Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Settlers
Kinds of Settlers Selected AbstractsColonial Networks, Australian Humanitarianism and the History WarsGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2006ALAN LESTER Abstract The ,History Wars' have brought contests among Britons over the colonisation of Aboriginal land and people to the forefront of public consciousness in Australia. These contests, however, were the result of trajectories that criss-crossed British imperial spaces, connecting Australia with other settler colonies and the British metropole. A number of historians and historical geographers have recently employed the notion of the network to highlight the interconnected geographies of the British Empire. This paper begins by examining the utility of such a re-conceptualisation. It then fleshes out empirically the networked nature of early nineteenth century humanitarianism in colonial New South Wales. Both the relatively progressive potential of this humanitarian network, and its complicity in an ethnocentric politics of assimilationism are analysed. Settler networks, developed as a counter to humanitarian influence in the colony, are also examined more briefly. This account of contested networks demonstrates that they were never simply about communication, but always, fundamentally, about the organisation and contestation of dispossessive trajectories that linked diverse colonial and metropolitan sites. The paper concludes by noting some of the implications of such a networked analysis of dispossession and assimilation for Australia's ,History Wars'. [source] The Psychodynamics of Australian Settler,Nationalism: Assimilating or Reconciling With the Aborigines?POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Anthony Moran Settler,nationalism is a form of nationalism that must face specific cultural dilemmas as a result of the dispossession of indigenous peoples. Since the Second World War, Australia has attempted to come to terms with its past of dispossession and to find ways to incorporate Aborigines within national imaginings, and within the nation itself. This paper argues that there are two modes of settler,nationalism,termed assimilationist and indigenizing,that compete to organize the national reality, including relations between the settler and indigenous populations. Kleinian object relations theory is drawn upon to delineate the emotional structures of the two modes of nationalism. Implications for indigenous rights, in particular for Aboriginal land rights, are examined. [source] Migrants, Settlers and Colonists: The Biopolitics of Displaced BodiesINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 5 2008Cristiana Bastos All through the nineteenth century, Madeirans migrated from their Atlantic island to places as remote as Hawaii, California, Guyana and, later, South Africa. Scarcity of land, a rigid social structure, periodic famines and rampant poverty made many embark to uncertain destinies and endure the harsh labour conditions of sugarcane plantations. In the 1880s, a few hundred Madeirans engaged in a different venture: an experience of "engineered migration" sponsored by the Portuguese government to colonize the southern Angola plateau. White settlements, together with military control, scientific surveys and expeditions, contributed to strengthen the claims of European nations over specific territories in Africa. At that time, the long lasting claims of Portugal over African territories were not matched by sponsored colonial settlements or precise geographic knowledge about the claimed lands. There was little else representing Portugal than the leftover structures of the slave trade, the penal colonies and the free-lance merchants that ventured inland. In fear of losing land to the neighbouring German, Boer and British groups in south-western Africa, the Portuguese government tried then to promote white settlements by attracting farmers from the mainland into the southern plateau of Angola. As very few responded to the call, the settlement consisted mostly of Madeiran islanders, who were eager to migrate anywhere and took the adventure of Angola as just another destiny out of the island where they could not make a living. Their bodies and actions in the new place became highly surveilled by the medical delegates in charge of assessing their adaptation. The reports document what were then the idealized biopolitics of migration and colonization, interweaving biomedical knowledge and political power over displaced bodies and colonized land. At the same time, those records document the frustrations of the administration about the difficulties of the settlement experience and the ways in which colonial delegates blamed their failure on the very subjects who enacted and suffered through it. The eugenicism and racialism that pervade those writings, a currency during the age of empire, may now be out of taste both in science and in politics; however, they are not fully out of sight, and the subtle entrance of social prejudice into the hard concepts of biomedical science is still with us. Learning from this example may help analysing contemporary processes of medicalizing diversity or pathologizing the mobile populations, or, in other words, the biopolitics of migration in the 21st century. [source] Colonial Memory and Postcolonial Europe: Maltese Settlers in Algeria and France by Andrea L. SmithAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2009MARA A. LEICHTMAN No abstract is available for this article. [source] Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin against the Settlers: A Stakeholder AnalysisPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 