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Several Combinations (several + combination)
Selected AbstractsAvoidance tests in site-specific risk assessment,influence of soil properties on the avoidance response of collembola and earthworms,ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 5 2008Tiago Natal-da-Luz Abstract The ability of organisms to avoid contaminated soils can act as an indicator of toxic potential in a particular soil. Based on the escape response of earthworms and Collembola, avoidance tests with these soil organisms have great potential as early screening tools in site-specific assessment. These tests are becoming more common in soil ecotoxicology, because they are ecologically relevant and have a shorter duration time compared with standardized soil toxicity tests. The avoidance response of soil invertebrates, however, can be influenced by the soil properties (e.g., organic matter content and texture) that affect behavior of the test species in the exposure matrix. Such an influence could mask a possible effect of the contaminant. Therefore, the effects of soil properties on performance of test species in the exposure media should be considered during risk assessment of contaminated soils. Avoidance tests with earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and springtails (Folsomia candida) were performed to identify the influence of both organic matter content and texture on the avoidance response of representative soil organisms. Distinct artificial soils were prepared by modifying quantities of the standard artificial soil components described by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development to achieve different organic matter and texture classes. Several combinations of each factor were tested. Results showed that both properties influenced the avoidance response of organisms, which avoided soils with low organic matter content and fine texture. Springtails were less sensitive to changes in these soil constituents compared with earthworms, indicating springtails can be used for site-specific assessments of contaminated soils with a wider range of respective soil properties. [source] Selection of Antiepileptic Drug Polytherapy Based on Mechanisms of Action: The Evidence ReviewedEPILEPSIA, Issue 11 2000Charles L. P. Deckers Summary: Purpose: When monotherapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) fails, combination therapy is tried in an attempt to improve effectiveness by improving efficacy, tolerability, or both. We reviewed the available studies (both animal and human) on AED polytherapy to determine whether AEDs can be selected for combination therapy based on their mechanisms of action, and if so, which combinations are associated with increased effectiveness. Because various designs and methods of analysis were used in these studies, it was also necessary to evaluate the appropriateness of these approaches. Methods: Published papers reporting on AED polytherapy in animals or humans were identified by Medline search and by checking references cited in these papers. Results: Thirty-nine papers were identified reporting on two-drug AED combinations. Several combinations were reported to offer improved effectiveness, but no uniform approach was used in either animal or human studies for the evaluation of pharmacodynamic drug interactions; efficacy was often the only end point. Conclusions: There is evidence that AED polytherapy based on mechanisms of action may enhance effectiveness. In particular, combining a sodium channel blocker with a drug enhancing GABAergic inhibition appears to be advantageous. Combining two GABA mimetic drugs or combining an AMPA antagonist with an NMDA antagonist may enhance efficacy, but tolerability is sometimes reduced. Combining two sodium channel blockers seems less promising. However, given the incomplete knowledge of the pathophysiology of seizures and indeed of the exact mechanisms of action of AEDs, an empirical but rational approach for evaluating AED combinations is of fundamental importance. This would involve appropriate testing of all possible combinations in animal models and subsequent evaluation of advantageous combinations in clinical trials. Testing procedures in animals should include the isobologram method, and the concept of drug load should be the basis of studies in patients with epilepsy. [source] A model of a gp120 V3 peptide in complex with an HIV-neutralizing antibody based on NMR and mutant cycle-derived constraintsFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 3 2000Anat Zvi The 0.5, monoclonal antibody is a very potent strain-specific HIV-neutralizing antibody raised against gp120, the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1. This antibody recognizes the V3 loop of gp120, which is a major neutralizing determinant of the virus. The