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Sin
Kinds of Sin Terms modified by Sin Selected AbstractsSoil factors controlling the toxicity of copper and zinc to microbial processes in Australian soilsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2007Kris Broos Abstract Two soil microbial processes, substrate-induced nitrification (SIN) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR), were measured in the topsoils of 12 Australian field trials that were amended separately with increasing concentrations of ZnSO4 or CuSO4. The median effect concentration (EC50) values for Zn and Cu based on total metal concentrations varied between 107 and 8,298 mg kg,1 for Zn and 108 and 2,155 mg kg,1 Cu among soils. The differences in both Zn and Cu toxicity across the 12 soils were not explained by either the soil solution metal concentrations or CaCl2 -extractable metal concentrations, because the variation in the EC50 values was larger than those using total concentrations. Toxicity of Zn and Cu decreased with increasing soil pH for SIN. For Cu, also increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) and percent clay decreased the toxicity towards SIN. In contrast to SIN, soil pH had no significant effect on toxicity values of SIR. Significant relationships were found between the EC50 values for SIR and background Zn and CEC for Zn, and percent clay and log CEC for Cu. Relationships such as those developed in this study will permit Australian environmental regulation to move from single-value national soil quality guidelines to soil-specific quality guidelines and permit soil-specific risk assessments to be undertaken. [source] Calcineurin is implicated in the regulation of the septation initiation network in fission yeastGENES TO CELLS, Issue 10 2002Yabin Lu Background: In fission yeast, calcineurin has been implicated in cytokinesis because calcineurin-deleted cells form multiple septa and cell separation is impeded. However, this mechanism remains unclear. Results: We screened for mutations that confer syn-thetic lethality with calcineurin deletion and isolated a mutant, its10-1/cdc7-i10, a novel allele of the cdc7+ gene involved in the septation initiation network (SIN). The mutation created a termination codon, resulting in the truncation of Cdc7 by 162 amino acids, which is not localized in the spindle pole body. Following treatment with the immune suppressive drug FK506, cdc7-i10 and the original cdc7-24 mutant cells showed highly elongated multinuclear morphology with few visible septa, closely resembling the phenotype at the restrictive temperature. Other SIN mutants, cdc11, spg1, sid2 and mob1 showed similar phenotypes following FK506 treatment. Consistent with this, expression of the constitutively active calcineurin suppressed the growth defects and septum initiation deficiency of these SIN mutants at the restrictive temperature. Moreover, electron microscopy revealed that calcineurin-deleted cells had very thick multiple septa which were partially and ectopically formed. Conclusion: These results suggest that calcineurin is involved in the regulation of the SIN pathway, and is required for the proper formation and maturation of the septum in fission yeast. [source] The ,-tubulin complex protein Alp4 provides a link between the metaphase checkpoint and cytokinesis in fission yeastGENES TO CELLS, Issue 4 2002Leah Vardy Background:, The progression of cytokinesis requires cyclin B destruction by the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C) and, in fission yeast, activation of the septation initiation network (SIN) is also essential. The ,-tubulin complex (,-TuC) localizes to the centrosome throughout the cell cycle and is directly involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle. Results:, We have previously shown that the mutant defective in alp4+ (Spc97/GCP2) displays bipolar spindle defects due to a failure in the recruitment of the ,-TuC on to the spindle pole body (SPB, the centrosome equivalent). Here we show that in these mutants the Mad2 checkpoint is activated, yet septation proceeds due to the untimely activation of the SIN. The Sid1 kinase, the downstream effector of the SIN, is recruited prematurely to both, instead of only one, of the SPBs, which triggers septation despite the presence of monopolar spindles. Remarkably, cyclin B levels, which would normally have declined, remain high at the SPB in septated mutant cells. Conclusions:, We propose a novel role of the ,-TuC in inhibiting activation of the SIN until cyclin B is destroyed. Given the ubiquitous existence of the ,-TuC, this mechanism may be conserved throughout evolution and function to couple cytokinesis to mitotic exit. [source] Development of an orally infectious Sindbis virus transducing system that efficiently disseminates and expresses green fluorescent protein in Aedes aegyptiINSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2003D. J. Pierro Abstract We have constructed an orally infectious Sindbis virus, ME2/5,2J/GFP, that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the midgut of Aedes aegypti and in other tissues as the virus disseminates. This virus has two unique features that are improvements over the SIN-based expression systems currently used in mosquitoes. First, a subgenomic RNA promoter and GFP coding sequence is located 5,- to the second subgenomic promoter and structural genes of the virus. Second, the E2 glycoprotein gene of TE/5,2J/GFP is replaced with the E2 gene of MRE16 SIN virus. The first feature enhances virus genome stability during virus dissemination from the midgut to other tissues and the second allows efficient virus entry into the midgut epithelial cells and then spread of the virus throughout the mosquito. [source] Tolerance to challenges miming gastrointestinal transit by spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus clausiiJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2006G. Cenci Abstract Aims:, To study Bacillus clausii from a pharmaceutical product (Enterogermina O/C, N/R, SIN, T) and reference strains (B. clausii