2 2007Israel Drori This case study considers how a minority stakeholder group of Israeli settlers blocked Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin's peace initiatives. Drawing on interviews with those who served in Rabin's administration and with the settlers' leaders, this article contends that the prime minister's use of adversarial public rhetoric against the settlers denied the legitimacy of an influential stakeholder group, triggering a backlash of intense militancy from the right-wing minority. This, coupled with Rabin's failure to deal with opposing coalitions, diminished his capacity to implement "land for peace" initiatives. The case illustrates a leader's failure to maintain adequate forms of engagement with key stakeholders. The accompanying analysis demonstrates that stakeholder theories, though incomplete in their existing forms, can still illuminate the high risk and ineffectiveness of denying the legitimacy of stakeholder groups and the strategic importance of maintaining channels of flexible negotiation and cooperation with seemingly marginal groups when high-stakes rivalries are likely to ensue. [source] Possessing the Pacific: Land, Settlers, and Indigenous People from Australia to Alaska , By Stuart BannerTHE HISTORIAN, Issue 1 2010Sandra Wagner-Wright No abstract is available for this article. [source] Regulation of space in the contemporary postcolonial Pacific city: Port Moresby and SuvaASIA PACIFIC VIEWPOINT, Issue 3 2003John Connell Abstract:,National development problems in the weak states of Papua New Guinea and Fiji have resulted in external intervention. However neo-liberal development strategies have not resolved development problems and may have further weakened state structures. In both capital cities rural-urban migration, rising urban unemployment, and the expansion of squatter settlements and the informal sector have all continued in recent years. The numbers of beggars, street kids and prostitutes have increased, as has domestic violence and crime. Governments have opposed all these trends, by regulation and intolerance, violence, routine repression and eviction, rather than by pro-poor policies. Settlers, prostitutes, beggars, street kids and market vendors have been evicted and moved on, on the ideological premise that that their true place is in rural areas, and that their urban presence challenges and threatens notions of urban order. Moral regulation, social exclusion and moral panic have divided ,good citizens' from marginal and possibly criminal others, intensifying social divisions within the cities. Sustainable urban development has proved difficult to achieve. [source] Long-term stability of biological denitrification process for high strength nitrate removal from wastewater of uranium industryENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2008Prashant M. Biradar Abstract The aim of the present study was to biologically denitrify uranium nitrate raffinate (UNR) from nuclear industry, which is a principle source of high strength nitrate waste. To denitrify the high nitrate waste, a pilot-scale continuous stirred tank reactor was designed with two inbuilt settlers. Acclimatization of mixed culture with synthetic waste was carried out prior to the inoculation of the acclimatized sludge into the reactor. Initial concentration of nitrate in uranium raffinate was 77,000 mg/L NO3. It was diluted and used as a feed to the reactor. Concentration of nitrate in feed was increased gradually from 10,000 mg/L NO3 to 40,000 mg/L NO3 with hydraulic retention time (HRT) maintained at 34.4 h. Complete denitrification of 40,000 mg/L NO3 was achieved in a specified HRT. To facilitate understanding of the treatablity and long-term stability of biological denitrification of UNR, study was carried out for 211 days by periodical perturbation of the system. Furthermore, to find the volume ratio of reactor to settler required for the full-scale design of the denitrification plant, settling of acclimatized sludge was carried out. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008 [source] Cornish identities and migration: a multi-scalar approachGLOBAL NETWORKS, Issue 3 2007BERNARD DEACON Abstract In this article we argue that theories of transnationalism have value in exploring the historical context of migration and that historical contexts help to shape such theoretical conceptualizations. Historians of migration have now begun to engage more directly with the literature of transnationalism, focusing on the networks that linked settler and home communities. Here we add to this by examining a nineteenth-century migrant community from a British region through the lens of transnationalism, applying the concept to the case of the Cornish, whose economic specialization produced culturally distinct Cornish communities on the mining frontiers of North America, Australia and South Africa. In doing so, we bring together the issues of scale and time. We review the multiple levels of the Cornish transnational space of the late nineteenth century, which exhibited aspects of both core transnationalism and translocalism. This waned, but in the later twentieth century, a renewed interest in a transnational Cornish identity re-emerged, articulating with changing identity claims in Cornwall itself. To capture better the experience of the Cornish over these two very different phases of transnationalism we identify another subset of transnationalism - that of transregionalism. [source] Treatment of Fenton-refractory olive oil mill wastes by electrochemical oxidation with boron-doped diamond anodesJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 8 2006Pablo Cañizares Abstract In this work, the electrochemical oxidation of an actual industrial waste with conductive diamond anodes has been studied. The wastewater is the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant consisting of a Fenton reactor followed by a settler and a sand filter, in which the wastes generated in an olive oil mill are treated. These wastes contain a residual chemical oxygen demand of nearly 700 mg dm,3 which cannot be further oxidized with the Fenton process. The electrolyses were carried out under galvanostatic conditions, using a bench-scale plant equipped with a single-compartment electrochemical flow cell. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) and stainless steel (AISI 304) were use as anode and cathode of the cell, respectively. The complete mineralization of the waste was obtained with high current efficiencies limited only by mass transport processes. This confirms that besides the hydroxyl radical-mediated oxidation that occurs in the Fenton process, the electrochemical oxidation with conductive diamond electrodes combines other important oxidation processes such as direct electro-oxidation on the BDD surface and oxidation mediated by other electrochemically formed compounds generated in this electrode. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] The ,reversal of fortune' thesis and the compression of history: Perspectives from African and comparative economic history,JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2008Gareth Austin Abstract Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson have dramatically challenged the tendency of economists to confine their empirical search for the causes of economic growth to the recent past. They argue that the kind of institutions established by European colonialists, either protecting private property or extracting rents, resulted in the poorer parts of the pre-colonial world becoming some of the richest economies of today; while transforming some of the more prosperous parts of the non-European world of 1500 into the poorest economies today. This view has been further elaborated for Africa by Nunn, with reference to slave trading. Drawing on African and comparative economic historiography, the present paper endorses the importance of examining growth theories against long-term history: revealing relationships that recur because the situations are similar, as well as because of path dependence as such. But it also argues that the causal relationships involved are more differentiated than is recognised in AJR's formulations. By compressing different historical periods and paths, the ,reversal' thesis over-simplifies the causation. Relatively low labour productivity was a premise of the external slave trades; though the latter greatly reinforced the relative poverty of many Sub-Saharan economies. Again, it is important to distinguish settler and non-settler economies within colonial Africa itself. In the latter case it was in the interests of colonial regimes to support, rather than simply extract from, African economic enterprise. Finally, economic rent and economic growth have often been joint products, including in pre-colonial and colonial Africa; the kinds of institutions that favoured economic growth in certain historical contexts were not necessarily optimal for that purpose in others. AJR have done much to bring development economics and economic history together. The next step is a more flexible conceptual framework, and a more complex explanation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Psychodynamics of Australian Settler,Nationalism: Assimilating or Reconciling With the Aborigines?POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Anthony Moran Settler,nationalism is a form of nationalism that must face specific cultural dilemmas as a result of the dispossession of indigenous peoples. Since the Second World War, Australia has attempted to come to terms with its past of dispossession and to find ways to incorporate Aborigines within national imaginings, and within the nation itself. This paper argues that there are two modes of settler,nationalism,termed assimilationist and indigenizing,that compete to organize the national reality, including relations between the settler and indigenous populations. Kleinian object relations theory is drawn upon to delineate the emotional structures of the two modes of nationalism. Implications for indigenous rights, in particular for Aboriginal land rights, are examined. [source] Traditions of Australian governancePUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 1 2003John Wanna Australia's traditions of governance tend to be pragmatic and to blend different ideologies. Its traditions are less dependent on political party ideologies, and more on competing conceptions of the significant problems and the way that they should be addressed. In this article we identify five principal traditions, namely: settler,state developmentalism; civilizing capitalism; the development of a social,liberal constitutional tradition; traditions of federalism; and the exclusiveness/ inclusiveness of the state and society. These traditions have been robust and have developed over time. We show how political actors operating from within this plurality of traditions have understood the public sector and how their understandings have led to changes in the way the public sector is structured. [source] A new effective combination of a thin-film extractor and gravity setterTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2001Yuli Berman Abstract Previous and present studies demonstrate that the new thin-film extractor with the gravity settler have superior performance over