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Short Discussion (short + discussion)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	75%

Selected Abstracts

International issues in the supply of tobacco: recent changes and implications for alcohol

ADDICTION, Issue 12s4 2000
Frank J. Chaloupka
This paper reviews international issues in the supply of tobacco and tobacco products, including trade liberalization and globalization. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the theoretical foundations for trade and trade restrictions. This is followed by a description of the treatment of tobacco and tobacco products in recent multi-lateral, regional and bilateral trade agreements, as well as a short discussion of the recent globalization of the tobacco industry. Included in this description is a review of the empirical evidence on the impact of trade liberalization on tobacco use. The implications of two recently proposed international agreements - the Multilateral Agreement on Investments and the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control - are then discussed. The paper concludes by summarizing the theoretical and empirical evidence that shows clearly that trade liberalization has significantly increased tobacco use, particularly in low and middle-income countries, and follows this with a discussion of the lessons learned from tobacco for controlling alcohol supply. [source]

The amazing universe of hepatic microstructure,

HEPATOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
Valeer J. Desmet
An informal review is presented by the author of his 50 years of involvement in practice and research in hepatopathology. Some background for the author's attitude and meandering pathway into his professional career serves as introduction to a short discussion of the main topics of his interest and expertise. Histogenesis of liver cancer was the theme of early work for a Ph.D. thesis, the results of which were lost into oblivion due to local rules and circumstances, but were rescued three decades later. His conclusions about the cells of origin of liver cancer remain concordant with the newer concepts in the field after nearly half a century. Studies in the field of chronic hepatitis became a long saga, involving the first classification of this syndrome by "the Gnomes" in 1968, histochemical investigations of viral antigens, lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecules, and a quarter century later, the creation of a new classification presently in use. Cholestasis was a broadening field in diagnostic entities and involved the study of liver lesions, comprising pathways of bile regurgitation (including reversed secretory polarity of hepatocytes) and so-called ductular reaction. The latter topic has a high importance for the various roles it plays in modulating liver tissue of chronic cholestasis into biliary cirrhosis, and as the territory of hepatic progenitor cells, crucial for liver regeneration in adverse conditions and in development of liver cancer. Study of the embryology of intrahepatic bile ducts helped to clarify the strange appearance of the ducts in "ductal plate configuration" in several conditions, including some forms of biliary atresia with poor prognosis and all varieties of fibrocystic bile duct diseases with "ductal plate malformation" as the basic morphologic lesion. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;50:333,344.) [source]

BS14 UPDATE ON IN SITU PROLIFERATIONS OF THE BREAST

ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007
G. C. Harris
This is a pathologist's view of in situ proliferations of the breast, particularly those other than DCIS. The increasing evidence for Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) as a non-obligate precursor, at least in some instances, and the emerging entity of pleomorphic LCIS will be discussed. Columnar cell proliferations including Flat Epithelial Atypia will also be presented with particular emphasis on clinical significance and currently recommended management strategies. A short discussion of other "indeterminate" in situ proliferations will also be included. [source]

Photoconduction in Amorphous Organic Solids

CHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 5 2008
Dirk Hertel Dr.
Abstract Herein, we focus on the principles of photoconduction in random semiconductors,the key processes being optical generation of charge carriers and their subsequent transport. This is not an overview of the current work in this area, but rather a highlight of elementary processes, their involvement in modern devices and a summary of recent developments and achievements. Experimental results and models are discussed briefly to visualize the mechanism of optical charge generation in pure and doped organic solids. We show current limits of models based on the Onsager theory of charge generation. After the introduction of experimental techniques to characterize charge transport, the hopping concept for transport in organic semiconductors is outlined. The peculiarities of the transport of excitons and charges in disorderd organic semiconductors are highlighted. Finally, a short discussion of ultrafast transport and single chain transport completes the review. [source]