and Bacillus subtilis) for eco-physiological aspects regarding the gut environment. Methods and Results:, Spores and vegetative cells were challenged in vitro miming the injury of gastrointestinal transit: pH variations, exposure to conjugated and free bile salts, microaerophilic and anaerobic growth. No relevant differences were found studying the growth at pH 8 and 10, whereas at pH 7 the yields obtained for O/C and SIN were higher than those obtained for N/R and T strains. The spores were able to germinate and grow in the presence of conjugated bile salts (up to 1%, w/v) or free bile salts (0·2%) and also exhibited tolerance for the combined acid-bile challenge. As evidenced by lag-time, growth rate and cell yield the tolerance of Enterogermina isolates for conjugated salts was comparable with that of B. clausii type strain (DSM 8716T), and resulted higher than that observed for B. subtilis (ATCC 6051T). All the considered B. clausii strains demonstrated microaerophilic growth, but only some grew anaerobically in a nitrate medium. Conclusions:, The ability of B. clausii spores to germinate after an acid challenge and grow as vegetative cells both in the presence of bile and under limited oxygen availability is consistent with the beneficial health effects evidenced for spore-forming probiotics in recent clinical studies. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The experimental evidence from this study emphasizes some functional properties of B. clausii strains regarding their use as probiotics. [source] Sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN): Behavioral allodynia is paralleled by peri-sciatic proinflammatory cytokine and superoxide productionJOURNAL OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, Issue 3 2001Lawrence S. Gazda Abstract We have recently developed a model of sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN) to assess how immune activation near peripheral nerves influences somatosensory processing. Administration of zymosan (yeast cell walls) around a single sciatic nerve produces dose-dependent low-threshold mechanical allodynia without thermal hyperalgesia. Low (4 ,g) doses produce both territorial and extraterritorial allodynia restricted to the injected hindleg. In contrast, higher (40 ,g) doses produce territorial and extraterritorial allodynias of both hindlegs, an effect not accounted for by systemic spread of the zymosan. The aim of these experiments was to determine whether these behavioral allodynias were correlated with immunological and/or anatomical changes in or around the sciatic nerve. These experiments reveal that zymosan-induced bilateral allodynia was associated with the following: (a) increased release of both interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-, from peri-sciatic immune cells; (b) increased release of reactive oxygen species from peri-sciatic immune cells; (c) no change in circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokine; (d) no apparent zymosan-induced influx of immune cells into the sciatic nerve from the endoneurial blood vessels; (e) mild edema of the sciatic, which was predominantly restricted to superficial regions closest to the peri-sciatic immune cells; and (f) no anatomic evidence of changes in either the ipsilateral saphenous nerve or contralateral sciatic nerve that could account for the appearance of extraterritorial or contralateral ("mirror") allodynia, respectively. No reliable differences were found when the low-dose zymosan was compared with vehicle controls. Taken together, these data suggest that substances released by peri-sciatic immune cells may induce changes in the sciatic nerve, leading to the appearance of bilateral allodynia. [source] Comparative observations on the cyst shells of seven Artemia strains from ChinaMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 8 2007Sufeng Wang Abstract The quiescent Artemia cysts of seven geographical origins in China were examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. SEM observations on cysts of these Artemia strains showed that the surface topography of cyst shells could be categorized into 6 types: complete smooth surface; smooth surface with sparsely distributed glabrate humps; surface with densely arranged wart-like humps that are composed of packed minute tubercles; rugged surface, with densely arranged tubercles not piling up to form larger humps; shallow-pocked surface; and surface with numerous and densely spaced pore-like fossulae. Some of the patterns were strain specific [e.g., cysts from Ga Hai (GH) are characterized by having a surface with wart-like ornaments that are composed of packed minute tubercles, rugged surface is only found in Chengkou (CK) cysts], and apparent intrastrain variation of cyst surface topography was found in Xizang (XZ), Jingyu Hu, and Xie Chi (SIN) strains. TEM studies on the ultrastructure of cyst shells revealed an apparent divergence in the structure of outer cuticular membrane (OCM) among Artemia strains. In CK, Aqqikkol Hu (AQK), SIN, and GH strains, it is a normal, asymmetrical, and multi-layered structure similar to those described in previous works. In XZ, JYH, and Lagkor Co (LGC) strains, however, the OCM is not obviously multi-layered and the borderlines between OCM and adjacent layers seem indistinct. The present results suggest that the diversity of the surface topography of Artemia cysts may be an available tool for identifying certain Artemia strains as well as for tracking the origins of some Artemia cysts, and the hypoplastic OCM may be a characteristic of the species A. tibetiana. