			Home About us Contact

Serum Iron (serum + iron)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	66%
Life Sciences	27%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Dermatology	24%
Hematology	16%

Terms modified by Serum Iron

serum iron level

Selected Abstracts

Serum Iron and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Variations in Limbs Affected by Chronic Venous Disease and Venous Leg Ulcers

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 6 2005
Paolo Zamboni MD
Background. Severe chronic venous disease (CVD) is characterized by both dermal hemosiderin accumulation and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) hyperactivation. The iron-driven pathway is one of the recognized mechanisms of MMP hyperactivation. Objective. To investigate the potential consequences of leg hemosiderin deposits on both iron metabolism and activation of MMPs. Methods. We contemporaneously assessed the following in the serum of the arm and ankle veins of 30 patients (C4,6) with CVD and 14 normal subjects: ferritin, transferrin, iron, percentage of transferrin iron binding capacity (%TIBC), and MMP-9. Optical microscopy examinations with Perls' staining of chronic wounds were also performed. Results. Histology consistently revealed iron deposits. Serum ferritin, iron, and %TIBC were significantly increased in the legs affected by severe CVD compared with the arm of the same subjects or the controls. In addition, iron and %TIBC were significantly elevated in the legs of ulcer patients. The rate of activation of MMP-9 was significantly elevated in CVD. Conclusions. The increased iron deposition in legs affected by CVD seems to be more instable in ulcer patients, leading to iron release in the serum of the affected leg. Our data suggest the iron-driven pathway as a further mechanism for MMP hyperexpression leading to tissue lesion. [source]

Serum iron, ferritin, folic acid, and vitamin B12 levels in recurrent aphthous stomatitis

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 1 2002
S Piskin
Abstract Background The exact aetiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is still unknown, but different predisposing factors, including iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies, have been proposed. Material and methods Serum iron, ferritin, folic acid and vitamin B12 levels were investigated in 35 patients with RAS and in 26 healthy controls. Results Vitamin B12 levels were found significantly lower in subjects with RAS than in controls. No significant differences were found in other parameters. Conclusion We concluded that vitamin B12 deficiency may be an aetiological factor in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. [source]

Hematologic iron analyte values as an indicator of hepatic hemosiderosis in callitrichidae

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 7 2008
Kristine M. Smith
Abstract Hepatic hemosiderosis is one of the most common postmortem findings in captive callitrichid species. Noninvasive evaluation of hematologic iron analytes has been used to diagnose hepatic iron storage disease in humans, lemurs, and bats. This study evaluated the relationship between hematologic iron analyte values (iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, and percent transferrin saturation) and hepatic hemosiderosis in callitrichids at the Wildlife Conservation Society's Central Park and Bronx Zoos. Results revealed that both ferritin and percent transferrin saturation levels had strong positive correlations with hepatic iron concentration (P<0.001, r=0.77, n=20; P<0.001, r=0.85, n=10, respectively). Serum iron levels positively correlated with hepatic iron concentration (P=0.06, r=0.56, n=11), but this finding was not significant. Serum total iron binding capacity did not significantly correlate with hepatic iron concentration (P=0.47, r=0.25, n=10). Both ferritin and hepatic iron concentration positively correlated with severity of hepatic iron deposition on histology (P<0.05, r=0.49, n=21; P<0.001, r=0.67, n=21, respectively). This study suggests that ferritin, serum iron concentration, and percent transferrin saturation are convenient, noninvasive, antemortem methods for assessing severity of hemosiderosis in callitrichids. Am. J. Primatol. 70:629,633, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Serum iron and copper status and oxidative stress in severe and mild preeclampsia

CELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION, Issue 3 2006
Zehra Serdar
Abstract Our aim was to investigate parameters of iron and copper status and oxidative stress and antioxidant function in women with healthy pregnancy, mild and severe preeclampsia with a view to exploring the possible contribution of these parameters to the aetiology. Thirty healthy, 30 mild preeclamptic and 30 severe preeclamptic pregnant women were included. Serum and placental lipid peroxides, and serum vitamin E and total carotene levels were measured by colorimetric assay. Cholesterol, copper, iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), ceruloplasmin and transferrin concentrations were measured by commercially available procedures. Data were analysed statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation test. Logistic regression procedures were used to calculate odds ratios. Lipid peroxides in serum and placental tissue, and iron, copper and ceruloplasmin levels in serum were significantly increased, and transferrin, TIBC, vitamin E/total cholesterol and total carotene/total cholesterol ratios in serum were significantly decreased especially in women with severe preeclampsia. Significant correlations were detected between serum iron and lipid peroxidesin serum and placental tissue and between serum iron and vitamin E/total cholesterol in severe preeclamptic pregnancy. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between serum malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin and vitamin E/total cholesterol in women with severe preeclampsia, and changes in serum and placental lipid peroxides and serumiron concentrations were significantly associated with preeclampsia. In conclusion, ischaemic placental tissue may be a primary source of potentially toxic iron in preeclampsia and the released iron species may contribute to the aetiology and would exacerbatelipid peroxidation and endothelial cell injury, which may be abated by antioxidant supplementation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Impact of parturition on iron status in nonanaemic iron deficiency

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 10 2003
A. Krafft
Abstract Background, Iron-deficient nonanaemic parturients risk underdiagnosis as a result of the reliance on postpartum ferritin and haemoglobin as markers of iron status. Ferritin is an acute-phase protein whose levels increase during the inflammatory response, as occurs after delivery. Our aims were to evaluate the impact of parturition on iron status, erythropoiesis and the inflammatory response, and identify the optimal parameters and timing for diagnosing iron deficiency in the presence of postpartum inflammation. Materials and methods, Conventional parameters of iron status, erythropoiesis and the inflammatory response (serum ferritin, serum iron, transferrin saturation, C-reactive protein) were compared with more recent parameters [soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), hypochromic red cells, reticulocyte indices] within 48 h either side of delivery in 64 iron-deficient nonanaemic women (defined by a prepartum serum ferritin , 15 µg L,1, and a pre- and postpartum haemoglobin of , 11·0 g dL,1 and , 10·0 g dL,1, respectively). Results, Mean sTfR decreased pre to postpartum from 7·3 to 5·8 µg mL,1 (P < 0·01), while mean serum ferritin increased from 9·7 to 16·9 µg L,1 (P < 0·01). Serum ferritin did not correlate with haemoglobin pre or postpartum (r = 0·04, P = 0·7; r = 0·2, P = 0·09), but a correlation persisted postpartum between hypochromic red blood cells and haemoglobin (r = ,0·26; P < 0·05). The percentage of hypochromic red cells remained virtually unchanged pre- and postpartum (4·0% vs. 3·8%; NS). Postpartum mean reticulocyte haemoglobin content (CHr) was 27·1 ± 1·6 pg. Conclusion, Iron status should be tested prepartum, in the absence of an inflammatory response, rather than in the early postpartum. A valuable additional parameter, where available, might be the hypochromic red cell percentage, which is virtually uninfluenced by the inflammatory response. Furthermore, hypochromic red cell percentage, CHr and sTfR can be helpful to differentiate between functional iron deficiency and depleted iron stores. [source]

Serum transferrin receptor, ferritin, and reticulocyte maturity indices during the first year of life in ,large' preterm infants