other conventional devices. This is because the volume of the extractor and the settler are significantly reduced, on the average, by factors of 100 and 10, respectively, for a similar power input. Correlations for a water-iodine-kerosene liquid system developed in the past (Berman and Tamir, 2000) for the mass transfer and pressure drop were modified by incorporating the ratio R/Rr This ratio takes into account the impact of the liquids on the walls of the reactor where R is the radius of the free film and Rr is the radius of the reactor. In addition, an equation was proposed, which demonstrates the dependence of the extraction efficiency on the operating parameters. The gravity settler combined with the thin-film extractor was tested thoroughly yielding two correlations for estimating its height, i.e. the fluidized-bed and dense-packed zones. In the present case the sedimentation zone is absent. A scale up procedure based on the model developed is proposed as well as a principle scheme of a pilot plant based on the new effective combination Les études antérieures tout comme la présente étude démontrent que le nouvel extracteur à film mince combiné à un séparateur gravitaire a une performance supérieure par rapport à d'autres systèmes conventionnels. Cela est dû au fait que les volumes de l'extracteur et du sédimenteur sont largement réduit, en moyenne, d'un facteur 100 et 10 respectivement, pour une alimentation énergétique comparable. En introduisant le rapport R/Rr on a modifié des corrélations pour un système liquide eau-iode-kérosène déjà établies (Berman et Tamir, 2000) pour le transfert de matière et la perte de charge. Ce rapport tient compte de l'impact des liquides sur les parois du réacteur, où R est le rayon du film libre et Rr le rayon du réacteur. De plus, une équation est proposée, qui démontre que l'efficacité d'extraction dépend des paramètres de fonctionnement. Le séparateur gravitaire combiné à l'extracteur à film mince a été testé en profondeur, ce qui a conduit à deux corrélations pour estimer sa hauteur, c'est-à-dire les zones lit fluidisé et garnie-dense. Dans le cas présent, la zone de sédimentation est absente. Une mise à l'échelle est proposée d'après le modèle élaboré ainsi qu'un schéma de principe d'une usine pilote à partir de cette nouvelle combinaison efficace. [source] Fractionation of nylon fibres using a vertical settlerTHE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2000Joyce X. Chen Abstract Based on theoretical analysis, a continuous vertical settler was found capable of fractionating fibres according to their length. Fractionation experiments confirm the theoretical predictions. Under the extreme dilution used in this study, there was no effect of feed consistency. The performance of fibre fractionation decreased with an increase in the overflow stream flow rate. Fibre fractionation performance improved for a larger fibre diameter. A theoretical model was developed to simulate fractionation in the continuous vertical settler and it agrees fairly well with the experimental results. Selon l'analyse théorique, un décanteur vertical continu s'avère capable de fractionner des fibres en fonction de leur longueur. Les expériences de fractionnement confirment les prédictions théoriques. Dans les conditions de dilution extr,mes utilisées dans cette étude, la consistance de l'alimentation n'a pas d'effet. La performance du fractionnement des fibres diminue avec l'augmentation du débit du courant de surverse. La performance du fractionnement de fibres s'améliore pour un diamètre de fibres plus large. On a mis au point un modèle théorique afin de simuler le fractionnement dans un décanteur vertical continu, et ce modèle montre un assez bon accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. [source] Design and application of a membrane bioreactor unit to upgrade and enhance the required performance of an installed wastewater treatment plantASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2010Teresa Castelo-Grande Abstract Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are nowadays common solutions to improve the quality of streams and soils. However, there are still many issues required to be solved within these plants. We were commissioned to redesign a WWTP in Amarante, Portugal, which was not working properly. Among the several units we have designed, there is a membrane bioreactor representing one of the main units of this remodelled WWTP. The biological treatment stage at the upgraded WWTP will take place in the remodelled primary and secondary settlers and in the remodelled and improved biological reactor. Hence, the primary settler is readapted in such a way that it functions as the anoxic area of the biological treatment, while the aerobic treatment will be sequentially performed at the remodelled biological reactor and at the actual secondary settler. Membrane treatment will be performed by using ultrafiltration membranes. