, the AA genotype was associated with a significantly increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma in lighter smokers (, 39 pack-years; adjusted OR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.03,3.66; p = 0.039) compared with the combined GG and GA genotype, whereas there was no significant association in heavier smokers (> 39 pack-years; adjusted OR = 1.47; 95% CI = 0.82,2.61). These results suggest that the hMLH1 ,93G,A polymorphism could be used as a marker of genetic susceptibility to squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Primary small cell carcinoma of the ureterINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2007Sergio Martin Martin Abstract: We report a case of primary small cell carcinoma of the ureter. These tumors are very rare, locally aggressive and with poor prognosis. A 77-year-old man presented with left flank pain and microhematuria. Following diagnosis of ureteral carcinoma, nephroureterectomy was carried out, and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy were given. The patient had no evidence of recurrence or metastasis, 13 months postoperatively. We provide a bibliographic review and comment on its clinical and pathologic characteristics, diagnostic methods and latest modifications in therapy. [source] Protocol consisting of cisplatin, etoposide and irinotecan induced complete pathological remission of primary small cell carcinoma of the bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 9 2006TAKASHI KAWAHARA Abstract, A 73-year-old man with primary small-cell carcinoma of the bladder was treated by radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pathological complete remission was achieved by combination chemotherapy composed of cisplatin, etoposide and irinotecan. The patient is free of disease 19 months after surgery. [source] Rapid progression of small cell carcinoma in a renal transplant recipientINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 6 2006ANTTI RANNIKKO Abstract, Immunosuppression is thought to be responsible for the increased incidence of tumor development after organ transplantation. Natural history of these tumors may be more aggressive than would be expected for a similar tumor in a patient without transplant. We describe the fulminant course of small cell carcinoma, likely of prostatic origin, in a kidney transplant patient. Small cell carcinoma (SCC) and especially SCC of the prostate is an aggressive and rare type of tumor. Due to its rarity, only case reports have been published. To our knowledge, this is the first case of SCC, likely of prostatic origin, in an organ transplant recipient (OTR). The case illustrates the aggressiveness of the disease as reflected by its fulminant progression, which may have been further accentuated by the immunosuppression. [source] Early stage small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladderINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 11 2001Kazutoshi Fujita Abstract A 73-year-old man with primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent radical cystectomy. The pathological findings revealed the tumor confined to the submucosal layer (pT1) without metastasis. No adjuvant chemotherapy was carried out. He is alive with no evidence of the disease 24 months after the operation. [source] Progression of prostate cancer to neuroendocrine cell tumorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 8 2001Masashi Tanaka Abstract Background: The progression to endocrine therapy-resistant prostate cancer is partly due to clonal change to neuroendocrine cell tumor. To elucidate this pathologic process, the clinical courses of four cases of neuroendocrine cell tumor that were found at autopsy are reported. Methods: Between 1995 and 1999, autopsies were performed for 20 cases of prostate cancer. Lesions predominantly composed of a neuroendocrine cell tumor (small cell carcinoma) were found in four men. The clinical courses of these cases were compared to 16 other non-neuroendocrine cell tumors (adenocarcinomas). Results: The outstanding features of the neuroendocrine cell tumors were: (i) survival was brief after relapse, although the duration of control by employing endocrine therapy varied; (ii) the prostate-specific antigen level did not increase after relapse; and (iii) the sites of metastasis were similar to those of common adenocarcinomas. Conclusion: The progression to a neuroendocrine cell tumor indicated a poor prognosis and slight (if any) changes in the serum prostate-specific antigen level. This tumor might not appear to respond to any therapeutic attempt. [source] A case of pulmonary type of ovarian small cell carcinomaJOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY RESEARCH (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2007Nao Suzuki Abstract Small cell carcinoma is a rare form of ovarian cancer with a poor prognosis. It is divided into two types, the hypercalcemic and the pulmonary type, of which the latter is extremely rare. A 49-year-old woman presented with an acute abdomen and was suspected to have torsion of a left ovarian tumor, which was followed up with an emergency operation. Postoperative pathological examination gave a diagnosis of the pulmonary type of ovarian small cell carcinoma. Six courses of paclitaxel and carboplatin therapy were given as adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient has survived for 36 months without recurrence. Here we present an extremely rare patient with the pulmonary type of ovarian small cell carcinoma. [source] Small cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct: Case report and immunohistochemical analysisPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2003Kazuya Kuraoka A small cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct in a 75-year-old Japanese man is reported. The patient suffered from obstructive jaundice, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography-drainage (PTCD) revealed a massive lesion in the lower common bile duct. Because it was diagnosed as a malignant tumor, pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. A nodular infiltrating tumor measuring 4.5 × 3.0 × 2.0 cm was located in the intrapancreatic portion of the extrahepatic bile duct. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a dense proliferation of small atypical cells with a little region of high-grade dysplasia in the adjacent epithelium of the common bile duct. Tumor cells were immunoreactive to neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and Leu7. Although carcinoma cells invaded into pancreas and duodenum, there were no histological findings that indicated the carcinoma arose from the mucosa of either the pancreatic duct or duodenum. These results indicated that the tumor was a small cell carcinoma derived from the epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct; a rare neoplasm with only a few cases reported. A few neuroendocrine cells were recognized in the adjacent epithelium of the extrahepatic bile duct, suggesting that the tumor cells might be derived from them. Using immunohistochemical examination, no p53 abnormality was found. Tumor cells showed positive nuclear staining for p16, while negative for cyclin D1, suggesting that functional retinoblastoma protein (pRB) might be lost in the p16/pRB pathway, as in small cell lung cancer. [source] Small cell carcinoma of the prostate expressing prostate-specific antigen and showing syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone: An autopsy case reportPATHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 12 2003Shigeo Kawai An autopsy case of primary small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate in a 68-year-old man is reported. The patient was admitted to hospital because of a bloody stool and suspected rectal cancer. However, a diagnosis of prostate cancer was made on the basis of a digital rectal examination, the serum level of prostate-specific antigen, and a needle biopsy of the prostate. The patient also experienced a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. He died 29 days after admission. At autopsy, the tumor had invaded the rectum, bladder and pelvic peritoneum. Metastases to the heart, vertebrae and lymph nodes were observed. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of small round cells that showed a solid growth pattern. Rosette formations were observed. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for a prostatic epithelial marker and neuroendocrine markers. A high level of antidiuretic hormone was detected in the tumor tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SCC of the prostate in which both a prostatic epithelial marker and neuroendocrine markers have been found in the same tumor. This finding supports the hypothesis that SCC of the prostate originates from a multipotential stem cell of the prostatic epithelium. [source] Successful treatment for advanced small cell carcinoma of the ovaryPEDIATRIC BLOOD & CANCER, Issue 6 2008Anne Christin MD Abstract Small cell carcinoma of the ovary is a rare and aggressive malignant tumour with a poor prognosis. The authors describe two females, 12 and 13 years old, who presented with advanced stage disease. They were treated with surgical resection, multiagent chemotherapy and high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation. They remain free of disease more than 9.5 and 14 years since the diagnosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1276,1277. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Identification of occupational cancer risk in British Columbia: A population-based case,control study of 2,998 lung cancers by histopathological subtypeAMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE, Issue 3 2009Amy C. MacArthur MHSc Abstract Background Few studies have investigated occupational lung cancer risk in relation to specific histopathological subtypes. Methods A case,control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between lung cancer and occupation/industry of employment by histopathological subtype. A total of 2,998 male cases and 10,223 cancer controls, diagnosed between 1983 and 1990, were identified through the British Columbia Cancer Registry. Matched on age and year of diagnosis, conditional logistic regression analyses were performed for two different estimates of exposure with adjustment for potentially important confounding variables, including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, marital status, educational attainment, and questionnaire respondent. Results For all lung cancers, an excess risk was observed for workers in the primary metal (OR,=,1.31, 95% CI, 1.01,1.71), mining (OR,=,1.53, 95% CI, 1.20,1.96), machining (OR,=,1.33, 95% CI, 1.09,1.63), transport (OR,=,1.50, 95% CI, 1.08,2.07), utility (OR,=,1.60, 95% CI, 1.22,2.09), and protective services (OR,=,1.27, 95% CI, 1.05,1.55) industries. Associations with histopathological subtypes included an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in construction trades (OR,=,1.25, 95% CI, 1.06,1.48), adenocarcinoma for professional workers in medicine and health (OR,=,1.73, 95% CI, 1.18,2.53), small cell carcinoma in railway (OR,=,1.62, 95% CI, 1.06,2.49), and truck transport industries (OR,=,1.51, 95% CI, 1.00,2.28), and large cell carcinoma for employment in the primary metal industry (OR,=,2.35, 95% CI, 1.11,4.96). Conclusions Our results point to excess lung cancer risk for occupations involving exposure to metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and asbestos, as well as several new histopathologic-specific associations that merit further investigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:221,232, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pro-Opiomelanocortin Expression in a Metastatic Breast