antibody,peptide interactions, involving aromatic and negatively charged residues of the antibody 0.5,, were studied by NMR and double-mutant cycles. A deuterated V3 peptide and a Fab containing deuterated aromatic amino acids were used to assign these interactions to specific V3 residues and to the amino acid type and specific chain of the antibody by NOE difference spectroscopy. Electrostatic interactions between negatively charged residues of the antibody Fv and peptide residues were studied by mutagenesis of both antibody and peptide residues and double-mutant cycles. Several interactions could be assigned unambiguously: F96(L) of the antibody interacts with Pro13 of the peptide, H52(H) interacts with Ile7, Ile9 and Gln10 and D56(H) interacts with Arg11. The interactions of the light-chain tyrosines with Pro13 and Gly14 could be assigned to either Y30a(L) and Y32(L), respectively, or Y32(L) and Y49(L), respectively. Three heavy-chain tyrosines interact with Ile7, Ile20 and Phe17. Several combinations of assignments involving Y32(H), Y53(H), Y96(H) and Y100a(H) may satisfy the NMR and mutagenesis constraints, and therefore at this stage the interactions of the heavy-chain tyrosines were not taken into account. The unambiguous assignments [F96(L), H52(H) and D56(H)] and the two possible assignments of the light-chain tyrosines were used to dock the peptide into the antibody-combining site. The peptide converges to a unique position within the binding site, with the RGPG loop pointing into the center of the groove formed by the antibody complementary determining regions while retaining the ,-hairpin conformation and the type-VI RGPG turn [Tugarinov, V., Zvi, A., Levy, R. & Anglister, J. (1999) Nat. Struct. Biol.6, 331,335]. [source] INHIBITION OF STALING IN CHAPATI (INDIAN UNLEAVENED FLAT BREAD)JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 3 2008IRSHAD M. SHAIKH ABSTRACT Chapati is an unleavened Indian flat bread made from whole wheat flour usually consumed immediately after preparation as it becomes hard on keeping because of staling. Large-scale mechanized preparation of ready-to-eat chapatis will have to address this problem. Investigations were made to study the effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), glycerol monostearate, propylene glycol, sorbitol, ,-amylase, xylanase, maltodextrin and guar gum when added to chapati dough, on the inhibition of staling in chapatis stored at 29 ± 1C and 4 ± 1C. Chapatis were prepared from whole wheat flour dough containing (salt, 5% oil, appropriate preservatives and the aforementioned additives. Chapatis were packed in self-sealing low-density polyethylene bags and were stored for 10 days at 29 ± 1C and 4 ± 1C. Stored chapatis were analyzed for various staling parameters such as moisture content, texture, water-soluble starch, in vitro enzyme digestibility, enthalpy change (,H) and sensory quality. Staling of chapatis at 29 ± 1C and at 4 ± 1C of storage was inhibited by all additives to different extents; the extent of staling was less at 4 ± 1C. Maltodextrin at 0.3% (w/w) was found to be the most effective. Several combinations of additives were also studied, and the best combination was (100 ppm) + SSL (0.375%) levels. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Chapati, a traditional staple food of Indians, is unleavened flat bread made from whole wheat flour. With rapidly changing lifestyles, changing socio-economic trends and increasing urbanization and consumerism there is a rising demand for convenience foods which require minimum or no preparation time particularly the ready-to-eat (RTE) type of foods. Chapatis are generally baked fresh twice a day for lunch and dinner, and unless eaten immediately after baking, these stale rapidly and become difficult to chew. The most important parameter of chapati quality is its texture. The texture is generally evaluated in terms of tenderness, flexibility and its suitability to be folded into a spoon shape for eating with curried preparation. RTE chapatis are the latest addition to the species of "convenience foods." Keeping this in mind the research was undertaken to improve quality of chapati with the addition of various additives and improvements for the inhibition of staling in chapati. [source] Binocular interaction and performance of visual tasksOPHTHALMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS, Issue 2 2004Maria S. Justo Abstract Binocular vision implies the fusion of the right and left retinal images to perceive a single image. For this, interocular interaction is required. We measured the reaction times to carry out a visual fixation task in order to determine whether binocular interaction influences performance. Several combinations of test and distraction stimuli were monocularly and binocularly presented to one monkey and three human