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2007
Vassiliki Schiza
Abstract Background:, Preterm infants are at risk of developing iron deficiency; among the iron status and hemopoiesis indices the serum transferrin receptor (sTfr) has been shown to be a useful indicator in assessing iron status, while immature reticulocyte production is regarded as an estimator of erythropoiesis. Objective:, To investigate age-related changes in iron status infants born ,moderately' preterm, with a gestational age (GA) of 32,36 wk, and identify associations between sTfr and other hematological and biochemical iron indices. Design:, Hospital-based prospective, longitudinal study in preterm infants. Methods:, Iron and erythropoiesis parameters were evaluated in 181 formula-fed preterm infants at 2 and 6 wk and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months chronological age. Hemoglobulin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), reticulocytes, serum iron (sFe), serum ferritin (sFer), sTfr, and reticulocyte subpopulations were measured. Results:, A total of 756 measurements were performed. After an initial decline, Hb rose from month 3 to 12 of life. SFe and sFer and immature reticulocyte count decreased from the second week to the third month and remained stable thereafter. STfr was lower up to 6 wk and stable from month 3 to 12. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was found in 5.5% of infants. In 76 measurements sFer was <12 ,g/L, implying storage iron deficiency (SID). A negative correlation was observed between sTfr and other indices of iron status such as Hb, Hct, MCV, sFe, and sFer. Infants with sFer <12 ,g/L had lower sTfr than those with sFer >12 ,g/L. Reticulocyte production was positively associated with STfr, but this association was dependent on the chronological age of the infant. Conclusion:, Iron depletion is common in formula-fed preterm (32,36 wk GA) infants between month 3 and 12 of life. STfr appears to be an indicator of iron status in preterm infants during the first year of life. [source]

Impaired intestinal iron absorption in Crohn's disease correlates with disease activity and markers of inflammation

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 12 2006
Gaith Semrin MD
Abstract Background: Anemia in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) is a common problem of multifactorial origin, including blood loss, malabsorption of iron, and anemia of inflammation. Anemia of inflammation is caused by the effects of inflammatory cytokines [predominantly interleukin-6 (IL-6)] on iron transport in enterocytes and macrophages. We sought to elucidate alterations in iron absorption in pediatric patients with active and inactive CD. Methods: Nineteen subjects with CD (8 female, 11 male patients) were recruited between April 2003 and June 2004. After an overnight fast, serum iron and hemoglobin levels, serum markers of inflammation [IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate], and a urine sample for hepcidin assay were obtained at 8 am. Ferrous sulfate (1 mg/kg) was administered orally, followed by determination of serum iron concentrations hourly for 4 hours after the ingestion of iron. An area under the curve for iron absorption was calculated for each patient data set. Results: There was a strong inverse correlation between the area under the curve and IL-6 (P = 0.002) and area under the curve and CRP levels (P = 0.04). Similarly, the difference between baseline and 2-hour serum iron level (,[Fe]2hr) correlated with IL-6 (P = 0.008) and CRP (P = 0.045). When cutoff values for IL-6 (>5 pg/mL) and CRP (>1.0 mg/dL) were used, urine hepcidin levels also positively correlated with IL-6 and CRP levels (P = 0.003 and 0.007, respectively). Conclusions: Subjects with active CD have impaired oral iron absorption and elevated IL-6 levels compared with subjects with inactive disease. These findings suggest that oral iron may be of limited benefit to these patients. Future study is needed to define the molecular basis for impaired iron absorption. [source]

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Pro-hepcidin and iron metabolism parameters in multi-time blood donors

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LABORATORY HEMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010
J. BOINSKA
Summary A high number of blood donations may cause iron depletion. The pathophysiology behind this process may involve hepcidin, a recently discovered peptide that acts by inhibiting iron absorption and promoting iron retention in reticuloendothelial macrophages. The aim of this study was to determine serum pro-hepcidin levels and iron metabolism parameters in multi-time blood donors. The study group consisted of 132 multi-time male blood donors and 25 healthy male volunteers (nondonors). Complete blood cell count and iron status including serum iron, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), erythropoietin and pro-hepcidin (ELISA) were assessed. In blood donors, ferritin level drops markedly in relation to donation frequency (P < 0.001). In contrast, TIBC and UIBC levels increase progressively corresponding to annual donation frequency. Pro-hepcidin concentration increases significantly with the number of donations per year (P = 0.0290). In blood donors having donated blood with the highest frequency per year, pro-hepcidin levels were positively correlated with haemoglobin (R = 0.31, P < 0.05) and negatively with sTfR (R = ,0.31, P < 0.05). Pro-hepcidin levels increase in relation to blood donation frequency per year. Longitudinal studies focusing on changes in serum hepcidin levels are required to address the question whether hepcidin may contribute to iron metabolism disturbances in multi-times blood donors. [source]

