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Slight Deviation (slight + deviation)
Selected AbstractsHarvesting of intraoral autogenous block grafts from the chin and ramus region: Preliminary results with a variable square pulse Er:YAG laserLASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 5 2008Stefan Stübinger DDS Abstract Background and Objectives It was the aim of this pilot study to evaluate the feasibility, benefits and limitations of a variable square pulse (VSP) Er:YAG laser for harvesting intraoral bone grafts from either the chin or ramus region. Materials and Methods In 12 patients (5 female, 7 male) a VSP Er:YAG laser was used to harvest bone grafts either from the ramus (3) or the symphyseal area (9). For the osteotomies, the Er:YAG laser was applied with a pulse energy of 1,000 mJ, a pulse duration of 300 microseconds, and a frequency of 12 Hz (energy density 157 J/cm2). The spot size was 0.9 mm and the handpiece was kept at a distance of about 10 mm from the bone surface. Results There was no visible carbonization or osseous debris on the surface of the osteotomy gap. Damage of adjacent soft tissue structures by mechanical or thermal trauma was minimal. Cutting efficiency was excellent and the overall time required for the procedure was not increased. However, due to a free manual positioning of the laser beam in the non-contact mode, it was difficult to get a well defined osteotomy line without irregularities on the surface. Slight deviations of the original angulation of the laser beam led to considerable bone loss which restricted osteotomy of ramus grafts to three cases. Depth control was limited to visual inspection. Conclusion The bone ablation technique using a (VSP) Er:YAG laser yielded superior clinical results without impairment of wound healing and in comparison to other laser systems, no significant time loss occurred. Yet, the missing depth control and the necessity of carefully handling the laser beam position and its angulation limit the use of a (VSP) Er:YAG laser to regions where a safe and fixed guidance of the laser beam is feasible. Lesers Surg. Med. 40:312,318, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Kinetics and mechanism for oxime formation from benzoylformic acid: Electrostatic interactions in the dehydration of carbinolaminesINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL KINETICS, Issue 9 2008A. Malpica The evidence establishes that oxime formation from benzoylformic acid in the pH range from 0.25 to 5.5 occurs with acid-catalyzed dehydration of carbinolamines derived from the acid and its anion. The pH-rate profile shows in order of decreasing pH in two regions: (1) In the pH range from 5.5 to ,2.2 the second-order rate constants are linearly dependent on the concentration of hydronium ion and (2) from pH ,2.2 to 0.25 the rate constants deviate slightly from the line of slope = ,1. This slight deviation is a consequence of the very similar values of limiting rate constants of the two forms of the substrate. Electrostatic interactions between charged carbinolamines and hydronium ions are analyzed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 40: 554,558, 2008 [source] Physiologically based predictions of the impact of inhibition of intestinal and hepatic metabolism on human pharmacokinetics of CYP3A substratesJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2010Frederique Fenneteau Abstract The first objective of the present study was to predict the pharmacokinetics of selected CYP3A substrates administered at a single oral dose to human. The second objective was to predict pharmacokinetics of the selected drugs in presence of inhibitors of the intestinal and/or hepatic CYP3A activity. We developed a whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetics (WB-PBPK) model accounting for presystemic elimination of midazolam (MDZ), alprazolam (APZ), triazolam (TRZ), and simvastatin (SMV). The model also accounted for concomitant administration of the above-mentioned drugs with CYP3A inhibitors, namely ketoconazole (KTZ), itraconazole (ITZ), diltiazem (DTZ), saquinavir (SQV), and a furanocoumarin contained in grape-fruit juice (GFJ), namely 6,,7,-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB). Model predictions were compared to published clinical data. An uncertainty analysis was performed to account for the variability and uncertainty of model parameters when predicting the model outcomes. We also briefly report on the results of our efforts to develop a global sensitivity analysis and its application to the current WB-PBPK model. Considering the current criterion for a successful prediction, judged satisfied once the clinical data are captured within the 5th and 95th percentiles of the predicted concentration,time profiles, a successful prediction has been obtained for a single oral administration of MDZ and SMV. For APZ and TRZ, however, a slight