subjects. The overall median reaction times were 340 ms for the animal and 308, 342 and 381 for human subjects 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Reaction time was shorter when the test stimulus was presented binocularly. Moreover, we observed that the presence of a distraction stimulus increased the reaction time and that a correlated distraction stimulus had a greater influence on this increase than an uncorrelated distraction stimulus. These findings indicate that with binocular vision a more rapid performance of a visual task occurs. [source] Development of spray- and freeze-dried high-concentration sesamol emulsions and antioxidant evaluation in fibroblasts and UV-exposed rat skin slicesDRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008Juliana Alencar Abstract Dry sesamol emulsions were synthesized from several combinations of saccharose with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or sodium caseinate (SC) using spray-drying techniques at 120° to 180°C, or freeze-drying. On the basis of physical characteristics such as droplet size distribution, residual moisture, and microscopic structure, the best material was obtained when spray-drying was applied at either 150° or 180°C with SC or HPMC as excipients, respectively. The extent to which the antioxidant properties of free sesamol towards a set of free radicals (galvinoxyl, diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, superoxide, and hydroxyl) were altered in the starting and reconstituted liquid emulsions submitted to normal storage or pre-exposed to a flux hydroxyl radicals was investigated. Emulsions were further evaluated for their antioxidant properties in cultured 3T3 murine fibroblasts and in an ex vivo model of ultraviolet irradiated rat skin. It was found that, in the material having the best physical properties, encapsulation was decisive in: (1) improving the overall antioxidant behavior of reconstituted versus starting liquid emulsions: (2) sparing sesamol consumption due to free radical attack; and (3) significantly protecting cells and skin against free radical- or irradiation-induced enzymatic release and/or lipid peroxidation. Demonstrating a high activity at high dilutions where interactions of excipient become negligible, the new emulsions could be of great interest in sesamol-based pharmacology or topical applications. Drug Dev Res 69:251,266, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Interpreting the smells of predation: how alarm cues and kairomones induce different prey defencesFUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY, Issue 6 2009Nancy M. Schoeppner Summary 1.,For phenotypically plastic organisms to produce phenotypes that are well matched to their environment, they must acquire information about their environment. For inducible defences, cues from damaged prey and cues from predators both have the potential to provide important information, yet we know little about the relative importance of these separate sources of information for behavioural and morphological defences. We also do not know the point during a predation event at which kairomones are produced, i.e. whether they are produced constitutively, during prey attack or during prey digestion. 2.,We exposed leopard frog tadpoles (Rana pipiens) to nine predator cue treatments involving several combinations of cues from damaged conspecifics or heterospecifics, starved predators, predators only chewing prey, predators only digesting prey or predators chewing and digesting prey. 3.,We quantified two behavioural defences. Tadpole hiding behaviour was induced only by cues from crushed tadpoles. Reduced tadpole activity was induced only by cues from predators digesting tadpoles or predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 4.,We also quantified tadpole mass and two size-adjusted morphological traits that are known to be phenotypically plastic. Mass was unaffected by the cue treatments. Relative body length was affected (i.e. there were differences among some treatments), but none of the treatments significantly differed from the no-predator control. Relative tail depth was affected by the treatments and deeper tails were induced only when tadpoles were exposed to cues from predators digesting tadpoles or cues from predators chewing + digesting tadpoles. 