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Situation
Kinds of Situation Terms modified by Situation Selected AbstractsMANAGEMENT OF THE BILE DUCT STONE: CURRENT SITUATION IN JAPANDIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPY, Issue 2010Ichiro Yasuda Endoscopic treatment is now recognized as the standard treatment for common bile duct stones worldwide. Endoscopic treatment routinely involves endoscopic sphincterotomy in most countries including Japan and endoscopic papillary balloon dilation is also a widely used alternative to endoscopic sphincterotomy in Japan. Surgery in any form, including laparoscopic surgery, is mainly performed when endoscopic treatments are unsuccessful or unfavorable. Other therapeutic modalities considered under certain circumstances include lithotripsy under the guidance of percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy, peroral cholangioscopy, or enteroscopy; electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy; and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. [source] CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT AS THE "BEST OF A BAD SITUATION": FITNESS TRADE-OFFS RESULTING FROM SELECTION TO MINIMIZE RESOURCE AND MATE COMPETITIONEVOLUTION, Issue 10 2005Karin S. Pfennig Abstract Character displacement has long been considered a major cause of adaptive diversification. When species compete for resources or mates, character displacement minimizes competition by promoting divergence in phenotypes associated with resource use (ecological character displacement) or mate attraction (reproductive character displacement). In this study, we investigated whether character displacement can also have pleiotropic effects that lead to fitness trade-offs between the benefits of avoiding competition and costs accrued in other fitness components. We show that both reproductive and ecological character displacement have caused spadefoot toads to evolve smaller body size in the presence of a heterospecific competitor. Although this shift in size likely arose as a by-product of character displacement acting to promote divergence between species in mating behavior and larval development, it concomitantly reduces offspring survival, female fecundity, and sexual selection on males. Thus, character displacement may represent the "best of a bad situation" in that it lessens competition, but at a cost. Individuals in sympatry with the displaced phenotype will have higher fitness than those without the displaced trait because they experience reduced competition, but they may have reduced fitness relative to individuals in allopatry. Such a fitness trade-off can limit the conditions under which character displacement evolves and may even increase the risk of "Darwinian extinction" in sympatric populations. Consequently, character displacement may not always promote diversification in the manner that is often expected. [source] ASSESSMENT OF PREFERENCE WITH CONTROLS FOR RESPONSE BIAS OPERATING IN THE TEST SITUATION: A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE USING OMEGA-3 ENRICHED WHOLEGRAIN BREADS WITH ECUADORIAN CONSUMERSJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 5 2010YAMILLA ALVAREZ-COUREAUX ABSTRACT Ecuadorian consumers performed paired preference tests between sunflower rye bread and artisan wholegrain bread enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Preferences for each were split fairly evenly. Further difference tests suggested that these preferences were elicited by visual rather than flavor/texture cues. The preference test included a "placebo" pair of "identical" stimuli to assess statistically whether the responses to the two test stimuli were merely because of response biases operating in the test situation and not differences in their sensory attributes. The concept of an "operational preference" was introduced to understand some of the ambiguities involved in the definition of preference. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The measurement of preference and acceptance of foods is important for product development and decisions regarding the launching of new products on to the market. The paired preference test has several problems associated with its design and analysis, and these are worthy of investigation. This article uses a practical example to illustrate some procedures developed as solutions to these challenges. Solutions to the problems involved in preference testing are essential so that the food industry can obtain trustworthy data. [source] PARENTS BECOME ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS IN HOME THERAPY PROGRAMS, STRIVING TO MAXIMISE GAINS FOR THEIR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY, GIVEN TIME TO COME TO GRIPS WITH THEIR SITUATIONAUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004Christine Imms No abstract is available for this article. [source] AL01 SURGICAL AUDIT IN DIFFICULT SITUATIONSANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2009A. J. Green Approved peer reviewed surgical audit activity is a necessary for annual and Triannual Professional Standards requirements. Surgeons working in large hospitals, usually as part of surgical teams have resources to facilitate this. There are situations where the surgeon or surgeons need to organise a process themselves and may need more assistance. Three problem areas that will be particularly discussed include: 1Audit for remote surgeons 2Audit for urban/suburban surgeons with no teaching hospital attachments (often in smaller private facilities with no audit programs) 3Regional surgeons particularly in the Specialities eg ENT, Urology, Plastics where there are small numbers (1,3) Practical ways to achieve successful audits will be addressed [source] GESTALT: a framework for redesign of educational softwareJOURNAL OF COMPUTER ASSISTED LEARNING, Issue 1 2006M. Puustinen Abstract Design of educational multimedia rarely starts from scratch, but rather by attempting to reuse existing software. Although redesign has been an issue in research on evaluation and on learning objects, how it should be carried out in a principled way has remained relatively unexplored. Furthermore, understanding how empirical research on information and communication technologies (ICT) should feed back into redesign remains difficult. The present paper addresses these problems from the viewpoint of carrying out pedagogical expert evaluations, in the absence of empirical studies of target learners, in order to generate recommendations for redesign. Firstly, redesign proposals should be based on a coherent reconstruction of pedagogical foundations of educational ICT (software, documentation). Secondly, redesign proposals should result from dialogue between stakeholders, such as future users, pedagogical experts, software designers, and deciders. To these ends, we