deviation toward the 95th percentile was observed especially for Cmax but, overall, the in vivo profiles were well captured by the PBPK model. Moreover, the impact of DHB-mediated inhibition on the extent of intestinal pre-systemic elimination of MDZ and SMV has been accurately predicted by the proposed PBPK model. For concomitant administrations of MDZ and ITZ, APZ and KTZ, as well as SMV and DTZ, the in vivo concentration,time profiles were accurately captured by the model. A slight deviation was observed for SMV when coadministered with ITZ, whereas more important deviations have been obtained between the model predictions and in vivo concentration,time profiles of MDZ coadministered with SQV. The same observation was made for TRZ when administered with KTZ. Most of the pharmacokinetic parameters predicted by the PBPK model were successfully predicted within a two-fold error range either in the absence or presence of metabolism-based inhibition. Overall, the present study demonstrated the ability of the PBPK model to predict DDI of CYP3A substrates with promising accuracy. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:486,514, 2010 [source] (E)-4,4,-Bis(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)stilbene at 150 and 375,KACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 1 2010M. Amine Fourati The title compound, a chromophore of formula C28H18N2O2, crystallizes with the molecule lying on an inversion centre to give one-half of a crystallographically independent molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecule is almost planar, with slight deviation of the benzene rings from the mean molecular plane. The structure is characterized by a herringbone packing arrangement arising from C,H..., and ,,, intermolecular interactions. The benzoxazole group is disordered between two orientations, with occupancy factors of 0.669,(10) and 0.331,(10) at 150,K [0.712,(7) and 0.288,(7) at 375,K]. [source] Probing mixing of quantum spin states in frustrated molecular magnets with neutron scatteringPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 12 2004G. Chaboussant Abstract The molecular spin cluster V15 is a polyoxovanadate with 15 spins s=1/2 but total spin ground state S=1/2 due to strong antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions. Below 1 K, the relaxation of the magnetisation exhibits a very peculiar behaviour in connection of the multi-spin character of the cluster and the ground state is composed of two non-degenerate S=1/2 Kramers doublets separated by a gap of about 0.3 K. The mechanism leading to such gap formation in the ground state has been elucidated using inelastic neutrons scattering (INS) under magnetic field. The observation and characterisation of several field-dependent INS transitions enable a comprehensive understanding of the low-energy quantum spin states. The energy gap between the two Kramers doublets is caused by slight deviations from the trigonal symmetry (symmetry lowering) of the cluster. The INS data are successfully mapped onto an S=1/2 AFM Heisenberg triangle with scalene distortion and a quantitative description of the wavefunction mixing (entanglement) within the ground state is derived. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Infants sleeping outdoors in a northern winter climate: skin temperature and duration of sleepACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 9 2010Marjo Tourula Abstract Aim:, The aim of the study is to describe the relationships among thermal environment, skin temperatures and infants' daytime outdoor sleep duration in northern winter conditions. Methods:, This study is a cross-over observational study. Skin temperatures of three-month-old infants were recorded from seven skin sites continuously throughout outdoor (n = 34) and indoor sleep (n = 33) in the families' homes. The duration of the sleep was observed, and temperature and the air velocity of the environment were recorded. Results:, Skin temperatures increased towards the end of indoor sleeping, whereas they decreased during outdoor sleeping. The cooling rate of mean skin temperature (Tsk) increased in lower outdoor temperatures (rs = 0.628, p < 0.001) in spite of increased clothing. On some occasions, cold extremities were observed, suggesting slight deviations from thermoneutrality. Sleep time was 92 min longer in outdoors than in indoors. However, outdoor sleep duration was shortened when the cooling rate of Tsk increased (rs = 0.611, p < 0.001). Conclusion:, The longest sleep was recorded outdoors when the cooling rate of Tsk was minimal. Restriction of movements by clothing probably increases the length of sleep, and a cold environment makes swaddling possible without overheating. A decrease in ambient temperature increased the cooling rate, suggesting that the cold protection of the clothing compensated only partly for the increased heat loss. [source] | |||||||||||||