Teeth and blood lead levels in egyptian schoolchildren: relationship to health effects

JOURNAL OF APPLIED TOXICOLOGY, Issue 4 2001
Magdy Omar
Abstract The objective of this work was to study teeth and blood lead levels in Egyptian schoolchildren and to relate lead levels to sociodemographic and environmental factors, the degree of urbanization and suspected manifestations of possible lead exposure. The study was conducted on 60 children aged 6,12 years: 30 children living in an urban area at Alexandria City and 30 children living in a rural area at Kafr El-Sheikh Province. Both groups are matched for age and gender. Every child was subjected to history taking, clinical examination and IQ measurements. Laboratory investigations included measuring teeth and blood lead levels, haemoglobin, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The results showed that the mean blood lead level of children in Alexandria was significantly higher than that of the children in Kafr El-Sheikh; also 56.7% and 6.7% of children from Alexandria and Kafr El-Sheikh had a blood lead level of >20 µg dl,1, with the most frequent symptoms of headache, arthralgia and lack of school interest. The children in Alexandria had significantly lower mean teeth lead and haemoglobin levels than those of the Kafr El-Sheikh group. A history of wrapping sandwiches in newspapers, age and distance between the home and school were significant predictors of lead exposure. These findings support the concept that teeth lead concentration may be a valid addition to the indicators used for assessment of the body burden of environmental lead. In addition, children living in urban areas such as Alexandria need special consideration regarding protection from lead exposure, as well as teeth and blood lead evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Incidence of side-effects associated with high-dose ferric gluconate in patients with severe chronic renal failure

NEPHROLOGY, Issue 1 2003
BAHAR BASTANI
SUMMARY: Ferric gluconate complex in sucrose (FerrlecitÔ) has been associated with less side-effects than iron dextran; however, the recommended dose of 62.5,125 mg per treatment is only suitable for haemodialysis (HD) patients. We retrospectively analysed the incidence of the side-effects associated with a high dose of FerrlecitÔ infusion (20 treatments in 13 patients; 10 treatments of 250 mg/3,4 h, and 10 treatments of 500 mg/5 h infusion). The patients were in the age range of 32,75 years old, seven with chronic renal failure (CRF), and six on dialysis treatment. One (10%) of the 10 treatments using a 250 mg dose was complicated with severe nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea and a burning sensation in the feet. Three (30%) of the 10 treatments using a 500 mg dose were complicated with: chills, severe nausea/vomiting, hypotension and syncope in one; severe nausea/vomiting, diarrhoea and hypotension in one; and an episode of vomiting in one patient. A single treatment with a 250 mg dose resulted in no significant change in haematological parameters. A single treatment with a 500 mg dose resulted in a significant increase in haemoglobin (Hgb) and haematocrit (Hct), but only a rising trend in serum iron,% transferrin saturation and ferritin pre versus 1,2 months postinfusion. In conclusion, FerrlecitÔ doses of 250 or 500 mg are complicated with significant untoward reactions in 10,30% of patients, in a dose-dependent fashion. [source]