propose a framework, called GESTALT (Goals, (E) SiTuations, Actions, Learners, Tools), as a ,boundary object' for dialogical redesign. Within an activity theory approach, GESTALT is based on analysis of available tools, the actions they support, the characteristics of learners who perform actions, and pedagogical goals that could be achieved in specific situations. An illustrative GESTALT analysis of educational software is provided, principally from the viewpoint of pedagogical experts. Finally, the strengths and limits of GESTALT are discussed. [source] Situation of the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum in protected tomato crops in Algarve (Portugal),EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2002N. E. Ramos Protected tomato is the most important horticultural crop in the Algarve (south of Portugal). However, the growing area has decreased by almost 48% since 1995, mainly as a result of the pests Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the epidemics of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a Begomovirus transmitted by B. tabaci. Both whiteflies are vectors of economically important viruses. Recently, Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a member of the genus Crinivirus, transmitted by both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum, was reported infecting tomato crops in Algarve. A study was carried out to evaluate the dynamics of whitefly populations on tomato crops in Algarve. Population counts of B. tabaci were high in the first months of autumn, then decreased until January, when numbers of T. vaporariorum became higher. Counts of B. tabaci then increased again. [source] Berliner Geowissenschaftlerinnen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität von 1906 bis 1945, eine FallstudieFOSSIL RECORD-MITTEILUNGEN AUS DEM MUSEUM FUER NATURKUNDE, Issue 1 2003Barbara A. R. Mohr Abstract In dieser Untersuchung werden beispielhaft die Lebenswege und Karrieren von Berliner Geowissenschaftlerinnen im Zeitraum von 1906 bis 1945 nachgezeichnet und analysiert. Ähnlich wie an anderen deutschen bzw. westlichen Universitäten, aber im Gegensatz zu Russland, begann die Tätigkeit von Frauen in den Geowissenschaften spät, und das Fach wurde auch relativ selten gewählt, hauptsächlich wegen der zu geringen Berufschancen. Aber die besondere Situation in Berlin mit mehreren sich ergänzenden Institutionen und dem daraus resultierenden breiten Spektrum an geowissenschaftlichen Disziplinen, sowie ausgezeichneten Professoren, ließ dennoch Raum für eine Ausbildung in diesem Bereich und erlaubte, wenn auch in bescheidenem Maße, eine gewisse Karrieremöglichkeit. Während der hier untersuchten 40 Jahre haben weniger als 20 Frauen in den Geowissenschaften und benachbarten Gebieten promoviert. Mehrere dieser Frauen blieben in dem von ihnen gewählten Fach weiterhin aktiv und wurden erfolgreich. Zwei Frauen gelang eine akademische Karriere , eine als Universitätsprofessorin, die auch Schülerinnen hatte. Andere arbeiteten an staatlichen Institutionen, wie z. B. dem Geologischen Landesamt. Wenige Frauen blieben nach ihrer Verheiratung beruflich aktiv, wenn auch nicht offiziell angestellt, sondern als Ehefrauen. Andere arbeiteten als "Ersatz" für die im Kriege stehenden Männer. Einige waren aus persönlichen und politischen Gründen, insbesondere während der NS-Zeit, gezwungen, die Geowissenschaften zu verlassen, konnten aber teilweise auf anderen Gebieten erfolgreich arbeiten. This paper documents the lives and careers of women geoscientists at the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms-University from 1906 through 1945. Traditionally, in Germany, women had difficulties to be accepted in geosciences (except for geography/geology teachers), because of strong links between geology and mining, a field dominated clearly by men. In western European countries, as well as in the U.S.A. and Australia, the situation was similar in that women started late and in small numbers to study geology. This was, however, in contrast to Russia and later the Soviet Union where women were relatively early accepted even as university teachers. The data for this paper were gathered from Berlin University institutions, such as the historical archive and the library of the Palaeontological Institute, and in addition personal contacts were used. Women who had studied either geography, geology/palaeontology, geophysics, mineralogy or botany/palaeobotany are subject of this study. Only those are considered who had strong affiliations to geosciences proper, in all 17 women. During the first half of the 20th century the Berlin Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, founded in 1810, was one of the most important institutions concerning higher education in Germany, especially for women. The official opening of this university for women students was in 1908, somewhat later than at other German universities. Once admitted, however, the number of dissertations completed by women was relatively high, and, 30% of all habilitations (advanced degree which allows teaching at universities) in Germany and 50% of all habilitations in the natural sciences were accomplished at Berlin between 1918/19 to 1932. The geosciences were, together with medicine, chemistry, physics, botany and zoology, very strong scientifical and in teaching. Geoscientists of international reputation worked at large institutions, affiliated or being part of the University, such as the Prussian (later German) Geological Survey, the Institute of Geology and Palaeontology at the Museum of Natural History or the Institute and Museum of Oceanography, and were the advisers and reviewers of women Diploma and PhD students. [source] Attachment and sensitivity in family context: the roles of parent and infant genderINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 4 2006Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan Abstract This study examined the role of child gender in fathers' and mothers' sensitivity to and attachment relationships with their infants from a family systems perspective. Eighty-seven 1-year-olds participated in the Strange Situation with each parent. Parental sensitivity was examined during a competing demands task. Results indicated that fathers and mothers were equally sensitive to sons, but fathers were less sensitive than mothers to daughters, and mothers were more sensitive to daughters than to sons. Although mothers and fathers within the same families were similarly sensitive to daughters and sons, daughters' attachment security with fathers and mothers was similar whereas sons' was not. Further analyses revealed that fathers were more sensitive to sons with an insecure relationship with their mothers. Results of this investigation suggest that child gender is relevant for parent,infant, especially father,infant, attachment relationships. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Effect of Maternal Depressed Mood on Infant Emotional Reaction in a Surprise-Eliciting SituationINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Nadja Reissland The purpose of this study is to examine the claim that an infant's ability to respond appropriately to an emotional situation varies according to the emotional state of the mother. Surprise expressions in mother and child were examined both in terms of paralinguistic aspects of surprise vocalizations as well as facial expressions. Seventy-two infants and their mothers (mean age=8 months, range=5,11 months) were video- and audiotaped in their homes. Half of the infants, matched for age and gender, had mothers who reported depressed mood. Infants of mothers with depressed mood showed significantly fewer components of facial expressions of surprise compared with infants of nondepressed mothers. Mothers with depressed mood exclaimed surprise with a significantly lower pitch (mean F0=386.13 Hz) compared to nondepressed mothers (mean F0=438.10 Hz). Furthermore, mothers with depressed mood showed fewer associations between elements of emotional expression than the nondepressed group. Infants' expressions of surprise are influenced by maternal mood, resulting in reduced expression of the emotion in infants of mothers with depressed mood. These results are discussed in terms of coordination of vocal parameters in mother,infant dyadic interaction. [source] Maternal unresolved attachment status impedes the effectiveness of interventions with adolescent mothersINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 3 2005Greg Moran Children of adolescent mothers are at risk for a variety of developmental difficulties. In the present study, the effectiveness of a brief intervention program designed to support adolescent mothers' sensitivity to their infants' attachment signals was evaluated. Participants were adolescent mothers and their infants who were observed at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. The intervention conducted by clinically trained home visitors consisted of eight home visits between 6 and 12 months in which mothers were provided feedback during the replay of videotaped play interactions. At 12 months, 57% of the mother,infant dyads in the intervention group and 38% of the comparison group dyads were classified as secure in the Strange Situation. Seventy-six percent of the mothers in the intervention group maintained sensitivity from 6 to 24 months compared with 54% of the comparison mothers. Further analyses indicated that the intervention was effective primarily for mothers who were not classified as Unresolved on the Adult Attachment Interview. [source] The emotional quality of childcare centers in Israel: The Haifa study of early childcareINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005Nina Koren-Karie Data from an Israeli project shows higher proportion of insecurely attached infants in center care as compared with noncenter care (Sagi, Koren-Karie, Gini, Ziv, & Joels, 2002). The present study was designed to assess structural and emotional aspects characterizing infants' experiences in center care, aiming to explain, in part, the high incidence of attachment insecurity among center-care infants. In the present study, we focus on 151 center-care infants who were observed in the Ainsworth Strange Situation (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) with their mothers. Sixty-one percent of them were coded as securely attached to their mothers while 39% were coded as insecurely attached. In addition, 56 directors and 120 caregivers in 56 centers were videotaped throughout a full-day observation. The Assessment Profile of Early Childhood Program (Abbott-Shim & Sibley, 1987) was also employed. Results indicated that the centers in Israel are of low standards: Large group size, high caregiver,infants ratio, inadequate professional training, and minimal attention to individual emotional needs. No associations were found between infants' attachment and various aspects of the settings. The low quality of the Israeli settings may explain the higher rate of attachment insecurity in center-care infants. ©2005 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. [source] AQS security scores: What do they represent?INFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 3 2004A study in construct validation In a sample of 129 Dutch 15-month-old infants, attachment security was assessed both with the Attachment Q-Set (AQS; Waters, 1995) and with a short version of Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall's (1978) Strange Situation (SSS). Infants classified as secure using the SSS had significantly higher AQS scores than insecure and disorganized infants in particular. At the AQS item level, disorganized infants were described as significantly more noncompliant, fussy, and angry relative to secure infants. When security as assessed using the SSS was controlled, the observed quality of parental interactive behavior, parental ego-resilience, high levels of infant task orientation and pleasure, and low levels of infant anger proneness were found to explain significant and unique portions of the variance in the AQS security scores. The apparently unfavorable set of characteristics associated with low AQS security scores suggests such scores to predict later developmental problems. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. [source] Parenting and attachment among toddlers with congenital anomalies: Examining the Strange Situation and attachment Q-sortINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 6 2002Melissa Clements This study assessed parent and child predictors of attachment in a sample of 72 toddlers with neurological (e.g., cerebral palsy) and non-neurological (e.g., cleft lip and palate) birth defects and their mothers. Parenting quality (e.g., sensitivity) was expected to be more important in predicting the attachment relationship than type and severity of child medical condition. Parenting and indices of severity of child condition were measured via researcher observation. Attachment was measured via the Strange Situation and parent reported Attachment Q-sort. Parenting quality was better for children with more severe appearance disfigurements. Strange Situation and Q-sort assessments of attachment were not significantly related. Children with neurological impairments were at greater risk for developing insecure attachments than were children with non-neurological conditions. Parenting quality also directly predicted Strange Situation assessed attachment security and Q-sort comfort seeking/exploration but not standard Q-sort criterion scores. Parenting quality partially mediated the relation between child medical condition and attachment security. Results suggest child medical factors influence parenting, and thereby, child attachment. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health. [source] A comparison of restricted selection procedures to control genetic gainsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2 2004S. Ieiri Summary Using Monte Carlo simulation, two schemes of restricted selection were compared under various combinations of genetic parameters and constraints on the genetic gains. The first selection scheme is the combination of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) evaluation and linear programming technique (BLUP + LP), and the second one is based on the restricted BLUP selection (RBLUP). Selection for two traits was supposed, in which animals were selected to maximize the genetic gain in trait 2 (,g2) under a proportional restriction on the genetic gain in trait 1 (,g1) to satisfy the intended ratio (,g1:,g2). Little differences were found between the two selection schemes with respect to the genetic gains averaged over replicates. However, in all the cases studied, the variance of genetic gains among replicates under BLUP + LP selection was smaller and less sensitive to the genetic parameters and the intended restriction than RBLUP selection. Under the situations of antagonistic selection, the difference tended to be larger. When the heritabilities of the two traits were different, RBLUP selection remarkably increased the variance of genetic gain in a trait with a higher heritability. These results suggest that BLUP + LP selection should always be preferable to RBLUP selection because of the smaller risk of selection. This choice is especially important for the situation where the genetic parameters act as limiting factors for the achievement of intended genetic gains. Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung von Monte Carlo Simulation wurden zwei verschiedene Selektionsstrategien mit verschiedenen Kombinationen genetischer Parameter und Beschränkungen des genetischen Fortschritts verglichen. Die erste Selektionsstrategie stellt eine Kombination von BLUP-Schätzung und linearer Programmiertechnik (BLUP + LP) dar, die zweite Strategie basiert auf einer reduzierten BLUP-Selektion (RBLUP). Die Selektion wurde auf zwei Merkmalen basierend durchgeführt in welchen Tiere ausgewählt wurden, um den genetischen Fortschritt in Merkmal 2 zu maximieren (,g2) unter proportionaler Restriktion des genetischen Fortschritts in Merkmal 1 (,g1), um die beabsichtigte Beziehung zu erreichen (,g1:,g2). Kleine Unterschiede wurden zwischen den beiden Selektionsstrategien in Bezug auf den mittleren genetischen Fortschritt über Wiederholungen gefunden. Wie auch immer, in allen untersuchten Fällen war die Varianz des genetischen Fortschritts zwischen Wiederholungen mit der BLUP + LP-Selektion geringer und weniger abhängig in Bezug auf die genetischen Parameter und die beabsichtigte Restriktion im Vergleich zur RBLUP-Selektion. Unter den Gegebenheiten der gegenläufigen Selektion schien der Unterschied größer zu werden. Wenn die Heritabilitäten der beiden Merkmale unterschiedlich waren, stieg die Varianz des genetischen Fortschritts bei RBLUP in einem Merkmal mit höherer Heritabilität außergewöhnlich. Diese Ergebnisse deuten an, dass BLUP + LP-Selektion gegenüber RBLUP aufgrund des geringeren Selektionsrisikos stets bevorzugt werden sollte. Diese Wahl ist vornehmlich wichtig für die Situation, in der die genetischen Parameter ein limitierender Faktor zur Erreichung von genetischem Fortschritt sind. [source] Attributions of Responsibility for Rape: Differences Across Familiarity of Situation, Gender, and Acceptance of Rape Myths,JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2008Peter A. Newcombe In 2004 in Australia, controversy over the alleged involvement of elite footballers in incidents of sexual assault highlighted a tendency to denigrate the victims and excuse the perpetrators. To investigate whether rape myths were prevalent enough to explain this public response, 102 university students were surveyed for their beliefs and determinations of blame in rape situations. Although there was a gender difference in the rates of rape myth acceptance, with males more likely to accept these beliefs, these were not evident in decisions about victim blame or perpetrator blame. However, males and high rape myth acceptors were significantly more likely to minimize the seriousness of the rape situation. These effects increased with familiarity depicted in the situation. [source] Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Material Resources and Teenage ParenthoodJOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 1 2007Stefanie Mollborn Past research has largely ignored the influence of material resources on teenage parents' life outcomes. A lack of resources such as housing, child care, and financial support is hypothesized to explain the negative effect of teenage parenthood on educational attainment. Regression analyses use nationally representative data from the 1988 , 2000 National Education Longitudinal Study (N = 8,432, n = 356 teenage parents). Results support the hypothesis completely for the teenage fathers in the sample and partially for mothers: Resources substantially diminish the educational penalty teenage parents paid by age 26. Gender influences which types of resources are protective, providing policy implications. Help with child care is critical for teenage mothers, whereas housing and financial resources may be important for men. [source] Bodensystematik und Bodenklassifikation Teil II: Zur Situation in der deutschen BodenkundeJOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION AND SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2005Christoph Albrecht Abstract In Deutschland werden Böden mit einem Ordnungssystem beschrieben, welches eine Mischung aus einer Systematik und einer Klassifikation ist. Damit wird versucht, gleichzeitig auf wissenschaftliche und praktische Anforderungen zu reagieren. Die Definitionen der Bodenhorizonte und -profile haben eine Struktur, mit der subjektive Interpretationen und ein relativ freier Umgang mit vorhandenen Grenzwerten möglich sind. Infolgedessen kommt es zu Inkonsequenzen beim Aufbau des Bodenordnungssystems und zu Problemen bei der Bodenansprache. Den bodensystematischen Angaben fehlt dann oft die Qualität, die für die Nutzung in weiteren Anwendungen nötig wäre. Mit Fallbeispielen werden Probleme bei der Identifikation von Horizonten und Böden aufgezeigt. Zur Problemlösung wird vorgeschlagen, sowohl eine wissenschaftlich-beschreibende Bodensystematik als auch einfach und objektiv anwendbare Bestimmungsschlüssel für Horizonte und Böden zu entwickeln bzw. weiter zu entwickeln. Seit längerem ist in der deutschen Bodenkunde eine Entwicklung weg von der deskriptiven Systematik zu einer grenzwertbasierten Klassifikation zu