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Short Life (short + life)
Terms modified by Short Life Selected AbstractsThe status of research on teleworking and an agenda for future researchINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 2 2001Yehuda Baruch Teleworking is a relatively new mode of alternative work arrangements. During its short life, the study of teleworking gained considerable attention in the literature for both its academic relevance and its practical implications for management. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the developments in this area, studying the nature of teleworking, its antecedents, processes and outcomes. Different models and perspectives are presented and analysed with emphasis shared between both positive and negative aspects. Directions for future research on teleworking issues, as well as recommendations for a new research agenda, are offered within a framework of Why, What and How to explore the future of teleworking. [source] The Effect of Exercise Date Uncertainty on Employee Stock Option ValueJOURNAL OF BUSINESS FINANCE & ACCOUNTING, Issue 5-6 2003Brian A. Maris The IASC recently recommended that employee compensation in the form of stock options be measured at the ,fair value' based on an option pricing model and the value should be recognized in financial statements. This follows adoption of SFAS No. 123 in the United States, which requires firms to estimate the value of employee stock options using either a Black-Scholes or binomial model. Most US firms used the B-S model for their 1996 financial statements. This study assumes that option life follows a Gamma distribution, allowing the variance of option life to be separate from its expected life. The results indicate the adjusted Black-Scholes model could overvalue employee stock options on the grant date by as much as 72 percent for nondividend paying firms and by as much as 84 percent for dividend paying firms. The results further demonstrate the sensitivity of ESO values to the volatility of the expected option life, a parameter that the B-S model or a Poisson process cannot accommodate. The variability of option life has an especially big impact on ESO value for firms whose ESOs have a relatively short life (5 years, for example) and high employee turnover. For such firms, the results indicate a binomial option pricing model is more appropriate for estimating ESO value than the B-S type model. [source] MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THIN-LAYER DRYING OF KIWIFRUIT SLICESJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 2009M DOYMAZ ABSTRACT The effect of temperature on the drying kinetics of kiwifruit was investigated. The drying process was carried out at temperatures of 50, 55 and 60C, air velocity of 2.4 m/s and relative humidity between 10,25%. Drying time decreased considerably with increased air temperature. Drying process took place in the falling rate period. Twelve mathematical models available in the literature were fitted to the experimental data. The models were compared by four statistical parameters; i.e., determination of coefficient, mean relative percent error, reduced chi-square and root mean square error, and the best-fit model was selected. The modified Henderson and Pabis and Verma et al. models were given the best results in describing thin-layer drying of kiwifruits. The effective diffusivity of water during air-drying varied from 1.743 to 2.241 × 10,10 m2/s over the temperature range investigated, with activation energy equal to 22.48 kJ/mol. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Drying can be described as an industrial preservation method in which water content and activity of agricultural products are decreased by heated air to minimize biochemical, chemical and microbiological deterioration. Kiwifruit has a very short life because of softening and vitamin loss during cold storage. The use of drying prolongs the shelf-life of the kiwifruit, as the water content reduction slows down deterioration reactions. In this study, drying characteristics of kiwifruits were studied in a convectional hot-air dryer. The objectives of the present study were to determine experimentally the thin-layer drying characteristics and rehydration capacity of samples, and to fit the experimental data to 12 mathematical models available from the literature. [source] RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WET FOOD FOAMSJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 2 2007B. EDGAR CHÁVEZ-MONTES ABSTRACT Incorporating air bubbles into foods is a technical challenge, and in all cases, the fabrication of a foam goes through a "wet foam" stage, where bubbles are diluted in the food matrix and require stabilization. Sometimes, the end product is itself a wet foam, and a popular example is ice cream. This article describes a study of structural aspects of wet foams, where the continuous phase is a fluid, by means of dynamic rheological tests. The effects of formulation and processing conditions on aerated food foams are studied, and an example is presented for ice cream mix. The incorporation of gas bubbles at volume fractions of 50% or less modifies moderately the bulk rheological properties, and their effect can be predicted by the foam limit case. The continuous phase dominates to a great part the bulk's rheological behavior, and in the case of food systems, it stems from the presence of polysaccharide thickeners. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This work presents an alternative approach to study the rheological properties of short life and difficult-to-sample products, such as wet food foams, in a rheo-reactor. Through the analysis of mechanical properties in oscillatory regime, the structure and stability of wet food foams can be characterized immediately after being fabricated in situ. This work presents new insights on the foaming step of ice cream mix (decoupled from the freezing step), and shows how the mechanical properties are affected by the incorporation ofbubbles, by process conditions and by the presence of thickeners and emulsifiers. This work can be a valuable guide to decide on optimal process and formulation to fabricate wet food foams (e.g., ice cream, aerated desserts) with specific mechanical properties and stability. [source] Too Much, Too Late: The Advocacy Act in OntarioLAW & POLICY, Issue 1 2000Ernie Lightman This paper examines the concept of government-based social advocacy on behalf of vulnerable people in the community. It uses as a case example the Ontario Advocacy Act, a statute that was surrounded by controversy through its short life. The more general question raised is whether the ideas of government-based advocacy are fundamentally conceptually untenable, or whether the fault lay with the specifics of the act and its implementation. As governments globally cut back on social supports for vulnerable people, the need for advocacy and support are self-evident. This paper explores the broader viability of this one, specific type of response. [source] ,A Tiny Little Footnote in History': Conservative Centre ForwardPARLIAMENTARY HISTORY, Issue 2 2010STEPHEN EVANS In May 1985, two years after he had returned to the back benches, Francis Pym launched the first organised display of dissent within the parliamentary Conservative Party against Margaret Thatcher's leadership: Conservative Centre Forward. Those Conservative MPs who joined the group were very much believers in One Nation Conservatism. Conservative Centre Forward survived for barely a week after going public; it rapidly collapsed amid accusations of disloyalty and inept leadership. The group proved to be a short-lived experiment which achieved little of note and exposed those who were involved to widespread ridicule. Yet, it was precisely because Conservative Centre Forward collapsed so quickly and achieved so little that it was significant. In its own way, the short life of the group provided a revealing commentary upon the character of the mid-1980s Conservative Party. It was a party which, on the one hand, was moving inexorably to the right and therefore ever further away from the values of One Nation Conservatism which Conservative Centre Forward espoused. On the other hand, it was a party which was still traditional enough to view open displays of dissent, of whatever magnitude, as a threat to the unity upon which its continued electoral success depended. [source] Otto von Littrow and his spectrographASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 6 2009F. Kerschbaum Abstract This article sketches the short life and major accomplishments of the lesser known Littrow, namely Otto, the son of Karl Ludwig von Littrow and grand-son of Joseph Johann von Littrow, both famous directors of the Vienna Observatory during the 19th century. It turns out that his major accomplishment, a new spectrograph design is still quite relevant today (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Spontaneous intestinal perforation and Candida peritonitis presenting as extensive necrotizing enterocolitisACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 2 2003NJ Robertson Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) has been increasingly reported in very-low-birthweight (VLBW) infants, although it is still less common than necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In around one-third of cases, SIP is associated with systemic candidiasis. We describe a case of SIP and Candida peritonitis in a VLBW infant, which was mistakenly diagnosed as NEC during the infant's short life. At laparotomy, the bowel surface was black and thought to be necrotic. As the infant was thought to have whole-bowel necrosis due to NEC, her condition was deemed incompatible with survival. At postmortem, however, the bowel wall was found to be healthy apart from a very localized patch of necrosis associated with a single perforation. The bowel was covered by a thick, black, serosal exudate consisting of fungal elements from Candida albicans. Conclusion: This case reinforces the fact that a markedly discoloured bowel is not necessarily necrotic and that the discoloration can potentially recover. [source] | |||||||||||||