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] WHAT SIN IS: A DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSISMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2009JESSE COUENHOVEN Sin is clearly evil, but what differentiates sin from evil? The idea that sin is moral evil is widely held, but important theological arguments have been posed against it. Theologians who reject sin moralism have, however, found it hard to distinguish sin from evil,partially because they share hidden assumptions with sin moralists. Helped by a philosophical theology of deep responsibility, I propound sin responsibilism: sin is culpable evil. This analysis of sin is open to multiple accounts of sin's relation to morality or theories of responsibility, and thus of sin's scope,but I defend a non-moralistic, compatibilist sin responsibilism. [source] SEPH, a Cdc7p orthologue from Aspergillus nidulans, functions upstream of actin ring formation during cytokinesisMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Kenneth S. Bruno In the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans, multiple rounds of nuclear division occur before cytokinesis, allowing an unambiguous identification of genes required specifically for cytokinesis. As in animal cells, both an intact microtubule cytoskeleton and progression through mitosis are required for actin ring formation and contraction. The sepH gene from A. nidulans was discovered in a screen for temperature-sensitive cytokinesis mutants. Sequence analysis showed that SEPH is 42% identical to the serine,threonine kinase Cdc7p from fission yeast. Signalling through the Septation Initiation Network (SIN), which includes Cdc7p and the GTPase Spg1p, is emerging as a primary regulatory pathway used by fission yeast to control cytokinesis. A similar group of proteins comprise the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) in budding yeast. This is the first direct evidence for the existence of a functional SIN,MEN pathway outside budding and fission yeast. In addition to SEPH, potential homologues were also identified in other fungi and plants but not in animal cells. Deletion of sepH resulted in a viable strain that failed to septate at any temperature. Interestingly, quantitative analysis of the actin cytoskeleton revealed that sepH is required for construction of the actin ring. Therefore, SEPH is distinct from its counterpart in fission yeast, in which SIN components operate downstream of actin ring formation and are necessary for ring contraction and later events of septation. We conclude that A. nidulans has components of a SIN,MEN pathway, one of which, SEPH, is required for early events during cytokinesis. [source] THE REDISCOVERY OF AMERICAN SACRED SPACESRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 4 2004Louis P. Nelson Book reviewed in this article: THE HERMENEUTICS OF SACRED ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCE, INTERPRETATION, COMPARISON (2 volumes) By Lindsay Jones TEMPLES OF GRACE: THE MATERIAL TRANSFORMATION OF CONNECTICUT'S CHURCHES, 1790,1840 By Gretchen Buggeln WHEN CHURCH BECAME THEATRE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF EVANGELICAL ARCHITECTURE AND WORSHIP IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA By Jeanne Kilde PRAYERS IN STONE: CHRISTIAN SCIENCE ARCHITECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1894,1930 By Paul Eli Ivey SHUL WITH A POOL: THE "SYNAGOGUE-CENTER" IN AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY By David Kaufman MYTHS IN STONE: RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF WASHINGTON, D.C. By Jeffrey F. Meyer UGLY AS SIN: WHY THEY CHANGED OUR CHURCHES FROM SACRED PLACES TO MEETING SPACES AND HOW WE CAN CHANGE THEM BACK AGAIN By Michael S. Rose BUILDING FROM BELIEF: ADVANCE, RETREAT, AND COMPROMISE IN THE REMAKING OF CATHOLIC CHURCH ARCHITECTURE By Michael E. DeSanctis ARCHITECTURE IN COMMUNION: IMPLEMENTING THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL THROUGH LITURGY AND ARCHITECTURE By Steven J. Schloeder [source] FELIX CULPA: THE DOCTRINE OF ORIGINAL SIN AS DOCTRINE OF HOPE IN AQUINAS'S SUMMA CONTRA GENTILESTHE HEYTHROP JOURNAL, Issue 5 2009SEAN A. OTTOArticle first published online: 15 APR 200 First page of article [source] Tight control of transgene expression by lentivirus vectors containing second-generation tetracycline-responsive promotersTHE JOURNAL OF GENE MEDICINE, Issue 6 2005Krzysztof Pluta Abstract Background The goal of this study was to design improved regulatable lentivirus vector systems. The aim was to design tetracycline (tet)-regulatable lentivirus vectors based on the Tet-on system displaying low background expression in the absence of the doxycycline (DOX) inducer and high transgene expression levels in the presence of DOX. Methods We constructed a binary lentivirus vector system that is composed of a self-inactivating (SIN) lentivirus vector bearing inducible first- or second-generation tet-responsive promoter elements (TREs) driving expression of a transgene and a second lentivirus vector encoding a reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA) that activates transgene expression from the TRE in the presence of DOX. Results We evaluated a number of different rtTAs and found rtTA2S -M2 to induce the highest levels of transgene expression. Regulated transgene expression was stable in human breast carcinoma cells implanted into nude mice for up to 11 weeks. In an attempt to minimize background expression levels, the chicken ,-globin cHS4 insulator element was cloned into the 3, long terminal repeat (LTR) of the transgene transfer vector. The cHS4 insulator element reduced background expression but expression levels following DOX addition were lower than those observed with vectors lacking an insulator sequence. In a second strategy, vectors bearing second-generation TREs harboring repositioned tetracycline operator elements were used. Such vectors displayed greatly reduced leakiness in the absence of DOX and induced transgene expression levels were up to 522-fold above those seen in the absence of DOX. Conclusions Inducible lentivirus vectors bearing insulators or second-generation TREs will likely prove useful for applications demanding the lowest levels of background expression. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Preliminary study of stress in undergraduate nursing students in SingaporeASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2009Chi Ching Lim BScN Abstract Introduction: Stress experienced by nursing students may adversely affect academic achievement, personal wellbeing and long-term professional capabilities. The current study is the first to report levels and sources of stress among Singaporean students undertaking a pre-registration baccalaureate nursing degree. Methods: An exploratory survey was conducted with students from all three year levels (n=112, 65% response rate) using the Stress in Nursing Students (SINS) scale. Use of this tool also enabled a regional comparison of results with published data from a nursing cohort in Hong Kong. Perceptions of support were measured using the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). It was hypothesized that students with higher levels of social support would report less stress. Results: In comparison to other year levels, Year 3 students reported higher levels of overall, clinical, and financial stress. There were statistical differences between Year 3 and Year 1 students in relation to clinical and financial stressors, but not with Year 2, nor were relationships found across year of study and confidence and education subscales. Level of stress was lower compared to Hong Kong nursing students. There were statistically significant differences on stress associated with clinical (P<0.01) and confidence (P<0.001) domains between datasets, but no differences on subscale scores for education and financial stressors. Social support was not statistically associated with stress. Discussion: Student stress increased throughout the program and was not mediated by social support. Awareness of types and progression of stress can inform professional development activities to bolster coping, and minimize adverse psychological, academic and professional consequences. [source] Processing approaches of AlGaN/GaN Metal Insulator Semiconductor Hetero Field Effect Transistors (MISHFET) on Si (111) substratesPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue S2 2009Martin Eickelkamp Abstract We report on the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN MISHFETs using SiO2 and SiN as gate dielectrics. In particular, two different passivation procedures are investigated with respect to the resulting electrical properties. A fluorine based ICP etch step, as used here to remove the gate dielectric prior to passivation layer deposition, is shown to deteriorate the sheet carrier concentration and mobility. Depositing the passivation layer upon the gate dielectric, on the other hand, slightly decreases the sheet resistance as compared to a conventional HFET. Gate diode characteristics reveal significant reduction of gate leakage currents in both, reverse and forward biasing regions, of 1-2 and up to 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. All devices exhibit more pronounced current collapse compared to a conventional passivated HFET. In addition, a clear depencency on the processing scheme is observed. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] High-quality surface passivation of silicon solar cells in an industrial-type inline plasma silicon nitride deposition systemPROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS: RESEARCH & APPLICATIONS, Issue 1 2004Jens D. Moschner Abstract We have studied the surface passivation of silicon by deposition of silicon nitride (SiN) in an industrial-type inline plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) reactor designed for the continuous coating of silicon solar cells with high throughput. An optimization study for the passivation of low-resistivity p -type silicon has been performed exploring the dependence of the film quality on key deposition parameters of the system. With the optimized films, excellent passivation properties have been obtained, both on undiffused p -type silicon and on phosphorus-diffused n+ emitters. Using a simple design, solar cells with conversion efficiencies above 20% have been fabricated to prove the efficacy of the inline PECVD SiN. The passivation properties of the films are on a par with those of high-quality films prepared in small-area laboratory PECVD reactors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Reactivity of organosilicon precursors in remote hydrogen microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide and silicon carbonitride thin-film coatingsAPPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2010A. M. Wrobel Abstract A number of organosilicon precursors for silicon carbide and silicon carbonitride thin-film coatings, such as silanes, carbosilanes, aminosilanes, and disilazane, respectively, were characterized in terms of their reactivity in a remote microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition process, which was induced using hydrogen as plasma generating gas. The process displayed high selectivity with respect to the activating species and the chemical bonds in the molecular structure of the precursors. In view of very short life times of excited hydrogen plasma species the activation step takes place with an exclusive contribution of ground-state hydrogen atoms. The CH, CC, SiC, SiN, CN and NH bonds present in the molecules of the precursors are non-reactive and only the SiH or SiSi bonds play a key role in the activation step. The reactivity of the precursors was characterized in a quantitative way by the yield of the film growth parameter. The yield parameter expressing the mass of film per unit mass of the precursor fed to the reactor was calculated from the slopes of linear plots of time dependencies of film mass and precursor mass, which were determined for each investigated precursor. The reactivity of the precursors was found to be strongly dependent on the number of the SiH units present in their molecules and those containing two SiH units appeared to be most reactive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Endohedral Silicon Fullerenes SiN (27 , N , 39)CHEMINFORM, Issue 1 2005Soohaeng Yoo Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Stephen G. Ray, Jr., Do No Harm: Social Sin and Christian ResponsibilityCONVERSATIONS IN RELIGION & THEOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Article