erkennen, obwohl beide Ordnungssysteme parallel verwendet werden sollten. Diese Tendenz zeigt sich auch in der 5. Auflage der Bodenkundlichen Kartieranleitung, die einen Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Abteilungen, Klassen und Typen der deutschen Bodensystematik enthält. Eigenschaften und Bedeutung des Schlüssels werden kurz betrachtet und weitere Notwendigkeiten für die Strukturierung bodenkundlichen Wissens und deren Weitergabe an die Praxis erörtert. Soil systematics and classification system sPart II: The German soil-science situation In Germany, soils are categorized with an ordering system which is based both on the principles of a systematics and on those of a classification system. The goal is to meet both the scientific and the practical demands. The soil-horizon and -profile definitions are structured allowing both subjective interpretations and threshold values. As a consequence, the configuration of the system is somehow inconsequent and leads to identification problems. As a result, the soil-systematic specifications often lack the quality needed for their application in other fields or disciplines. We suggest that the best solution would be to develop simultaneously both a scientifically based soil systematics as well as a simply to use and objective classification key. The German soil science has long been transitioning from a descriptive systematics to a threshold-based classification system, although both categorization systems should be applied in tandem. This tendency is shown prominently in the 5th edition of the German Handbook of Soil Mapping, which contains a classification key for the soil groups (Abteilungen), classes (Klassen), and types (Typen). The Handbook's new features and their impact are also of importance and are discussed. Further deliberations are conducted concerning any soil-scientific organizational requirements, with a focus placed on easing and improving the transfer of knowledge across the gap from pure science to practical applications. [source] Duty and Justice at "Every Man's Door": The Grand Jury Charges of Chief Justice John Jay, 1790,1794JOURNAL OF SUPREME COURT HISTORY, Issue 3 2006JOHN P. KAMINSKI "It is the Fortune of few to chuse their Situation,it is the Duty & Interest of all to accommodate themselves to the one which Providence chuses for them."1 So said John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States. Duty was paramount in the lives of Jay and many of his contemporaries of the founding generation. [source] Malaria Epidemiological Situation in Italy and Evaluation of Malaria Incidence in Italian TravelersJOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE, Issue 1 2001Roberto Romi Background: Malaria was endemic throughout the country until it was eradicated nearly 50 years ago. Since then, mainly imported malaria cases have been reported to the National Health Service, with an increasing trend. The aim of this study was to present a detailed analysis of the current epidemiological situation of malaria in Italy, and to make a first attempt to calculate the incidence of malaria in Italian international travelers. Methods: An archive of confirmed malaria cases is available at the Istituto Superiore di Sanitá (ISS), the National Institute of Health of Italy, based on the mandatory report system. Data from each case report reported to the ISS from 1989 to 1997 have been analyzed. An evaluation of malaria incidence in Italian travelers has been also performed for the same period, based on the statistics provided by the Ministry of Transport. Results: From 1989 to 1997, a total of 5,898 microscopically confirmed malaria cases have been reported. Of these, 5,773 (97.9%) were imported cases, 106 cases (1.8%) were relapses of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale infections, and 19 cases (0.3%) occurred in subjects who had never been out of Italy. During the period of study, 55 deaths due to Plasmodium falciparum malaria were reported, with a mean fatality rate of 1.2%. Malaria incidence in Italians who traveled to Africa was estimated to be 1.5/1000. These figures appeared to be 10,20 and 30,40 times greater than that recorded in travelers to Asia (0.11/1000) and Central-South America (0.04/1000) respectively. Conclusions: From 1989 to 1997, there has been a remarkable increase in the total number of imported malaria cases in Italy, which reached a peak of more than 800 cases/year in 1997. A constant increase in the number of cases affecting foreigners has been reported, while the cases among Italians have remained stable. From 1989 to 1997 the number of Italian intercontinental travelers has nearly doubled, but malaria incidence has remained quite stable. [source] For Some Newly Homeless Youth, Living Situation and Substance Use Are Linked to Risky Sexual BehaviorPERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Issue 2 2008D. Hollander No abstract is available for this article. [source] Interplay of genes and early mother,child relationship in the development of self-regulation from toddler to preschool ageTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 11 2009Grazyna Kochanska Background:, A broad capacity for deliberate self-regulation plays a key role in emotion regulation. This longitudinal investigation from infancy to preschool age examines genotype by environment (G × E) interaction in the development of self-regulation, using molecular measures of children's genotypes and observed measures of the quality of early mother,child relationship, as reflected in attachment organization in infancy. Methods:, In 89 children, we assessed the polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR, ss/sl vs. ll allele status), security of attachment to mothers at 15 months in the Strange Situation, and children's ability for self-regulation at 25, 38, and 52 months, using behavioral batteries of tasks that called for deliberately suppressing a dominant response and performing instead a sub-dominant response. Results:, There was a robust G × E interaction between genetic risk and the quality of early relationship. Among children who carried a short 5-HTTLPR allele (ss/sl,), those who were insecurely attached developed poor regulatory capacities, but those who were securely attached developed as good regulatory capacities as children who were homozygotic for the long allele (ll,). There was no effect of security for ll homozygotes. Conclusions:, Those findings, consistent with diathesis-stress model, bridge research on self-regulation in typically developing children with research on non-human primates and research on psychopathology. They also indicate that a secure attachment relationship can serve as a protective factor in the presence of risk conferred by a genotype. [source] Konstruktionsprinzipien an der Vorder- und Hinterpfote der Hauskatze (Felis catus).ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2005Zusammenfassung Die Innervationsverhältnisse an der Vorder- und Hintergliedmaße der Katze wurden erneut untersucht, um die Darstellung der Muskelinnervation zu komplettieren (Abb.1,4). Mit Hilfe von speziellen Bewegungsanalysen wird der Beitrag der Pfotenmuskeln beim Gleichgewicht, in der Fortbewegung sowie bei spezifischen Manipulationen an den jeweiligen Einzelphasen eines Bewegungszyklus ermittelt. Die funktionellen Überlegungen sind in Abb. 5,11 graphisch aufbereitet. Figure Abb. 1.,. Übersichtsschema vom Plexus brachialis der Hauskatze, Medialansicht (nach Roos, 1989). C6, C7, C8, T1 = Ventraläste der 6. bis 8. Hals- und des 1. Brustnerven; (T2) = gelegentlicher Zuschuß vom Ventralast des 2. Brustnerven. ax N. axillaris: ax + fakultativer Muskelast zum M. teres major, ax 1 Gelenkast an das Schultergelenk und Muskelast zum M. teres minor, ax 2 Muskeläste zur Pars scapularis und Pars acromialis des M. deltoideus, ax 3 weiterer Gelenkast zum Schultergelenk, ax 4 Muskeläste zum M. cleidobrachialis, ax 5 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis cranialis, ax 6 N. cutaneus antebrachii cranialis; mc N. musculocutaneus: mc1 Muskelast zum M. coracobrachialis und Gelenkast zum Schultergelenk, mc 2 Muskeläste zum M. biceps brachii und zum M. brachialis, mc 3 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, mc 4 N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis; me N. medianus: me 1 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, me 2 , me 8 Rami musculares: me 2 zum M. pronator teres, me 3 zum M. flexor carpi radialis, me 4, 4, zum Caput humerale des M. flexor digitalis profundus, me 5, 5, zum M. flexor digitalis superficialis, me 6 zum Caput radiale des M. flexor digitalis profundus, me 7 zum M. pronator quadratus, me 8 zum M. interflexorius dist lis, me 9 Hautast zum Karpalbereich, me 10 Ramus medialis, me 11 Ramus lateralis, me 12 N. digitalis palmaris I abaxialis, me 13 , me 15 Nn. digitales palmares I, II, III communes; ra N. radialis: ra 1 , ra 4 Rami musculares proximales: ra 1, 1, zum Caput longum des M. triceps brachii, ra 2 zum M. tensor fasciae antebrachii, ra 3 zum Caput laterale, Caput mediale und Caput accessorium des M. triceps brachii, ra 4 zum M. anconaeus, ra 5 Ramus profundus, ra 6 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, ra 7 , ra 8 Rami musculares distales: ra 7 zum M. brachioradialis und zu den Mm. extensores carpi radialis longus et carpi radialis brevis, ra 8 zum M. extensor digitalis communis, ra 8, zum M. supinator, M. abductor digiti primi longus, M. extensor digiti primi et secundi, M. extensor carpi ulnaris und M. extensor digitalis lateralis, ra 9 Ramus superficialis, ra 10 N. cutaneus brachii lateralis caudalis, ra 11 Ramus medialis, ra 12 Ramus lateralis, ra 13 N. cutaneus antebrachii lateralis, ra 14 N. dig talis I abaxialis, ra 15 , ra 17 Nn. digitales dorsales I, II, III communes, ra 18 Ramus communicans; s N. suprascapularis: s 1 Muskeläste zum M. supraspinatus, s 2 Gelenkäste zum Schultergelenk, s 3 Muskelast zum M. infraspinatus; ul N. ulnaris: ul 1 Muskelast zum M. anconaeus, ul 2 Gelenkast zum Ellbogengelenk, ul 3 , ul 6 Rami musculares: ul 3 zum Caput ulnare und ul 4 zum Caput humerale des M. flexor carpi ulnaris, ul 5,5, zum Caput humerale und ul 6 zum Caput ulnare des M. flexor digitalis profundus, ul 7 Ramus dorsalis, ul 8 sein Hautast, ul 9 N. digitalis dorsalis V abaxialis, ul 10 N. digitalis dorsalis IV communis, ul 11 Ramus palmaris, ul 12 Hautast zum Karpalbüschel und Karpalballen sowie Muskeläste zu den besonderen Muskeln der 5. Zehe, ul 13 Ramus profundus zu den tiefen Zehenmuskeln (siehe Abb. 2), ul 14 Ramus superficialis, ul 15 N. digitalis palmaris V abaxialis, ul 16 N. digitalis palmaris IV communis. Meßbalken 10 mm. Figure Abb. 2.,. Ramifikation der Nerven für die kurzen Zehenmuskeln der (linken) Vorderpfote der Hauskatze, Palmaransicht, schematisiert. Orientierungspunkte: 1 Os carpi accessorium, 2 Ligamentum accessoriometacarpeum, medialer Anteil; I , V Mittelfuß- und Zehenstrahlen; Umrisse des Sohlen- und der Zehenballen strichliert. me N. medianus: me 10 Ramus medialis und me 11 Ramus lateralis des N. medianus, me 12 N. digitalis palmaris I abaxialis. ul N. ulnaris: ul 7 Ramus dorsalis, ul 11 Ramus palmaris, ul 12 Muskelast zu M. abductor digiti V und M. flexor digiti V, ul 13 Ramus profundus, ul 14 Ramus superficialis, ul 15 N. digitalis palmaris V abaxialis, ul 16 N. digitalis palmaris IV communis, ul 17 N. metacarpeus palmaris V, ul 18 N. metacarpeus palmaris IV lateralis, ul 18, N. metacarpeus palmaris IV medialis, ul 19 Muskelast zu M. adductor digiti V und Mm. lumbricales IV und V, ul 20 N. metacarpeus palmaris III, ul 21 N. metacarpeus II, ul 22 Muskeläste zu M. adductor pollicis und M. flexor pollicis brevis. Weitere Muskeläste sind gekennzeichnet mit Quadraten zu den Mm. adductores II und V, mit Kreisen zu den Mm. lumbricales, mit Pfeilen zu den Mm. interossei manus. Figure Abb. 3.,. Übersichtsschema vom Plexus lumbosacralis der Hauskatze, Medialansicht. L4, L5, L6, L7, S1, S2, S3 = Ventraläste der 4. , 7. Lenden- und 1. , 3. Kreuznerven. f N. femoralis: f 1 N. saphenus, f 2,7 Muskeläste für f 2, 2, M. sartorius, f 3,5 Bäuche des M. quadratus femoris, f 6 M. pectineus, f 7 M. gracilis, f 8 Gelenkast zum (medialen) Femorotibial- und Femoropatellargelenk, f 9 Rami cutanei; fc N. fibularis (peronaeus) communis: fc 1 Muskelast für den M. fibularis longus (alternativer Ursprung strichliert); fp N. fibularis (peronaeus) profundus: fp 1,3 Muskeläste für fp 1 M. tibialis cranialis, fp 2 M. extensor digitalis longus, fp 3 M. extensor hallucis longus, fp 4 N. metatarsalis dorsalis, fp 5 Muskelast zum M. extensor digitalis brevis; fs N. fibularis (peronaeus) superficialis: fs 1, 1, Muskeläste zum M. extensor digitalis lateralis, fs 2 zum M. fibularis brevis, fs 3 Ramus lateralis, fs 4 Ramus medialis, fs 5 Nn. digitales dorsales communes II , IV, fs 6 Nn. digitales dorsales proprii für die 2. bis 5. Zehe; g N. glutaeus cranialis bzw. caudalis: g 1 zum M. glutaeus medius, g 2 zum M. tensor fasciae latae, g 3 zum M. glutaeus profundus, g 4 zum M. piriformis, g 5 M. glutaeus superficialis, g 6 M. glutaeofemoralis; is N. ischiadicus: is 1 Muskeläste zu den Mm. gemelli und M. obturatorius internus, is 2, 2, zum M. biceps femoris, is 3 zum M. semitendinosus, is 4 zum M. semimembranosus, is 5 zum M. abductor cruris caudalis (tenuissimus); ti N. tibialis: ti 1 N. cutaneus surae caudalis, ti 2 Gelenkast zum (lateralen) Femorotibialgelenk, ti 3,5 Muskeläste für ti 3 Caput mediale des M. gastrocnemius, ti 4 Caput laterale des M. gastrocnemius sowie M. flexor digitalis superficialis und M. flexor hallucis longus, ti 5,5, M. popliteus, M. flexor digitalis profundus, M. tibialis caudalis und M. soleus, ti 6 N. plantaris medialis, ti 