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Robust control of the activated sludge processBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 3 2009R. David Abstract In this work, a robust control strategy is proposed for maintaining the oxygen concentration in the aerobic tank and the pollutant, i.e., ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, concentrations at acceptable levels in the effluent water at the outlet of the activated sludge process. To this end, the Activated Sludge Model no. 1 (ASM1) is first reduced using biological arguments and a singular perturbation method, and a simplified model of the secondary settler is included. In contrast with previous studies that make use of piecewise linear models, an average operating point is evaluated using available data (here data from the COST Action 624) and the reduced-order model is linearized around it using standard techniques. Finally, a H2 robust control strategy acting on the oxygen injection and the recirculated flow rate is designed and tested in simulation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source] Environmental Narratives on Protection and Production: Nature-based Conflicts in R7iacute;o San Juan, NicaraguaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2000Anja Nygren This article focuses on local processes and global forces in the struggle over the fate of forests and over the contested claims of protection and production in a protected area buffer zone of Río San Juan, Nicaragua. The struggle over control of local natural resources is seen as a multifaceted process of development and power involving diverse social actors, from agrarian politicians and development agents to a heterogeneous group of local settlers, absentee cattle raisers, timber dealers, transnational corporations, and non-governmental organizations. The initial interest is in the local resource-related discourses and actions; the analysis then broadens to include the larger political-economic processes and environment-development discourses that affect the local systems of production and systems of signification. The article underlines environmental resource conflicts as one of the major challenges in subjecting structures of social power to critical analysis. [source] Influence of settlement time, human population, park shape and age, visitation and roads on the number of alien plant species in protected areas in the USADIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS, Issue 6 2002Michael L. McKinney Abstract. I examined a data set of 77 protected areas in the USA (including national and state parks) to determine which of the following variables most strongly influence alien plant species richness: park area, climate (temperature and precipitation), native species richness, visitation rate, local human population size, total road length, park shape and duration of European settlement. Many of these predictor variables are intercorrelated, so I used multiple regression to help separate their effects. In support of previous studies, native species richness was the best single predictor of alien species richness, probably because it was a good estimator of both park area and habitat diversity available for establishment of alien species. Other significant predictors of alien species richness were years of occupation of the area by European settlers and the human population size of adjacent counties. Climate, visitation rate, road length and park shape did not influence alien species richness. The proportion of alien species (alien richness/native richness) is inversely related to park area, in agreement with a previous study. By identifying which variables are most important in determining alien species richness, such findings suggest ways to reduce alien species establishment. [source] Settling the kings' lands: aprisio in Catalonia in perspectiveEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 3 2010Jonathan Jarrett Important aspects of social history can sometimes be lost in legalisms. A long debate, recently continued in EME, has studied the right of aprisio claimed by those who took over wasteland on the frontier of the future Catalonia. This paper argues that previous treatments of the term have conflated many separate factors and misunderstood what aprisio actually was in practice. When studied at ground level it seems that, despite the role given to immigrant settlers by historians, landholders by aprisio need not have been newcomers, but locals using new rules for otherwise normal land clearances. [source] Between court and counts: Carolingian Catalonia and the aprisio grant, 778,897EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE, Issue 1 2002Cullen J. Chandler In the late eighth century, Charlemagne issued a new kind of land grant in Septimania and the Spanish March to refugees fleeing Muslim Spain. This grant, the aprisio, was made from fiscal land in deserted areas and included special rights and immunities. Previous scholars have interpreted the aprisio in economic and military terms as a mechanism to entice settlers to the region in order to make the land productive and to provide warriors to defend the Frankish frontier. This article suggests that political concerns also may have played an important role, arguing that the aprisio grant was an attempt by Carolingian kings to limit the power exercised by very powerful marcher counts. [source] Long-term stability of biological denitrification process for high strength nitrate removal from wastewater of uranium industryENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 3 2008Prashant M. Biradar Abstract The aim of the present study was to biologically denitrify uranium nitrate raffinate (UNR) from nuclear industry, which is a principle source of high strength nitrate waste. To denitrify the high nitrate waste, a pilot-scale continuous stirred tank reactor was designed with two inbuilt settlers. Acclimatization of mixed culture with synthetic waste was carried out prior to the inoculation of the acclimatized sludge into the reactor. Initial concentration of nitrate in uranium raffinate was 77,000 mg/L NO3. It was diluted and used as a feed to the reactor. Concentration of nitrate in feed was increased gradually from 10,000 mg/L NO3 to 40,000 mg/L NO3 with hydraulic retention time (HRT) maintained at 34.4 h. Complete denitrification of 40,000 mg/L NO3 was achieved in a specified HRT. To facilitate understanding of the treatablity and long-term stability of biological denitrification of UNR, study was carried out for 211 days by periodical perturbation of the system. Furthermore, to find the volume ratio of reactor to settler required for the full-scale design of the denitrification plant, settling of acclimatized sludge was carried out. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008 [source] Single and multigrain quartz-luminescence dating of irrigation-channel features in Santa Fe, New MexicoGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2009Glenn W. Berger Acequias (irrigation channels and ditches) were used by Spanish settlers, their descendants, and Native Americans in New Mexico. Several such features were recently excavated in Santa Fe, but material for numeric dating was difficult to find. Therefore, for this high-energy-deposition irrigation-feature setting we applied optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sediment dating methods to determine the timing of last filling of some of these acequias. We report multigrain single-aliquot quartz (MGSAQ) OSL dating results and the first single-grain quartz (SGQ) OSL dating results for irrigation features. One sample yielded an average age of 96 ± 13 yr, consistent with the maximum expected age of 127 yr (before 2007). An OSL age of 175 ± 15 yr for another sample delimits a sedimentation event since the first construction of that feature ca. 300 yr ago. A sample known to be younger than 400,450 yr but predating the mid-19th century gave an SGQ age of 376 ±31 yr. These results indicate that: (1) Regional quartz in New Mexico is highly favorable to OSL dating; (2) in this setting, SGQ OSL dating is preferred to MGSAQ dating; and (3) for the last 500,600 yr, SGQ OSL dating in such settings is preferred to 14C dating because OSL dating lacks those ambiguities inherent in converting 14C ages to calendar years. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Wadi Bakht revisited: Holocene climate change and prehistoric occupation in the Gilf Kebir region of the Eastern Sahara, SW EgyptGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 8 2004Jörg Linstädter Geoarchaeological and chronological evidence from the remote Gilf Kebir Plateau in southwest Egypt suggests a new model for the influence of early and mid-Holocene precipitation regimes on land-use strategies of prehistoric settlers in what is now the center of the largest hyperarid area on earth. We hypothesize that the quantitatively higher, daytime, monsoon summer rainfall characteristic of the early Holocene (9300,5400 14C yr B.P./8400,4300 yr B.C.) resulted in less grass growth on the plateau compared to the winter rains that presumably fell in the cool nights during the terminal phase of the Holocene pluvial (5400,4500 yr B.P./4300,3300 yr B.C.). The unparalleled climatic transition at 5400 yr B.P. (4300 yr B.C.) caused a fundamental environmental change that resulted in different patterns of human behavior, economy, and land use in the canyon-like valleys and on the plains surrounding the plateau. The model emphasizes the crucial impact of seasonal rainfall distribution on cultural landscapes in arid regions and the lower significance of annual precipitation rates, with implications for future numeric climate models. It also serves as an example of how past climate changes have affected human societies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Stone artifact scatters in western NSW, Australia: Geomorphic controls on artifact size and distributionGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 6 2001Patricia Fanning Surface scatters of Aboriginal stone artifacts have been exposed in many parts of inland Australia by accelerated erosion that followed the introduction of pastoralism by European settlers in the 19th century. This paper reports on a set of techniques developed to investigate and quantify the effects of these post-discard disturbance processes in Sturt National Park in northwest NSW, Australia. Backwards, stepwise, linear regression showed the influence of geomorphic parameters such as slope gradient, elevation, landform, and contemporary surface processes on artifact distribution, with artifact maximum dimension as the dependent variable. The results indicate that, even at low gradients, artifact size and slope angle are significantly related, but that the variance in maximum dimension explained by gradient is very low. Similar results were found for the other geomorphic variables. We conclude that artifact movement by surface wash across these surfaces is unlikely to significantly affect artifact distribution. While vertically conflated surface scatters do not preserve "living floors" in a short-term, functional sense, their apparent horizontal integrity allows investigation of the long-term use of place by hunter-gatherer people in the past. Insofar as assemblage integrity is important for assessing site significance in the heritage management industry, our methods provide a means for assessing the degree to which a site has been damaged by water flow. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Nature-Society Interactions in the Pacific IslandsGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2003Patrick D. Nunn ABSTRACT This paper focuses on nature,society interactions in the Pacific Islands before European contact about 200 years ago. It argues that the character of early interactions was decided by both the nature of a particular island environment and the intentions of the human settlers. Throughout the pre-European contact human history of the Pacific Islands, environmental changes of extraneous cause have been the main control of societal and cultural change. This environmental determinist view is defended using many examples. The contrary (and more popular) cultural determinist view of societal change in the Pacific Islands is shown to be based on largely spurious data and argument. A key example discussed is the ,AD 1300 Event', a time of rapid temperature and sea-level fall which had severe, abrupt and enduring effects on Pacific Island societies. It is important to acknowledge the role of environmental change in cultural transformation in this region. [source] SHIFTING SYNANTHROPY OF THE CROW IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICAGEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2010DANIEL W. GADE abstract. The American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) falls into a category of wild organisms, called "synanthropes," that have developed an affinity for, or dependency on, human interventions in the landscape. The distribution and numbers of crows in North America east of the Mississippi River have been largely tied to the anthropogenic fragmentation of the forest. As ground feeders, crows need open space for foraging, but they also need trees for nesting and roosting. Conflicts between corvids and people centered on the former's damage to agriculture. Both Native American peoples and Euro-American settlers sought to thwart corvine preference for maize through a series of ingenious measures. After 1950 rural concern about corvine depredations greatly diminished. The appearance of large winter roosts in cities shifted the conflict with crows. Like humans, crows have undergone change, and their synanthropic character can be seen as fundamental to their biogeography. [source] Fire in the American South: Vegetation Impacts, History, and Climatic RelationsGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 8 2010Charles W. Lafon Fire plays a key role in many ecosystems of the southeastern U.S. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and Table Mountain pine-pitch pine (P. pungens,P. rigida) forests along with other ecosystems , including oak (Quercus) forests, grasslands, and spruce-fir (Picea-Abies) forests , illustrate the range of fire effects and plant persistence strategies in the American South. Fire history research reveals that fires and fire-associated vegetation were common before the fire exclusion of the past century. Both lightning and anthropogenic ignitions (caused by American Indians or European settlers) contributed to burning, but their relative importance is debated. The humid climate constrains burning, especially by lightning-ignited fires, which often occur during moist conditions. Studies of fire climatology indicate the importance of dry conditions (e.g. drought years and relatively dry areas) for widespread burning in this humid region. Landscape fragmentation also influences burning. In the past some fires also likely grew much larger than today because they were unimpeded by roads, farms, and other barriers. [source] Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth-Century Irish and Indian HistoryHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2009Barry Crosbie Recent debates surrounding Ireland's historical relationship with the British empire have focused almost exclusively upon its constitutional and political ties with Britain. The question of Ireland's colonial status continues to be heavily debated in Irish historiography and has been a contributing factor in obscuring our wider understanding of the complexity of Ireland's involvement in empire. For over 200 years, Ireland and India were joined together by an intricate series of networks that were borne out of direct Irish involvement in British imperialism overseas. Whether as migrants, soldiers, administrators, doctors, missionaries or educators, the Irish played an important role in administering, governing and populating vast areas of Britain's eastern empire. This article discusses new approaches to the study of Ireland's imperial past that allow us to move beyond the old ,coloniser-colonised' debate, to address the key issue of whether Ireland or the varieties of Irishness of its imperial servants and settlers made a specific difference to the experience of empire. By highlighting the multiplicity of Irish connections within the context of the nineteenth-century British empire in India, this article describes how imperial networks were used by contemporaries (settlers, migrants and indigenous agents) as mechanisms for the exchange of a whole set of ideas, practices and goods between Ireland and India during the colonial era. [source] The Native Police of QueenslandHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2008Jonathan Richards The European colonisation of Queensland largely depended on the armed and mounted men of the Native Police , a brutal force which killed many Indigenous people on the frontier. Detachments of mounted Aboriginal troopers led by European officers would surround Aboriginal camps and fire into them at dawn, killing men, women and children. The bodies were often burned to destroy the evidence. Jonathan Richards has spent many years researching this controversial and distressing subject, finding his way through the secrecy, misinformation and supposed ,lost' files. In this article, based on the first comprehensive study of the force's history in Queensland, he argues that the Native Police was a classic example of ,divide and rule' practices. This colonising tactic, successfully used by the British and other imperial powers, was approved by government and by most European settlers. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||