first published online: 4 MAY 200 Stephen G. Ray, Jr., Do No Harm: Social Sin and Christian Responsibility Reviewed by Peter J. Paris [source] Sin and the Broken HeartDIALOG, Issue 2 2000Susan Nelson [source] Currents: Books in BriefGLOBAL BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXCELLENCE, Issue 3 2001LaRoi Lawton The Roots and Future of Management Theory Profit From the Core: Growth Strategy in an Era of Turbulence 90 Days to Launch: Internet Projects on Time and on Budget The Six Sigma Revolution: How General Electric and Others Turned Process into Profits In Good Company Evolve! Succeeding in the Digital Culture of Tomorrow Lessons from the Heart of American Business: A Roadmap for Managers in the 21st Century The Passion Plan at Work: A Step-by-Step Guide to Building a Passion-Driven Organization The Inner Work of Leaders: Leadership as a Habit of Mind Corporate Sin: Leaderless Leadership and Dissonant Workers The HR Scorecard Place to Space: Migrating to Ebusiness Models Building the Integrated Company Protecting Your Company's Intellectual Property: A Practical Guide to Trademarks, Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets Gaming the System: Stop Playing the Organizational Game [source] Molecular polarizability of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenesJOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 11 2002Francisco Torrens Abstract The interacting induced dipoles polarization model implemented in our program POLAR is used for the calculation of the molecular dipole µ and tensor quadrupole moments and also the dipole,dipole polarizability . The method is tested with Scn, Cn (fullerene and graphite) and endohedral Scn@Cm clusters. The polarizability is an important quantity for the identification of clusters with different numbers of atoms and even for the separation of isomers. The results for the polarizability are of the same order of magnitude as from reference calculations performed with our version of the program PAPID. The bulk limit for the polarizability is estimated from the Clausius,Mossotti relationship. The polarizability trend for these clusters as a function of size is different from what one might have expected. The clusters are more polarizable than what one might have inferred from the bulk polarizability. Previous theoretical work yielded the same trend for Sin, Gen and GanAsm small clusters. However, previous experimental work yielded the opposite trend for Sin, GanAsm and GenTem larger clusters. At present, the origin of this difference is problematic. One might argue that smaller clusters need not behave like those of intermediate size. The high polarizability of small clusters is attributed to dangling bonds at the surface of the cluster. In this respect, semiconductor clusters resemble metallic clusters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Population genetics of the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea (Gastropoda: Patellidae): taxonomic, conservation and evolutionary considerationsJOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH, Issue 1 2006F. Espinosa Abstract The limpet Patella ferruginea is the most endangered marine invertebrate in the western Mediterranean rocky shores, whereas Patella caerulea is the most common Mediterranean limpet. From Pleistocene to historic age, P. ferruginea was distributed around the whole Mediterranean basin, since the shells of this species are a characteristic feature of Palaeolithic and Neolithic deposits in this area. However, its Mediterranean range has progressively contracted to a few restricted areas. The ancient origin of the species (18 Ma) and the present geographical isolation among relic populations could have led to a great genetic difference among populations, taking into account the supposedly low dispersal ability of the species. However, we have observed a few genetic differences among populations and a ,star phylogeny' of COI haplotypes from the 41 individuals of P. ferruginea analysed; a similar pattern has also been observed for the seven individuals of P. caerulea studied. Genetic evidences show a possible bottleneck event on late Pleistocene that affected the two species. The results have an important implication on the future management of this endangered species. Additionally, two different morphological types of P. ferruginea have been described by Payraudeau in 1826: lamarcki and rouxi forms. Clear morphological differences occur between these two types and some authors pointed out the hypothesis about the existence of two different species. The results of the present study conclude that the two different forms of P. ferruginea are ecotypes, rather than different species or subspecies, and intermediate steps are an ecological range instead of hybridization events among different species. Resumen Patella ferruginea es el invertebrado marino más amenazado de las costas del Mediterráneo occidental, mientras que Patella caerulea es una especie muy común. Desde el Pleistoceno hasta épocas históricas, P. ferruginea estuvo distribuída alrededor de toda la cuenca mediterránea, ya que su concha es característica de depósitos paleolíticos y neolíticos en esta área. Sin embargo, su rango de distribución se ha visto reducido a unas pocas áreas restringidas. Su orígen primitivo (18 Ma) y el presente aislamiento geográfico entre las poblaciones podría haber generado importantes diferencias genéticas inter-poblacionales, teniendo en cuenta la supuesta baja capacidad de dispersión de la especie. Sin embargo, se han observado pocas diferencias genéticas inter-poblacionales y una ,,filogenia en estrella'' de los haplotipos de la COI procedentes de los 41 individuos de P. ferruginea analizados, un patrón similar ha sido también observado para los 7 individuos de P. caerulea estudiados. Las evidencias genéticas sugieren un posible cuello de botella a finales del Pleistoceno que afectó a las dos especies. Estos resultados tienen gran importancia en la futura gestión de esta especie amenazada. Adicionalmente, Payraudeau en 1826 describió