7 N. plantaris lateralis, ti 8 Ramus profundus (s. auch Abb. 4), ti 9 Muskelast zum M. flexor digitalis brevis, ti 10 Nn. digitales plantares communes II , IV, ti 11 Nn. digitales plantares proprii für die 2. , 5. Zehe; ob N. obturatorius: ob 1,5 Muskeläste für ob 1 M. pectineus, ob 2 M. adductor longus, ob 3 M. adductor magnus, ob 4 M. gracilis, ob 5 M. obturatorius externus. Meßbalken 10 mm. Figure Abb. 4.,. Ramifikation der Nerven für die kurzen Zehenmuskeln der (linken) Hinterpfote der Hauskatze, Plantaransicht, schematisiert. Orientierungspunkte: 1 Tuber calcanei; II , V Mittelfuß- und Zehenstrahlen; Umrisse des Sohlen- und der Zehenballen strichliert. ti N. tibialis: ti 6 N. plantaris medialis, ti 7 N. plantaris lateralis, ti 8 Ramus profundus, ti 9 Muskelast zum M. flexor digitalis brevis, ti 10 Nn. digitales plantares communes II und III, ti 11 N. digitalis plantaris II abaxialis, ti 12 N. metatarseus plantaris V, ti 13 N. metatarseus plantaris IV lateralis, ti 13, N. metatarseus plantaris IV medialis, ti 14 Muskelast zu den Mm. adductores digiti II und V, ti 15 N. metatarseus plantaris III, ti 16 N. metatarseus plantaris II, ti 17 Muskelast zum M. abductor digiti V, ti 18 Muskelast zum M. quadratus plantae, ti 19 Stamm des N. digitalis plantaris communis IV und N. digitalis plantaris V abaxialis. Weitere Muskeläst sind gekennzeichnet mit hochstehenden Rechtecken zu den Mm. digitales flexores breves, mit Quadraten zu den Mm. adductores II und V, mit Kreisen zu den Mm. lumbricales, mit Pfeilen zu den Mm. interossei pedis. Figure Abb. 5.,. Statik der Hauskatze in Normalstellung (nach Roos, 1989) (Sk) Lage des Schwerpunkts des Körpers; das gefällte Lot, die Schwerelinie, trifft die Unterstützungsfläche, d.h. das Rechteck zwischen den Gliedmaßenspitzen. Figure Abb. 6.,. Prinzip der Zuggurtung an der Vorder- (rechts) und Hintergliedmaße (links) der Hauskatze. Das Schwerelot der Hintergliedmaße (Sh) aus dem Hüftgelenk und das Schwerelot der Vordergliedmaße (Sv) aus dem Rumpfschultergelenk treffen die Fußungsflächen der Hinter- bzw. Vorderpfote. Die zur Aufrechterhaltung des Gleichgewichts notwendige minimale Zuggurtung der Gelenke erfolgt durch folgende Muskeln: 1 kranialer Bauch des M. semimembranosus, 2 Mm. vastus lateralis, vastus medialis und vastus intermedius des M. quadriceps femoris, 3 M. soleus, 4 plantare Endsehnen der Mm. interossei pedis, 5 M. supraspinatus, 6 Caput laterale, Caput mediale und Caput accessorium des M. triceps brachii, 7 Caput ulnare des M. flexor carpi ulnaris, 8 Mm. extensorii carpi radialis longus und carpi radialis brevis, 9 palmare Endsehnen der Mm. interossei manus. Einzelheiten im Text. Figure Abb. 7.,. Dynamik der Vorderpfote der Hauskatze in der Fortbewegung. Obere Reihe: Diagramme der Schrittbewegung der Vorderpfote, nach Röntgenbildern auf dem Laufband (in Anlehnung an Caliebe et al., 1991, kombiniert und ergänzt, Ergänzungen strichliert). Untere Reihen: Änderung der Gelenkwinkel und daraus abgeleitete Kontraktionen, evtl. Superpositionen sowie Entspannung verschiedener Muskeln oder Muskelgruppen: Große dunkle Pfeile = Beginn der Kontraktion, kleine Pfeile = anhaltende Kontraktion, gestreifte Pfeile = Superposition, helle Pfeile = Beginn der Entspannung 1 Beuger des Karpalgelenks, 2 Strecker des Karpalgelenks, 3 Wirkung des M. flexor carpi radialis als Adduktor, 4 Wirkung des M. extensor carpi radialis als Abduktor der Vorderpfote, 5 M. flexor digitalis superficialis, 6 lange Zehenstrecker, 7 Mm. interossei manus, 8 entspannter M. flexor digitalis profundus (manus) läßt das Krallenbein in Schonstellung. Seqq: Sequenzen 1,35. Figure Abb. 8.,. Dynamik der Hinterpfote der Hauskatze in der Fortbewegung. Obere Reihe: Diagramme der Schrittbewegung der Hinterpfote, nach Röntgenbildern auf dem Laufband (in Anlehnung an Kuhtz-Buschbeck et al., 1994, maßstab- und synchrongerecht eingerichtet und ergänzt, Ergänzungen strichliert). Untere Reihen: Änderung der Gelenkwinkel und daraus abgeleitete Kontraktionen, evtl. Superpositionen sowie Entspannung verschiedener Muskeln oder Muskelgruppen: Große dunkle Pfeile = Beginn der Kontraktion, kleine Pfeile = anhaltende Kontraktion, gestreifte Pfeile = Superposition, helle Pfeile = Beginn der Entspannung 1 Beuger des Tarsalgelenks, 2 Strecker des Tarsalgelenks, 3 M. flexor digitalis superficialis (pedis), 4 lange Zehenstrecker, 5 Mm. interossei pedis, 6 entspannt bleibender M. flexor digitalis profundus (pedis). Seqq: Sequenzen 1,35. Figure Abb. 9.,. Vorderpfote der Hauskatze in ihrer Funktion als Fangorgan, schematisiert. Obere Reihe: Perspektivische Darstellung nach Beobachtung an Freilaufkatzen, teilweise ergänzt nach Röntgenbildern von Boczek-Funcke et al. (1998). Untere Reihen: Bewegungsablauf aufgelöst nach den drei Bewegungsebenen S = Sagittalebene, A Abduktion , Adduktion, R = Rotationsebene. Einzelheiten im Text. Seqq: Sequenzen 1,5. Wirkungslinien der aktiven Muskeln: 1 M. flexor digitalis superficialis, 2 M. extensor digitalis communis und M. extensor digitalis lateralis, 3 M. flexor digitalis profundus, 4 Mm. interossei manus, 4, seine axialen Bäuche, 4, seine abaxialen Bäuche, 5 M. adductor digiti V, 6 M. adductor digiti II, 7 M. adductor pollicis, 8 M. extensor pollicis et indicis, 9 M. abductor digiti V und M. flexor digiti V, 10 M. abductor pollicis longus, 11 M. abductor digiti II, 12 M. flexor pollicis brevis, 13 M. pronator teres und M. pronator quadratus, 14 M. brachioradialis und M. supinator. Figure Abb. 10.,. Spezielle Bewegungen der Hinterpfote vor (oben) und während des Spurtstarts (unten), schematisiert. Situation in der S , Ebene. 1,4 Muskeln in Unterstützungskontraktion: 1 zweiköpfiger M. gastrocnemius, 2 M. soleus, 3 M. extensor hallucis longus, 4 M. tibialis cranialis, 5 M. flexor digitalis superficialis, 6 Mm. interossei pedis, 7 M. extensor digitalis longus, 8 M. extensor digitalis brevis, 9 M. flexor digitalis profundus. Figure Abb. 11.,. Dynamik bei der Kletterhaltung der Hinterpfote der Hauskatze, schematisch. Links Grundhaltung, rechts Spreizung und Streckung der Zehen II , V; der Mittelfuß nimmt an der Spreizung nicht teil. Beteiligte Muskeln: 1 M. adductor digiti V, 2 M. adductor digiti II, 3 M. abductor digiti V, 4 axiale Bäuche der Mm. interossei II , V pedis, 5 abaxiale Bäuche der Mm. interossei II , V pedis. Einzelheiten im Text. Summary Principles of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). 