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Sieve Element (sieve + element)
Selected AbstractsLocation of Caspase 3-like Protease in the Development of Sieve Element and Tracheary Element of Stem in Cucurbita moschataJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Xia Hao Abstract The casepase is considered to regulate the process of programmed cell death in the development of organisms. In this study, caspase 3-like protease was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy during the development of sieve element and tracheary element of stem in Cucurbita moschata Duch. Antibody with brown color (under light microscopy) and gold particles (under transmission electron microscopy) for detecting caspase 3-like protease was mainly displayed in inner phloem, external phloem and xylem in the region close to procambium. From the results it was considered that caspase 3-like protease did exist in vascular elements and played different roles during the development of sieve and tracheary elements, and different types of programmed cell death might be carried out. The caspase 3-like protease mainly participated in making cytoplasmic streaming cease and in degrading P-protein bodies; however, it rarely participated in the function for signal transferring in the developmental sieve element. However, it might induce calcium accumulation for rupturing the tonoplast in the signal of PCD in the developmental tracheary element. [source] Electrical penetration graphs of the nymphal stage of Bemisia argentifoliiENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 2 2003Y.X. Jiang Abstract Electrical penetration graph (EPG, DC system) waveforms were recorded from first, second, and third instar Bemisia argentifolii nymphs. Waveforms recorded were similar among the three instars. Four waveforms were recorded and were named C, J, L, and H. Waveform J is new, whereas waveforms C, L, and H of B. argentifolii nymphs were similar to those published previously from greenhouse whitefly nymphs. As in the previous study on greenhouse whitefly nymphs, there was variation in each of waveforms C, L, and H. Waveform C was recorded at an extracellular voltage level, and represents a pathway phase where the stylets penetrate the plant tissue in an intercellular pathway. At the end of waveform C, the voltage dropped to an intracellular level, indicating penetration of a living cell, and the stylet tips then remained in that cell for the rest of the EPG recording, which was sometimes as long as 16 h. Three waveforms (J, L, and H) were recorded during this intracellular phase, beginning with J, a brief (average = 31 s), low amplitude, irregular waveform. J appeared only at the beginning of the intracellular phase, and was followed by either L (five out of eight times) or H (three out of eight times). Waveforms L and H then alternated with one another for the remainder of the intracellular phase. The most conspicuous difference between L and H was the frequency of their voltage fluctuations; L had a lower frequency and H a higher frequency. Usually the shape of waveform L was dominated by voltage peaks in a positive direction, while waveform H was characterized by strong voltage peaks in a negative direction; although some variants of both L and H had distinct voltage peaks in both directions. The electrical origin of both the positive and negative voltage peaks was electromotive force (emf) fluctuation rather than resistance fluctuation. During waveform H, copious amounts of honeydew were produced, indicating that the penetrated cell was a sieve element. We conclude, therefore, that H represents phloem sap ingestion; and because J and L are produced in the same cell as H, then phloem phase is represented by waveforms J, L, and H. The biological correlations for J and L are not yet known. [source] Analysis by DC,EPG of the resistance to Bemisia tabaci on an Mi -tomato lineENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2001Y.X. Jiang Abstract The tomato Mi gene confers resistance to nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and to the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Previous greenhouse choice assays with Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) showed that tomato commercial varieties carrying this gene had significantly lower values of host suitability and whitefly reproduction than varieties lacking Mi. This indicated that Mi, or another gene in its region, could regulate partial resistance. In order to characterise this resistance, probing and feeding behaviour of Bemisia tabaci B-biotype was studied with DC Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique on the near-isogenic tomato lines Moneymaker (without Mi) and Motelle (carrying Mi). Significant differences (P < 0.05) between tomato lines were found in EPG parameters related to epidermis and/or mesophyll tissues. On Motelle, a lower percentage of whiteflies achieved phloem phase and they made more probes before attaining first phloem phase, had a higher ratio (number of probes before first phloem phase)/(total number of probes), had a longer total duration of non-probing time, and a longer time before making the first intracellular puncture and before making the first phloem phase. In contrast, most of the parameters related to phloem phase were found not to differ significantly between these near-isogenic lines. The behavioural data strongly suggest that the partial resistance in the variety Motelle is due to factors in the epidermis and/or mesophyll that inhibit the whiteflies from reaching phloem sieve elements. However, once the stylets reach a sieve element, whitefly behaviour did not differ between the two varieties. Thus, phloem sap of the two varieties appears to be equally acceptable to the whiteflies. Further studies are necessary to provide a better understanding of these mechanisms of resistance to whiteflies in tomatoes. [source] Location of Caspase 3-like Protease in the Development of Sieve Element and Tracheary Element of Stem in Cucurbita moschataJOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2008Xia Hao Abstract The casepase is considered to regulate the process of programmed cell death in the development of organisms. In this study, caspase 3-like protease was detected by immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy during the development of sieve element and tracheary element of stem in Cucurbita moschata Duch. Antibody with brown color (under light microscopy) and gold particles (under transmission electron microscopy) for detecting caspase 3-like protease was mainly displayed in inner phloem, external phloem and xylem in the region close to procambium. From the results it was considered that caspase 3-like protease did exist in vascular elements and played different roles during the development of sieve and tracheary elements, and different types of programmed cell death might be carried out. The caspase 3-like protease mainly participated