dos tipo morfológicos de P. ferruginea: formas rouxi y lamarcki. Importantes diferencias morfológicas aparecen entre las dos formas y algunos autores han señalado la hipótesis de que podrían ser dos especies distintas. Los resultados del presente estudio concluyen que las dos formas de P. ferruginea son ecotipos en lugar de especies o subespecies distintas, y que las formas intermedias serían parte de un rango ecológico en lugar de ser fenómenos de hibridación entre especies diferentes. [source] WHAT SIN IS: A DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSISMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2009JESSE COUENHOVEN Sin is clearly evil, but what differentiates sin from evil? The idea that sin is moral evil is widely held, but important theological arguments have been posed against it. Theologians who reject sin moralism have, however, found it hard to distinguish sin from evil,partially because they share hidden assumptions with sin moralists. Helped by a philosophical theology of deep responsibility, I propound sin responsibilism: sin is culpable evil. This analysis of sin is open to multiple accounts of sin's relation to morality or theories of responsibility, and thus of sin's scope,but I defend a non-moralistic, compatibilist sin responsibilism. [source] Sodom's Sin: Genesis 18-19 and its Interpretations , Edited by Ed Noort and Eibert TigchelaarRELIGIOUS STUDIES REVIEW, Issue 2 2006Won W. Lee No abstract is available for this article. [source] Dylan's Visions of SinTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 5 2005Matt Stefon No abstract is available for this article. [source] Vertebrate Fruit Removal and Ant Seed Dispersal in the Neotropical Ginger Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae),BIOTROPICA, Issue 2 2009Carlos García-Robledo ABSTRACT Plants frequently display fruit characteristics that support multiple seed-dispersal syndromes. These ambiguous characteristics may reflect the fact that seed dispersal is usually a complex process involving multiple dispersers. This is the case for the Neotropical ginger Renealmia alpinia (Zingiberaceae). It was originally suggested that the aromatic fruits of R. alpinia located at the base of the plant are adapted for terrestrial mammal seed dispersal. However, the dark-purple coloration of the fruits and bright orange aril surrounding the seeds suggest that birds may play a role in R. alpinia seed dispersal. At La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, we used camera traps to record vertebrate visits to infructescences of R. alpinia. Most visitors were toucans and aracaris (Ramphastidae). However fruits were also removed by terrestrial mammals (coatis and armadillos). In addition to vertebrate fruit removal, some of the fruits dehisce and the seeds that fall on the ground are dispersed by ants. Fruitfall traps showed that 77 percent of fruits are removed by vertebrates. However, 15 percent of fruits fall to the base of parent plants to be potentially dispersed by ants. Experiments using a laboratory ant colony showed that ants are effective seed dispersers of R. alpinia. Ant seed manipulation increased germination success and reduced time to germination. In conclusion, primary seed dispersal in the Neotropical ginger R. alpinia is mostly performed by birds, additionally ants are effective dispersers at short distances. Seed dispersal in R. alpinia is a complex process involving a diverse array of dispersal agents. RESUMEN Los frutos de algunas plantas presentan características que se ajustan a más de un síndrome de dispersión. Es posible que estas características ambiguas reflejen el hecho de que la dispersión de semillas es usualmente un proceso complejo que involucra múltiples organismos dispersores. Ese es el caso de la Zingiberaceae Neotropical Renealmia alpinia. Originalmente se sugirió que los frutos aromáticos y la posición basal de las infrutescencias de R. alpinia son adaptaciones para la dispersión por mamíferos terrestres. Sin embargo, el color morado oscuro del exocarpo y el color anaranjado de los arilos en los frutos maduros sugieren que las aves pueden jugar un papel importante en la dispersión de semillas de R. alpinia. En la estación Biológica La Selva, Costa Rica, usamos cámaras trampa para registrar las visitas por invertebrados a las infrutescencias de R. alpinia. La mayoría de las visitas fueron por tucanes y arasaríes (Ramphastidae). La dispersión de semillas en R. alpinia puede ser aún más compleja pues parte de los frutos maduros liberan semillas en la base de la planta, las cuales son dispersadas por hormigas. Trampas de frutos registraron 77% de los frutos removidos por vertebrados. Sin embargo las semillas de 15% de los frutos cayeron en el suelo para ser potencialmente dispersadas por hormigas. Experimentos en laboratorio demostraron que las hormigas son dispersores efectivos de R. alpinia. Semillas manipuladas por hormigas germinaron en mayor proporción y presentaron una reducción en el tiempo de germinación. En conclusión, los frutos de R. alpinia son principalmente dispersados por aves. Adicionalmente, las hormigas son eficaces dispersoras de semillas a cortas distancias. La dispersión de semillas en R. alpinia es un proceso complejo que involucra un diverso gremio de agentes dispersores. [source] Distribution Patterns of Migrant and Resident Birds in Successional Forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico,BIOTROPICA, Issue 1 2001Andrea L. Smith ABSTRACT Increasing human activity in the Yucatan peninsula has led to declines in older stages of successional forest, threatening regional habitat diversity. To determine potential effects of this habitat loss on the region's avifauna, we examined the relative use of different forest stages by resident and migrant birds during the nonbreeding season. We used the fixed-width transect method to compare the distribution, abundance, and diversity of forest birds in early (five to ten years old), mid (15,25 years), and late (<50 years) successional forests in the state of Campeche, Mexico, in the south-central part