4. Innervation of muscles and analysis of locomotion. The innervation relations of the fore- and hindlimb of the cat were newly investigated to complete the interpretation of the muscle innervation (Figs 1,4). By means of special motion studies the contribution of paw muscles was determined during balance, locomotion as well as under specific manipulation of the prevailing sincle phases of the motion cycle. The functional considerations are graphically prepared in Figs 5,11. [source] Bor , elementare Herausforderung für Experimentatoren und TheoretikerANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 46 2009Barbara Albert Prof. Abstract Auch mehr als zweihundert Jahre nach der Entdeckung des Elementes Bor gibt es auf viele grundlegende Fragen in der Festkörperchemie von Bor noch keine eindeutigen Antworten. In jüngster Zeit zeigten theoretische Arbeiten zur Stabilität und Existenz bekannter und neuer Modifikationen des Elements in Verbindung mit Hochdruck- und Hochtemperaturexperimenten neue Aspekte. Auch auf dem Gebiet der Reaktionen von Bor mit Hauptgruppenelementen hat sich in den letzten Jahren viel getan. Aufsehen haben binäre Verbindungen wie B6O, MgB2, LiB1,x, Na3B20 oder CaB6 erregt, aber auch die elektronenpräzisen, farblosen Boridcarbide Li2B12C2, LiB13C2 und MgB12C2 sowie Graphit-analoges BeB2C2 verdienen besonderes Augenmerk. Physikalische Eigenschaften wie Härte, Supraleitfähigkeit, Neutroneneinfangquerschnitt und Thermoelektrizität machen borreiche Verbindungen auch für Materialforschung und Anwendung attraktiv. Die größten wissenschaftlichen Herausforderungen bestehen jedoch weiterhin in der Synthese einphasiger Produkte in makroskopischen Mengen und in Form von Einkristallen, in der zweifelsfreien Identifizierung und Bestimmung von Zusammensetzung und Kristallstruktur sowie im Verständnis der elektronischen Situation. Verknüpfte Polyeder sind das dominierende Strukturelement in borreichen Verbindungen der Hauptgruppenelemente. In vielen Fällen leiten sich deren Strukturen von denen ab, die den Elementmodifikationen zugeschrieben werden. Auch diese bedürfen allerdings einer neuen, kritischen Durchsicht und Diskussion. [source] Making Math a Definition of the Situation: Families as Sites for Mathematical PracticesANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2009Shelley Goldman We present three cases showing families' competence in mathematical problem solving as a practical aspect of daily life. At home, parents and children engaged creatively in solving math-relevant problems. They used a combination of everyday practices and school forms, but generally did not recognize mathematics in their problem solving. The findings invite new forms of participation that bring families into discussions of math-relevant situations and relates them to their children's school math.,[families, math, ethnography, daily practices, math in context] [source] Tubular Piles , Buckling Design in a Complex SituationBAUTECHNIK, Issue 8 2008Anton Hübner Dr.-Ing. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Denguefieber: "Aktive Vorbeugung hilft gegen die Angst"BIOLOGIE IN UNSERER ZEIT (BIUZ), Issue 3 2010Article first published online: 22 JUN 2010 Ruby Castrence-Gonzales, Mindanao State University Naawan, Philippines, Master of Science (Marine Biology), Radio Program Coordinator, in einem Interview mit unserer Mitarbeiterin Inge Kronberg zur Situation des Denguefiebers und seiner Bekämpfung auf den Philippinen. [source] 9 A Communication Tool for Emergency Medicine Residents to Improve Patient Care and Professional DevelopmentACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2008Jacqueline Mahal For every patient in the ED, a web of communication is created. A resident is at the center of this web , connecting team members in and outside the ED. Careful communication, a required ACGME competency, helps the team provide safe, high-quality care and master their respective specialties. We designed a three module curriculum that supports ACGME core competencies by providing training in professional communication and a framework with which to organize patient data. In the first module, residents are introduced to the concept that there is more to communication than content alone. Other elements include context, audience and forum. Together, these components comprise relevant communication. The second module introduces the Disposition, Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation, Safety (D-SBARS) Framework, an ED modification of The Joint Commission's communication tool. This framework will enable the resident to focus on communicating the relevant data for a particular audience in an appropriate manner. In the last module, residents participate in a case-based role-play. After presentation of a complicated patient, residents are each assigned a communication task. They communicate with attendings, ED staff and consultants. Each role is played by senior residents. Finally, participants deliver presentations to the on-coming team on "rounds" under time constraints, declining from two minutes to 30 seconds. Residents experience how the D-SBARS tool helps them communicate critical clinical and safety. [source] The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children's Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic StudyCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2010R. Pasco Fearon This study addresses the extent to which insecure and disorganized attachments increase risk for externalizing problems using meta-analysis. From 69 samples (N = 5,947), the association between insecurity and externalizing problems was significant, d = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.23, 0.40). Larger effects were found for boys (d = 0.35), clinical samples (d = 0.49), and from observation-based outcome assessments (d = 0.58). Larger effects were found for attachment assessments other than the Strange Situation. Overall, disorganized children appeared at elevated risk (d = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.50), with weaker effects for avoidance (d = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.21) and resistance (d = 0.11, 95% CI: ,0.04, 0.26). The results are discussed in terms of the potential significance of attachment for mental health. [source] Emotion Dialogues Between Mothers and Children at 4.5 and 7.5 Years: Relations With Children's Attachment at 1 YearCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2007David Oppenheim It was examined whether secure infant,mother attachment contributes to emotionally congruent and organized mother,child dialogues about emotions in later years. The attachment of 99 children was assessed using the Strange Situation at the age of 1 year and their emotion dialogues with their mothers were assessed at the ages of 4.5 and 7.5 years. Dialogues were about past emotional events and separation of a child from parents, and were classified into an emotionally matched group or 1 of 3 non-emotionally matched groups. Security in infancy was associated with emotionally matched dialogues at the age of 4.5; there was moderate stability in dialogues between 4.5 and 7.5 years; and infant attachment predicted dialogues at 7.5 beyond the prediction offered by age 4.5 dialogues. 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