in making cytoplasmic streaming cease and in degrading P-protein bodies; however, it rarely participated in the function for signal transferring in the developmental sieve element. However, it might induce calcium accumulation for rupturing the tonoplast in the signal of PCD in the developmental tracheary element. [source] Detection of Phytoplasma Infection in Rose, with Degeneration SymptomsJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2001M. Kami In 1998 a severe disease was observed on rose cvs. ,Patina', ,Papillon' and ,Mercedes' cultivated in a commercial greenhouse in Poland. The symptoms included stunted growth, bud proliferation, leaf malformation and deficiency of flower buds. Sporadically some plants yielded flower buds transformed into big-bud structures and degenerated flowers. The presence of phytoplasma in roses with severe symptoms as well as in recovered plants and Catharanthus roseus experimentally infected by grafting and via dodder was demonstrated by nested polymerase chain reaction assay with primers pair R16F2/R2 or R16F1/R0 and R16(I)F1/R1 amplifying phytoplasma 16S rDNA fragment. The polymerase chain reaction products (1.1 kb) used for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis after digestion with endonuclease enzymes AluI and MseI produced the same restriction profiles for all samples. The restriction profiles of phytoplasma DNA from these plants corresponded to those of an aster yellows phytoplasma reference strain. Electron microscope examination of the ultra-thin sections of the stem showed wall thickenings of many sieve tubes of the diseased roses and single phytoplasma cells within a sieve element of the phloem of experimentally infected periwinkles. This paper is the first report on aster yellows phytoplasma in rose identified at a molecular level. Detektion einer Phytoplasma-Infektion bei Rosen mit Degenerationserscheinungen Im Jahr 1998 wurde eine schwere Krankheit bei Rosen der Sorten ,Patina', ,Papillon' und ,Mercedes' festgestellt, die in einem polnischen Gewächshaus für kommerzielle Zwecke kultiviert wurden. Zu den Symptomen gehörten Kümmerwuchs, durchwachsene Knospen, Blattmißbildungen und ein Mangel an Blütenknospen. Einige wenige Pflanzen trugen übergroße Blütenknospen, die degenerierte Blüten hervorbrachten. Die Anwesenheit von Phytoplasmen in Rosen mit starken Symptomen, in erholten Pflanzen und in Catharanthus roseus, der durch Pfropfen und durch Teufelszwirn (Cuscuta) experimentell infiziert worden war, wurde mittels einer genesteten Polymerase-Kettenreaktion mit den Primerpaaren R16F2/R2 oder R16F1/R0 und R16(1)F1/R1 zur Amplifikation des Phytoplasma-16S rDNA-Fragments demonstriert. Die für die Analyse der Restriktionsfragmentlängenpolymorphismen nach Verdau mit den Endonucleasen AluI und MseI verwendeten PCR-Produkte (1,1 kb) produzierten bei allen Proben die gleichen Restriktionsprofile. Die Restriktionsprofile der Phytoplasma-DNA aus diesen Pflanzen entsprachen denjenigen eines Typenstamms eines Asternvergilbung auslösenden Phytoplasmas. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ultradünner Schnitte des Stamms zeigten Wandverdickungen bei zahlreichen Siebröhren der erkrankten Rosen und einzelne Phytoplasmazellen innerhalb eines Siebelements des Phloems experimentell infizierter Immergrün-Pflanzen. Dies ist der erste Bericht über ein auf molekularer Ebene identifiziertes Asternvergilbungs-Phytoplasma bei Rosen. [source] Analysis by DC,EPG of the resistance to Bemisia tabaci on an Mi -tomato lineENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 3 2001Y.X. Jiang Abstract The tomato Mi gene confers resistance to nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., and to the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas). Previous greenhouse choice assays with Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) showed that tomato commercial varieties carrying this gene had significantly lower values of host suitability and whitefly reproduction than varieties lacking Mi. This indicated that Mi, or another gene in its region, could regulate partial resistance. In order to characterise this resistance, probing and feeding behaviour of Bemisia tabaci B-biotype was studied with DC Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique on the near-isogenic tomato lines Moneymaker (without Mi) and Motelle (carrying Mi). Significant differences (P < 0.05) between tomato lines were found in EPG parameters related to epidermis and/or mesophyll tissues. On Motelle, a lower percentage of whiteflies achieved phloem phase and they made more probes before attaining first phloem phase, had a higher ratio (number of probes before first phloem phase)/(total number of probes), had a longer total duration of non-probing time, and a longer time before making the first intracellular puncture and before making the first phloem phase. In contrast, most of the parameters related to phloem phase were found not to differ significantly between these near-isogenic lines. The behavioural data strongly suggest that the partial resistance in the variety Motelle is due to factors in the epidermis and/or mesophyll that inhibit the whiteflies from reaching phloem sieve elements. However, once the stylets reach a sieve element, whitefly behaviour did not differ between the two varieties. Thus, phloem sap of the two varieties appears to be equally acceptable to the whiteflies. Further studies are necessary to provide a better understanding of these mechanisms of resistance to whiteflies in tomatoes. [source] Impact of Elevated PCO2 on Mass Flow of Reduced Nitrogen in Trees,JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 12 2006Xi-Ping Liu Abstract To analyze the effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration (PCO2) on the mass flow of reduced nitrogen (N) in the phloem and xylem of trees, juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were grown in phytotrons and exposed to ambient and elevated PCO2 (plus 687.5 mg/m3 CO2) for three growing seasons. Elevated PCO2 significantly decreased the mass flow of N from the shoot to roots of beech by significantly reducing the concentration of soluble amino compounds in the phloem, even if the area of conductive phloem of cross-sectional bark tissue was significantly increased, because of less callus deposition in the sieve elements. In spruce, the downward mass flow of reduced N also tended to be decreased, similar to that in beech. Resembling findings in the phloem, N mass flow from roots to shoot in both tree species was significantly diminished owing to significantly reduced concentrations of amino compounds in the xylem and a lower transpiration rate. Therefore, the mass flow of reduced N between shoots and roots of trees was mainly governed by the concentrations of soluble amino compounds in the phloem and xylem in relation to the loading of reduced N in both long-distance transport pathways. (Managing editor: Ya-Qin Han) [source] | ||||||||||