of the peninsula. All stages of successional forest had highly similar bird assemblages and did not differ in bird abundance or diversity. Both migrant and resident birds occurred across the successional gradient. The majority of habitat specialists, however, were resident birds restricted to late-successional forest, indicating that early secondary growth may not be suitable for all species. Furthermore, resident birds that typically participate in mixed-species flocks attained their greatest densities in the oldest forest habitat. Rapid recovery of pre-disturbance physiognomic features, in addition to high levels of habitat connectivity in the region, may contribute to similar bird communities across a range of successional stages. The high degree of edge characterizing much of the forest mosaic also may allow birds access to different serai stages. Loss of late-successional forest, however, is likely to adversely affect the subset of resident avifauna that depends on unique features of mature habitat such as snags, large trees, and climatic buffering. Conservation efforts in Campeche should focus on the specialized requirements of the most habitat-restricted species while preserving the current landscape mosaic characteristic of the small-scale shifting cultivation system. RESUMES El aumento de la actividad humana en el uso del suelo en la Peninsula de Yucatán, ha resultado en la disminución de la regeneración de la selva a etapas más maduras de sucesión, amenazando la diversidad regional de habitats. Para determinar los efectos de esta pérdida sobre la avifauna de la región, estudiamos el uso de diferentes etapas de sucesión de la selva por aves residentes y migratorias durante la temporada no reproductiva. Usamos el método de transecto linear de anchura fija para comparar la distributión, abundancia y diversidad de aves en vegetaclón sucesional (acahuales) de diferentes edades, incluyendo acahual joven (cinco a diez años de edad), acahual de edad media (15-25 afios) y selva (>50 afios) en el sur del estado de Campeche, Mexico. Diferentes etapas de sucesión de la selva tuvieron composition de aves muy similares y no variaron en la abundancia y la diversidad. Tanto las especies migrantes como residentes, estuvieron presentes a travél del gradiente sucesional. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los especialistas fueron aves residentes restingidas a etapas más viejas de sucesión de selva, indicando que la vegetatión sucesional temprana no es favorable para todas las especies. En adicion, las aves residentes que tipicamente participan en bandadas mixtas tuvieron sus densidades más altas en la selva de mayor edad de sucesión. La rápida recuperatión de la selva a sus caracteristicas de estado primario, en adición al alto grado de conectividad de habitat en la región, puede permitir a muchas especies nativas encontrarse en diferentes etapas de vegetatión sucesional. El alto grado de efecto de borde que caracteriza la mayor pane del mosaico de bosque tambíen puede permitir a las aves el acceso a los diferentes tipos de vegetación sucesional. Sin embargo, la pérdida de selva en etapa más madura de sucesión, probablemente rendrá un efecto más adverso sobre el grupo de aves residentes que depende de características únicas de selva madura, tales como árboles secos, árboles grandes y amortiguamiento climático. Los esfuerzos de conservatión deberían enfocarse sobre las especies sensibles con requerimientos especializados de hábitat, preservando selva nativa a la vez que las características actuates de mosaico del paisaje, manteniendo las actividades de roza-tumba y quema a pequena escala. [source] Media Governance: A New Concept for the Analysis of Media Policy and RegulationCOMMUNICATION, CULTURE & CRITIQUE, Issue 2 2010Manuel Puppis Media governance has been attracting growing interest among communication scholars. However, there is uncertainty as to what exactly governance is. This article aims at clarification. One definition of media governance is developed that captures the entirety of rules that aim to organize media systems. However, media governance is characterized as a new concept suited for the analysis of media policy and regulation. This concept is argued to be not only of heuristic value by offering an integrated view on rules in the media sector but also adaptive to various theoretical approaches. In particular, the article shows the merits of connecting media governance to new sociological institutionalism and concludes by emphasizing the potential of a theoretically grounded concept of media governance. El Gobierno de los Medios: Un Nuevo Concepto para el Análisis de la Política de los Medios y la Regulación Manuel Puppis Resumen El gobierno de los medios ha venido atrayendo un interés creciente entre los eruditos de la comunicación. No obstante, hay incertidumbre sobre qué es el gobierno exactamente. Este estudio tiene por objetivo esa clarificación. Una definición del gobierno de los medios es desarrollada para capturar integridad de las reglas cuyo objetivo es organizar los sistemas de los medios. Sin embargo, el gobierno de los medios está caracterizado como un concepto nuevo adaptado para el análisis de la política de los medios y la regulación. Se arguye que este concepto tiene no solo tiene valor heurístico mediante el ofrecimiento de una visión integradora sobre las reglas del sector de los medios sino también que se adapta a varias aproximaciones teóricas. En particular, este artículo muestra los méritos de conectar el gobierno de los medios con el institucionalismo sociológico nuevo y concluye enfatizando el potencial de un concepto teórico basado en el concepto del gobierno de los medios. La gouvernance des médias : un nouveau concept pour l'analyse des politiques et des réglementations médiatiques Manuel Puppis La gouvernance des médias intéresse de plus en plus les chercheurs en communication, mais l'incertitude demeure quant à ce qu'est la gouvernance. Cette étude a pour but de clarifier cette question. Elle offre une définition de la gouvernance des médias qui tient