Carcinoma with Ectopic ACTH SecretionTHE BREAST JOURNAL, Issue 4 2004Marie-Françoise Pelte MD Abstract: Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion is rarely observed in breast carcinoma and only four cases have been previously published. We report here the case of a 50-year-old woman who presented with a history of diffuse bone pain associated with multiple hepatic, pulmonary, and bone metastases. A core needle biopsy specimen revealed an invasive ductal carcinoma in the right breast. The patient subsequently developed an ACTH-dependent paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome and she died of arrhythmia and heart failure, despite treatment. At autopsy, immunohistochemical staining showed chromogranin A and ACTH positivity in the breast tumor and a lung metastasis. The mRNA expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene was detected in tumoral cells by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This is the first case of Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic ACTH secretion where the presence of ACTH by immunohistochemistry and the expression of the POMC gene by RT-PCR have both been demonstrated in a breast carcinoma with metastases. The clinical history and the pathologic findings are presented with the methods and results of the molecular analysis. This case illustrates an example of ectopic ACTH syndrome in a breast carcinoma with neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation. This NE phenotype is directly related to the synthesis of ACTH by the tumoral cells. It should be kept in mind that an ectopic ACTH syndrome may be produced not only by small cell carcinoma or endocrine tumors but also by breast cancer. No relationship has been established between NE features and prognostic factors or patient outcome for this peculiar type of breast carcinoma. The demonstration of mRNA POMC in breast carcinoma with NE features suggests a depression and/or an activation of the POMC gene linked to the NE differentiation., [source] Cytopathologic differential diagnosis of small cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma in bronchial lavage specimens using a regression analysisAPMIS, Issue 2 2010EBRU CAKIR Cakir E, Demirag F, Aydin M. Cytopathologic differential diagnosis of small cell carcinoma and poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma in bronchial lavage specimens using a regression analysis. APMIS 2010; 118: 150,55. The aim of this study was to determine the most significant cytologic features to differentiate small cell carcinoma (SCC) from poorly differentiated non-small cell carcinoma (NSCC) in bronchial lavage specimens. Bronchial lavage specimens from 35 SCC cases and 63 poorly differentiated NSCC cases were examined and the cytologic parameters reviewed retrospectively. Thirty-five cytologic features considered useful in differential diagnosis were assessed. Statistical analysis indicated that salt and pepper chromatin, small cell size and nuclear molding have more than 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity for SCC cases. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the most effective criteria to differentiate SCC from poorly differentiated NSCC are small cell size, salt and pepper chromatin, prominent nucleolus and papilla formation. When these selected variables were used, sensitivity for predicting SCC was 94.3% and specificity 96.8%, and sensitivity for predicting NSCC was 96.8% and specificity 94.3%. There are several cytologic features, which are highly sensitive and specific for distinguishing SCC from NSCC. Nuclear features such as chromatin pattern, and size of the nucleoli and nuclei are more valuable than cytoplasmic features to distinguish between the two. [source] Retrospective review of extra-pulmonary small cell carcinoma at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital cases during 1998,2005ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Thep CHALERMCHAI Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to review cases of extra-pulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC), including their clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and pathological reports of patients who were diagnosed with EPSCC from 1998 to 2005. Results: Overall 21 EPSCC patients were eligible for this study. The most common primary sites were the gastrointestinal organs and the nasal cavity. Eleven patients (52.3%) had limited disease (LD) and 10 patients (47.7%) had extensive disease (ED). Nine patients underwent radical surgery alone, four received only radical radiation and two received only palliative chemotherapy. Two patients received adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy following surgical resection and one received a combination of all three treatment modalities. Three patients declined specific treatment and were treated with best supportive care. The median overall survival in the ED group was only 3 months (range 1,16 months), compared to 30 months (range 20,61 months) for LD. EPSCC of pancreas demonstrated a favorable clinical outcome with treatment, whereas primary EPSCC of the liver, esophagus and rectum had an aggressive natural history and a poor response to treatment. Conclusion: Our report suggests that EPSCC may have a different biology from that of pulmonary small cell carcinoma. When detected at an early stage, EPSCC may have an excellent prognosis with treatment. Additional studies involving more patients with EPSCC are warranted to further define the optimal roles of each treatment modality. [source] Identical p53 gene mutation in malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumour of the scalp and small cell carcinoma of the common bile duct: the necessity for therapeutic caution?BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2008N. Nakai First page of article [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||