5.,These results demonstrate that some prey species can discriminate among a diverse set of potential cues from heterospecific prey, conspecific prey and predators. Moreover, the results illustrate that the cues responsible for the full suite of behavioural and morphological defences are not induced by tadpole crushing nor can they be induced by generalized digestive chemicals produced when predators digest their prey. Instead, both prey damage and predator digestion of conspecific tissues appear to be important for communicating predatory risk to phenotypically plastic anuran prey. Importantly, the production of chemical cues by predators may be unavoidable and prey have evolved the ability to eavesdrop on these signals. [source] Faecal screening of colorectal cancerINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 3 2008A. Loganayagam Summary Aims:, Screening and prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a public health priority. Recent progress in understanding the biology of CRC has lead to possible new approaches to screening. In particular, assay of faecal molecular markers represents a promising non-invasive approach to screening, with improved safety, accuracy and patient compliance. Methods:, MEDLINE/PubMed searches were used to identify key articles relating to faecal-based screening with secondary review of cited publications. Results:, Faecal markers of CRC can be broadly divided into DNA based and non-DNA based. Conclusions:, Faecal occult blood testing for CRC screening has been advocated for decades for its non-invasiveness and low cost. It has exhibited a 15,33% decrease in mortality, despite drawbacks with sensitivity and compliance. Other non-DNA markers have the adequate sensitivity for inflammatory lesions but do not have the required specificity for screening average-risk populations. Faecal DNA testing has the potential to enhance the performance characteristics of stool testing. Because of molecular heterogeneity of cancer, no single DNA marker has yielded adequate sensitivity. Analysis of several combinations of markers in studies have produced high detection rates of both CRC and advanced adenomas in selected patient groups. However, the currently available markers, both non-DNA and DNA, have not yet been validated in large-scale studies screening average -risk population nor have they so far shown the necessary sensitivity and specificity required for large-scale screening programmes. Another major drawback with the DNA-based markers is the cost-effectiveness. Issues regarding implementation and compliance remain unanswered. These critical problems have to be rectified before these techniques can be recommended for large-scale CRC screening. [source] Higher Cost, Lower Validity and Higher Utility: Comparing the Utilities of Two Tests that Differ in Validity, Costs and SelectivityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 2 2000George C. Thornton Traditional approaches to comparing the utility of two tests have not systematically considered the effects of different levels of selectivity that are feasible and appropriate in various selection situations. For example, employers who hope to avoid adverse impact often find they can be more selective with some tests than with others. We conducted two studies to compare the utilities of two tests that differ in costs, validity, and feasible levels of selectivity which can be employed. First, an analytical solution was conducted starting with a standard formula for utility. This analysis showed that for both fixed and variable hiring costs, a higher-cost, lower-validity procedure can have higher utility than a lower-cost, higher-validity procedure when the selection ratios permissible using the two procedures are sufficiently (yet realistically) different. Second, using a computer simulation method, several combinations of the critical variables were varied systematically to detect the limits of this effect in a finite set of specific selection situations. The results showed that the existence of more severe levels of adverse impact greatly reduced the utility of a written test with relatively high validity and low cost in comparison with an assessment center with lower validity and higher cost. Both studies showed that the consideration of selectivity can yield surprising conclusions about the comparative utility of two tests. Even if one test has lower validity and higher cost than a second test, the first may yield higher utility if it allows the organization to exercise stricter levels of selectivity. [source] Evaluation of semiochemicals potentially synergistic to ,-pinene for trapping the larger European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae)JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 9-10 2004T. M. Poland Abstract:, The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) is an exotic pest of pine, Pinus spp., in North America. It is attracted strongly to host volatiles (±)- , -pinene, (+)-3-carene, and , -terpinolene. Attraction to insect-produced compounds is less clear. Other potential attractants include trans -verbenol, myrtenol, myrtenal, nonanal and , -pinene oxide. We conducted a series of field experiments to determine if any of these compounds would increase attraction of T. piniperda to , -pinene, either individually or in various combinations. None of the individual