Serum pro-hepcidin levels in term and preterm newborns with sepsis

PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2009
Ece Yapakç
Abstract Background:, An iron regulatory peptide hormone, hepcidin, is also part of the innate immune system and is strongly induced during infections and inflammation. The aim of the present study was to determine serum levels of the 60 aa pro-hormone form of hepcidin (pro-hepcidin) in full-term and preterm newborns with sepsis and to determine the possible relationships between pro-hepcidin levels and serum iron and complete blood count parameters. Methods:, Fifteen preterm newborns with sepsis, 17 healthy preterm, six full-term newborns with sepsis and 16 healthy full-term newborns were included the study. Blood samples were collected from patients with sepsis at the time of clinical diagnosis. Each blood sample was analyzed for complete blood count, serum iron and ferritin concentrations, iron-binding capacity, and pro-hepcidin level. Results:, The mean serum pro-hepcidin level (mean ± SD) in preterm neonates with sepsis and in healthy preterm newborns was 565.4 ± 519.5 ng/mL and 279.8 ± 227.6 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). The mean serum pro-hepcidin level in full-term newborns with sepsis and in healthy full-term neonates was 981.4 ± 415.4 ng/mL and 482 ± 371.9 ng/mL, respectively (P < 0.05). Although the mean serum ferritin levels in the two groups with sepsis were higher when compared with the healthy groups, the difference was not statistically significant in full-term newborns. No statistically significant correlations were found between serum pro-hepcidin levels and any other parameters in each group. Conclusions:, Serum pro-hepcidin levels were higher in newborns with sepsis (either premature or full-term) than they were in healthy newborns at the time of clinical diagnosis. [source]

Hepatoprotective Activity of Polyherbal Formulation (Normeta®) in Oxidative Stress Induced by Alcohol, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Iron in Rats

BASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Shilpa N. Patere
The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of oral treatment with polyherbal formulation Normeta® (2 ml and 4 ml/kg) on hepatic damage induced by alcohol 10,30% (blood alcohol was maintained at levels between 150 and 350 mg/dl), thermally oxidized oil (polyunsaturated fatty acids) (15% of diet) and carbonyl iron (1.5,2% of diet) for 30 days in rats. In vitro studies with 1, 1-Diphenyl, 2-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Nitric oxide and Ferric chloride (Fe+3 ions) showed that Normeta® possesses antioxidant and metal chelating activity. Alcohol, polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron feeding produced an increase in serum levels of iron, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and decrease in serum proteins. It was also associated with elevated lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and disruption of antioxidant defence mechanism in liver, decreased body weight and increased liver to body weight ratio. Oral administration of Normeta® along with alcohol, polyunsaturated fatty acids and iron decreased the serum iron, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase levels and increased serum protein levels. The levels of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were decreased and the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were increased. Improvement in body weight and liver to body weight ratio was also observed. The effects of Normeta® on physico-metabolic parameters were comparable with silymarin. This indicates that Normeta® has favourable effect in bringing down the severity of hepatotoxicity. [source]

Impact of daily consumption of iron fortified ready-to-eat cereal and pumpkin seed kernels (Cucurbita pepo) on serum iron in adult women

BIOFACTORS, Issue 1 2007
Mohammad Reza Naghii
Abstract Iron deficiency, anemia, is the most prevalent nutritional problem in the world today. The objective of this study was to consider the effectiveness of consumption of iron fortified ready-to-eat cereal and pumpkin seed kernels as two sources of dietary iron on status of iron nutrition and response of hematological characteristics of women at reproductive ages. Eight healthy female, single or non pregnant subjects, aged 20,37 y consumed 30 g of iron fortified ready-to-eat cereal (providing 7.1 mg iron/day) plus 30 g of pumpkin seed kernels (providing 4.0 mg iron/day) for four weeks. Blood samples collected on the day 20 of menstrual cycles before and after consumption and indices of iron status such as reticulocyte count, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), serum ferritin, iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin and transferrin saturation percent were determined. Better response for iron status was observed after consumption period. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the pre and post consumption phase for higher serum iron (60 ± 22 vs. 85 ± 23 ug/dl), higher transferrin saturation percent (16.8 ± 8.0 vs. 25.6 ± 9.0%), and lower TIBC (367 ± 31 vs. 339 ± 31 ug/dl). All individuals had higher serum iron after consumption. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.981, p = 0.000) between the differences in serum iron levels and differences in transferrin saturation percentages and a significant negative correlation (r = ,0.916, p < 0.001) between the differences in serum iron levels and differences in TIBC was found, as well. Fortified foods contribute to maintaining optimal nutritional status and minimizing the likelihood of iron insufficiencies and use of fortified ready-to-eat cereals is a common strategy. The results showed that adding another food source of iron such as pumpkin seed kernels improves the iron status. Additional and longer studies using these two food products are recommended to further determine the effect of iron fortification on iron nutrition and status among the target population, and mainly in young children, adolescents, women of reproductive ages and pregnant women. [source]