compte de l'entièreté des règles visant à organiser les systèmes médiatiques. La gouvernance des médias est décrite comme un nouveau concept permettant l'analyse des politiques et des réglementations médiatiques. Ce concept possède une valeur heuristique, car il offre une vision intégrée des règles du secteur médiatique. Il s'adapte également à des approches théoriques variées. En particulier, l'article montre les avantages de lier la gouvernance des médias au nouvel institutionnalisme sociologique. Il conclut en soulignant le potentiel d'un concept de la gouvernance des médias qui soit ancré théoriquement. Media Governance: Ein neues Konzept für die Analyse von Medienpolitik und Regulierung Manuel Puppis Media Governance rückt zunehmend in den Blickpunkt der Kommunikationswissenschaftler. Nichtsdestotrotz ist die Unsicherheit darüber groß, was Media Governance eigentlich ist. Vorliegende Studie zielt darauf ab, diese Frage zu ergründen. Wir entwickeln eine Definition von Media Governance, die sämtliche Regeln umfasst, die dazu dienen, Mediensysteme zu organisieren. Dennoch charakterisieren wir Media Governance als ein neues Konzept, welches für die Analyse von Medienpolitik und Regulierung einsetzbar ist. Dieses Konzept hat dabei nicht nur einen heuristischen Wert, indem es einen integrativen Blick auf die Regeln des Mediensektors bietet, es ist vielmehr auch adaptierbar auf verschiedene theoretische Ansätze. Insbesondere verdeutlicht der Artikel den Mehrwert einer Verknüpfung von Media Governance mit dem neuen soziologischen Institutionalismus und schließt mit der Betonung der Potentiale eines theoretisch fundierten Konzepts von Media Governance. [source] The Seven Deadly Sins of Communication ResearchJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2008W. Russell Neuman We analyzed anonymized copies of the complete reviewer comments for 120 recent submissions to the Journal of Communication and attempted to identify the scholarly "sins" and "virtues" most frequently mentioned by the reviewers and most closely associated with the decision to publish the submission. We assessed levels of interreviewer agreement and patterns of evaluation in different subfields of communication scholarship. An explicit connection to a clearly identified theoretical corpus and novel findings or perspectives proved to be the most important predictors of publication. We discuss the ramifications of these findings for the current state of communication research. Résumé Les sept péchés mortels de la recherche en communication Nous avons analysé les copies anonymes des commentaires complets des lecteurs de 120 soumissions récentes au Journal of Communication. Nous avons tenté d'identifier les « péchés » et les « vertus » scientifiques les plus fréquemment mentionnés par les lecteurs et les plus étroitement associés à la décision de publier la soumission. Nous avons évalué les niveaux d'accord inter-lecteurs et jaugé les schémas d'évaluation dans différents sous-domaines de la recherche en communication. Un lien explicite à un corpus théorique clairement identifié et de nouveaux résultats ou perspectives furent les plus importants prédicteurs de publication. Nous commentons les ramifications de ces résultats en ce qui a trait à l'état actuel de la recherche en communication. Abstract Die sieben Todsünden der Kommunikationsforschung Wir analysierten die anonymisierten Reviewer-Kommentare der letzten 120 Einreichungen für das Journal of Communication und versuchten, wissenschaftliche "Sünden" und "Tugenden" zu identifizieren, die von den Reviewern am häufigsten erwähnt wurden und am stärksten mit der Entscheidung der Annahme des Manuskript zur Publikation verbunden waren. Außerdem haben wir das Maß an Übereinstimmung zwischen den Reviewern und Evaluationsmuster in verschiedenen Untergebieten der Kommunikationswissenschaft erhoben. Eine explizite Verknüpfung mit einem klar identifizierten theoretischen Korpus sowie neuartige Ergebnisse oder Perspektiven waren die wichtigsten Prädiktoren für eine Publikation. Wir diskutieren die Konsequenzen dieser Ergebnisse für die aktuelle Kommunikationsforschung. Resumen La Agresión Indirecta en las Películas de Dibujos Animados de Disney Los dibujos de caricaturas para niños han sido documentados como alguno de los programas más violentos de televisión actualmente en el aire, mostrando cerca de 3 veces más que la cantidad de violencia por hora de los programas que no son para niños (Wilson et al., 2002). No obstante, la violencia no es la única forma de agresión en televisión. La agresión indirecta (por ejemplo, el chusmerío, la distribución de rumores, la exclusión social) fue hallada en TV en proporciones que exceden los niveles de violencia corrientes (Coyne & Archer, 2004). A pesar de que la agresión indirecta (también llamada agresión relacional) ha sido examinada en programas populares de TV para adolescentes, no ha sido examinada en programas de TV ó películas para niños. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la frecuencia y la representación de la agresión indirecta en las películas animadas de Disney para niños. En general, las películas de Disney representaron 9.23 veces por hora de agresión indirecta. Cuando el conteo por personaje fue tenido en cuenta, la agresión indirecta fue representada por mujeres y hombres en niveles similares. La agresión indirecta fue representada más probablemente como injustificada y por los personajes "malos". Los personajes "altos en SES" entablaron agresión indirecta con más frecuencia que los "bajos en SES"ó aquellos personajes "de clase media." Comparados con la cantidad de violencia en los programas de TV para niños, la cantidad de agresión indirecta de las películas de Disney fue mucho menor y usualmente representada en formas que no facilitan la imitación. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source] The Seven Deadly Sins of Obesity: How the Modern World is Making us FatNUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 1 2008GradDipDiet, Tim Gill BSc (Hon) [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||