compounds increased attraction. Although several combinations that included trans -verbenol, nonanal, myrtenol, or myrtenal increased attraction, results were variable between experiments. [source] New Approach to Biphasic Waveforms for Internal Defibrillation:JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 8 2000Fully Discharging Capacitors Internal Defibrillation with Fully Discharging Capacitors. Introduction: The use of two independent, fully discharging capacitors for each phase of a biphasic defibrillation waveform may lead to the design of a simpler, smaller, internal defibrillator. The goal of this study was to determine the optimal combination of capacitor sizes for such a waveform. Methods and Results: Eight full-discharge (95/95% tilt), biphasic waveforms produced by several combinations of phase-1 capacitors (30, 60, and 90 ,F) and phase-2 capacitors (1/3, 2/3, and 1.0 times the phase-1 capacitor) were tested and compared to a single-capacitor waveform (120 ,F, 65/65% tilt) in a pig ventricular fibrillation model (n = 12, 23 ± 2 kg). In the full-discharge waveforms, phase-2 peak voltage was equal to phase-1 peak voltage. Shocks were delivered between a right ventricular lead and a left pectoral can electrode. E50s and V50s were determined using a ten-step Bayesian process. Full-discharge waveforms with phase-2 capacitors of ,40 ,F had the same E50 (6.7 ± 1.7 J to 7.3 ± 3.9 J) as the single-capacitor truncated waveform (7.3 ± 3.7 J), whereas waveforms with phase-2 capacitors of ,60 ,F had an extremely high E50 (14.5 ± 10.8 J or greater, P < 0.05). Moreover, of the former set of energy-efficient waveforms, those with phase-1 capacitors of ,60 ,F additionally exhibited V50s that were equivalent to the V50 of the single-capacitor waveform (344 ± 65 V to 407 ± 50 V vs 339 ± 83 V). Conclusion: Defibrillation efficacy can be maintained in a full-discharge, two-capacitor waveform with the proper choice of capacitors. [source] Impact of advanced exercise ECG analysis on cost of coronary artery disease managementJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 4 2010Riccardo Bigi PhD Abstract Background, Conventional analysis of exercise electrocardiogram (EX-ECG) has limited accuracy. This study aims to evaluate the potential impact of improving EX-ECG accuracy on costs of diagnosis and number of misdiagnoses of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods, A decision-tree model was simulated including sequential application of diagnostic procedures for suspected CAD. The model was structured in two main branches (presence or absence of CAD). A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was then performed for several combinations of improvement in test sensitivity and specificity. Results, A clear trend in cost reduction was observed at improving EX-ECG specificity (about 8,8.5 million dollars, corresponding to a 5.6,7.6% reduction according to the prevalence level). Wrong diagnoses counted for 9,13% of test. Improvements in test parameters lead to reductions in wrong diagnoses, especially when increasing specificity (8.8,12.5%). Conclusions, A proper improvement in EX-ECG sensitivity and specificity would have a relevant impact on the costs of CAD management, while reducing the number of misdiagnoses. [source] Ausstattung von Klassenräumen mit Einrichtungen zum Temperieren, Lüften und BelichtenBAUPHYSIK, Issue 3 2009Gruppenleiterin Raumklimaqualität Runa Tabea Hellwig Dr.-Ing. Bauphysik allgemein; Energieeinsparung Abstract Fast alle Schulräume werden in Deutschland ausschließlich über Fenster mit Außenluft versorgt. Messungen haben gezeigt, dass die Belüftung der Schulräume vor allem in der kalten Jahreszeit unzureichend ist. Hybride Lüftungssysteme mit einer automatischen Unterstützung der Fensterlüftung könnten eine Möglichkeit bieten, die Häufigkeit schlechter Innenluftqualität in Schulen zu minimieren. Hierbei ist die Anordnung der dezentralen Zuluftöffnungen in den Fassaden eine der kritischsten Systemkomponenten, und es besteht gerade bei Schulgebäuden weiterer Untersuchungs- und Optimierungsbedarf. Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie geförderten Verbund- projektes "Heizenergieeinsparung, thermische Behaglichkeit und gute Luftqualität in Schulgebäuden durch hybride Lüftungstechnik" werden die Eigenschaften von Klassenräumen im Landkreis Miesbach bezüglich der Temperierung, Belüftung und Belichtung aufgenommen. Die Begehung von 22 Schulen im Landkreis Miesbach ermöglicht für einen gesamten Landkreis die Bewertung der baulichen Gegebenheiten, welche die raumklimatischen Verhältnisse entscheidend beeinflussen. Die Belegungsdichte der Klassenräume im Landkreis Miesbach ist eher als normal bis gering einzustufen, da in ca. 80 % der Räume der Mindestwert von 2 m2 je Schüler eingehalten wird. 88 % der untersuchten Räume weisen