Elevated levels of transferrin receptor 2 mRNA, not transferrin receptor 1 mRNA, are associated with increased survival in acute myeloid leukaemia

BRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2004
Tsuyoshi Nakamaki
Summary Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is a type II membrane protein that mediates cellular iron uptake. Transferrin receptor 2(TfR2), another receptor for transferrin (Tf), has recently been cloned. We examined expression levels of TfR1, TfR2-, (membrane form) and TfR2-, (non-membrane form) transcripts in cells from 67 patients with de novo acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and correlated the results with a variety of clinical features and disease outcomes of these patients. Significant correlations were noted between the levels of both TfR1 and TfR2-, (r = 0·771, P < 0·001) and TfR1 and TfR2-, (r = 0·534, P < 0·001). Unexpectedly, initial white blood cell (WBC) counts were inversely correlated with levels of expression of either TfR1(r = ,0·357, P = 0·003), TfR2-, (r = ,0·486, P < 0·0001), or TfR2-, (r = ,0·435, P = 0·0003). Only TfR2 expression was significantly associated with either serum iron (r = ,0·270, P = 0·045) or serum ferritin (r = ,0·364, P = 0·008). Multivariate analyses using Cox's proportional hazard model showed that elevated TfR2-,, but not TfR1 or TfR2-, mRNA levels significantly contributed to a better prognosis for AML patients. Furthermore, a group with high expression levels of both TfR2-, and TfR2-, survived significantly longer than a group without high expression of both of them (P < 0·01 by log-rank). The present study suggests that (i) TfRs-independent iron uptake might have an important role in in vivo proliferation of AML cells; (ii) expression of TfR2 (especially the , form) is a novel prognostic factor for patients with AML. [source]

Serum iron and copper status and oxidative stress in severe and mild preeclampsia

Hepatic and cardiac iron overload among patients with end-stage liver disease referred for liver transplantation

CLINICAL TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 5 2010
Avital Y. O'Glasser
O'Glasser AY, Scott DL, Corless CL, Zaman A, Sasaki A, Gopal DV, Rayhill SC, Orloff SL, Ham JM, Rabkin JM, Flora K, Davies CH, Broberg CS, Schwartz JM. Hepatic and cardiac iron overload among patients with end-stage liver disease referred for liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01136.x. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract:,Background:, Iron overload is associated with fatal cardiovascular events following liver transplantation. Myocardial iron deposits were observed post-mortem in patients who died of cardiac events after transplantation at our institution. This observation prompted testing to exclude cardiac iron in subsequent transplant candidates. Aims:, To assess the results of testing for iron overload in liver transplant candidates at our institution. Methods:, Ferritin, TIBC, and serum iron were measured in cirrhotics referred for transplantation. Patients with transferrin saturation ,50% and ferritin ,250 ng/mL underwent liver biopsy graded for iron. Patients with 3,4+ hepatic iron deposits underwent HFE mutation analysis and endomyocardial biopsy with iron staining. Results:, Eight hundred and fifty-six patients were evaluated for liver transplantation between January 1997 and March 2005. Two hundred and eighty-seven patients (34%) had transferrin saturation ,50% and ferritin ,250 ng/mL. Patients with markers of iron overload had more advanced liver disease than those with normal iron indices. One hundred and fifty-three patients underwent liver biopsy. Twenty-six patients (17%) had 3,4+ hepatic iron staining. One patient was a C282Y heterozygote. Endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 14 patients of whom nine had cardiac iron deposition. Conclusions:, Non-HFE-related cardiac iron overload can occur in advanced liver disease We therefore recommend screening for cardiac iron prior to liver transplantation. [source]