eine mittlere bis hohe thermische Masse auf. Die meisten Klassenräume im Landkreis haben einen Fensterflächenanteil von 30 bis 60 %. Etwa 50 % der Räume besitzen keinen Sonnenschutz. Der bauliche sommerliche Wärmeschutz muss überwiegend als unzureichend bewertet werden. Etwa zwei Drittel der Klassenräume weisen eine gute bis mittlere Tageslichtversorgung auf. Die Klassenräume werden über Fenster belüftet. Die Fassaden besitzen vielfältige Öffnungsmöglichkeiten, wobei Drehkippflügel und Schwingflügel am häufigsten angetroffen werden. Equipment of classrooms with systems for maintaining temperature, for ventilation and for illumination. Most German classrooms are not equipped with mechanical ventilation systems. Natural ventilation controlled by the occupants opening the windows is the main way to provide fresh air. Measurements in real classrooms showed that the ventilation especially in cold season is insufficient. Hydrid ventilation systems with automatically controlled windows might reduce the prevalence of high carbon dioxide concentration inside the classrooms. The position of the air supply opening in the façade is the most sensible design task. There is still a big potential for optimization. In the frame of the project "Energy saving, thermal comfort and good indoor air quality in schools using hybrid ventilation" supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Technology the properties of classrooms in the county Miesbach/Germany regarding thermal comfort, ventilation and illumination were collected. In sum data of 106 classrooms in 22 schools were collected. The density of persons is normal to low. Approximately 80% of the rooms offer at least 2 or more square meter per pupil. 88% of the investigated classrooms are built with medium or high thermal mass. The glazed facade area is between 30 and 60% for most of the classrooms. 50% of the classrooms do not have any sun shading device. The summer overheating protection by passive means is insufficient. Two thirds of the classrooms offer a good to acceptable daylight condition. The classrooms are ventilated by opening the windows. There are different opening types of the windows and several combinations of the types in the façades. Tilt and turn windows and the horizontally pivot-hung type are the most prevalent types. [source] Validity of non-mydriatic cameras for screening and follow-up in diabetic retinopathyACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2007J IBANEZ Purpose: To determine the validity of a non-mydriatic camera for screening and grading diabetic retinopathy (DR). To establish the number of photographs and the field width needed for a correct DR follow-up. Methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was carried out to assess the validity of the non-mydriatic Topcon TRC-NW6S retinograph. Validity proportions were calculated. Kappa analysis was made to determine the agreement with conventional fundoscopy exploration performed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal biomicroscopy. One 45º single-field non-mydriatic digital photograph was taken in 82 eyes for DR screening. For DR grading, several combinations of retinal fields were photographed in 247 eyes, first without pupillary dilatation and later with mydriasis. Results: In DR screening, 88.2% sensitivity and 96.9% specificity were obtained, where 9% of the tests were invalid. In DR grading diagnosis, the kappa analysis showed close agreement (k>0.8) based on at least two 45º photographs with mydriasis. However, when attempting to detect macular edema (ME), the maximum kappa statistic obtained did not go above 0.71, showing 67% maximum sensitivity. The sensitivity for detecting derivable DR was similar to that obtained with indirect ophthalmoscopy (94-98%). Conclusions: The non-mydriatic retinograph is a valid instrument for DR screening only when taking one 45º non-mydriatic photograph per eye. However, given that the sensitivity for proliferative DR (PDR) was worse, when grading DR, we would recommend obtaining nine retinal photographs (mosaic) with mydriasis. Used in this way, the apparatus is extremely useful for detecting derivable DR cases. [source] Co-Metal-Free Enantioselective Conjugate Addition Reactions of Zinc ReagentsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 36 2008Sefer Ay Dipl.-Chem. Abstract Asymmetric conjugate addition of diethylzinc to cinnamaldehyde in a co-metal-free fashion by using N,O-ligands with planar and central chirality is described. Different modulations of the ligand structure, including several combinations of the chiral units, indicate that a [2.2]paracyclophane backbone is essential for the activity and the enantioselectivity of the generated active catalyst. By using the optimized ligand, an isolated yield of 90,% was obtained with up to 99,%,ee. [source] | ||||||||||||||||