Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Selective Review (selective + review)
Selected AbstractsA Selective Review of Maternal Sleep Characteristics in the Postpartum PeriodJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 1 2009Lauren P. Hunter ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the current knowledge of postpartum womens' sleep patterns, sleep disturbances, consequences of sleep disturbances, and known strategies for prevention in order to provide best practice recommendations for health care providers. Data Sources: A literature search from 1969 through February 2008 was conducted using the CINHL, Index of Allied Health Literature, Ovid, PsycINFO, and PubMed electronic databases in addition to reference lists from selected articles and other key references. Search terms included sleep, postpartum, sleep deprivation, and sleep disturbance. Study Selection: A critical review of all relevant articles from the data sources was conducted with attention to the needs of postpartum womens' sleep and implications for health care providers. Data Extraction: Literature was reviewed and organized into groups with similar characteristics. Data Synthesis: An integrative review of the literature summarized the current state of research related to sleep alterations in postpartum women. Conclusions: Postpartum women experience altered sleep patterns that may lead to sleep disturbances. The most common reasons for sleep disturbances are related to newborn sleep and feeding patterns. Although present, the relationships among sleep disturbance, fatigue, and depression in postpartum women lack clarity due to their ambiguous definitions and the variety of the studies conducted. Providers should encourage prenatal education that assists the couple in developing strategies for decreasing postpartum sleep deprivation. Alterations of in-hospital care and home care should be incorporated to improve the new family's sleep patterns. [source] Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Syntactic Processing in Sentence Comprehension: A Critical Selective ReviewLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1-2 2007David Caplan This article critically reviews recent papers that use functional neuroimaging to localize syntactic representations, Universal Grammar, parsing operations, and the working memory system that supports parsing. It is concluded that greater control over experimental conditions is needed for studies to provide convincing evidence about the neural basis for these cognitive functions. [source] Definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia: recommendations for their use and their presentationACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2009S. Leucht Objective:, To review and make recommendations for the definition and presentation of the terms ,response' and ,remission' in schizophrenia. Method:, Selective review of publications on definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia. Results:, When the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) are used for definitions of response, a cut-off of at least 50% reduction of the baseline score should be used for acutely ill, non-refractory patients and a cut-off of at least 25% reduction for refractory patients. When percentage BPRS/PANSS reduction is calculated, the 18/30 points minimum scores meaning ,no symptoms' on the should be subtracted. In addition, responder rates from 0,100% could be presented in a table in steps of 25%. For large and simple practical trials, the Clinical Global Impression scale with suggested improvements could be used 1-7 scale. Conclusion:, To show how many patients are still symptomatic at the end of study and to show the overall amount of change in both remission and responder criteria should be presented. [source] Autism and Asperger syndrome: coexistence with other clinical disordersACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2000C. Gillberg and Objective: To provide a clinically useful analysis of the extent to which autism and Asperger syndrome coexist with other disorders. Method: Selective review of the literature detailing data pertaining to symptoms and disorders sometimes encountered in connection with autism or Asperger syndrome. Results: A large number of medical conditions, psychiatric disorders and behavioural and motor dyscontrol symptoms are associated with autism and Asperger syndrome. Conclusion: Comorbidity is to be expected in autism spectrum disorders , directly or indirectly. Comorbid conditions may be markers for underlying pathophysiology and suggest a more varied treatment approach. There is a great need for in-depth research into this area, meaning that the exclusion criteria of current diagnostic manuals, i.e. those that rule out a diagnosis of autism in some disorders, and a diagnosis of certain other disorders in autism may have to be revised. [source] Research into ageing and older peopleJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2008FIBiol, ROGER WATSON PhD Aim, The aim of this paper is to consider the process of ageing, the effects of ageing and research related to ageing. Background, In most countries of the world, the UK being no exception, the population is ageing in terms of the absolute numbers of and relative proportion of older people. This has resulted from economic, scientific and medical progress. However, it poses challenges for health and social services. Method, Selective review of the literature. Conclusion, Ageing is an inevitable part of life and, while not in itself debilitating, can be accompanied by a range of debilitating physical and mental conditions which lead to frailty and dependency. There is limited evidence that the ageing process can be alleviated, as such, but there is some evidence that choices and circumstances in early life can influence the extent to which we age successfully. Implications for nursing management, Nurse managers have two responsibilities with regard to age: they are increasingly engaged in organizing care for older people in acute and long-term settings and in nursing homes and the more they need to understand the process of ageing. They also have responsibilities towards their workforce and can facilitate lifestyle choices which may help their workforce to age successfully. [source] Diarrhea A to Z: America to ZimbabweJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 6 2009Lori A. Spies RN NP-C Abstract Purpose: To review international statistics on the morbidity and mortality of diarrhea, pathophysiology, global incidence, and implications for the clinical practice of nurse practitioners (NPs). Data sources: Selective review of literature. Conclusions: Because of ever-increasing international travel, immigration, and rising awareness of global health issues, NPs must be current on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diarrhea. Implications for Practice: Increased awareness of diarrhea as a significant international health issue mandates that NPs counsel clients who travel to high-risk areas about preventive measures to avoid exposure or manage symptoms while traveling. Guidelines for evidence-based treatments of diarrheal illness are widely available and should be followed. [source] The role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in asthmaJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 5 2008CCRN (Family Nurse Practitioner Student), Sandra Huggins RN Abstract Purpose: To emphasize the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and asthma symptoms or exacerbations. Data sources: Selective review of the scientific literature. Conclusions: Although studies in recent years have offered insight into the relationship between GERD and asthma symptoms, many nurse practitioners (NPs) fail to recognize atypical GERD symptoms, which may explain difficult-to-treat asthma and exacerbation. It has become evident that patients suffering from persistent asthma display an increased prevalence of GERD. Implications for practice: While there are increasing constraints that limit the provider,patient interaction time, it is imperative that NPs develop keen assessment skills to effectively diagnose and treat asthma symptoms that are a product of GERD. Awareness of the asthma,GERD relationship allows NPs to quickly obtain pertinent information and successfully determine how to efficiently treat symptomatic asthmatic patients. [source] Annotation: The use of psychotropic medications in children: an American viewTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 2 2003Mark L. Wolraich Background: Psychotropic medications have become an integral component in the treatment of children with mental illnesses. Methods: Selective reviews of the empirical evidence for the efficacy of psychotropic medications and studies of their use patterns were reviewed. Results: Very strong efficacy for at least the short-term benefits and safety of stimulant medications was found and some good efficacy and safety evidence for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders with seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) was also found. Efficacy for tricyclic antidepressants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found but the presence of significant side effects makes them less the drugs of choice. Other medications are presented but with less rigorous evidence. Studies of use found that stimulant medications are extensively prescribed in the US by both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. SSRI are also prescribed extensively but not to the extent of stimulants and are more frequently prescribed by psychiatrists. Conclusions: There is now good evidence for the efficacy of some psychotropic agents and their use is an integral component in the management of childhood mental illnesses. [source] Schizophrenia and physical health problemsACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2009Y. Von Hausswolff-Juhlin Objective:, To estimate the prevalence of physical health problems in patients with schizophrenia, and to appraise the impact on mortality rates and quality of life (QoL) in such patients. Method:, A selective review of clinical articles relating to physical health such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and QoL. In addition, current guidelines and recommendations for the monitoring of physical health in schizophrenia were reviewed. Results:, Cardiovascular events contribute most strongly to the excess mortality observed in schizophrenia. Other factors that contribute significantly include obesity, metabolic aberrations, smoking, alcohol, lack of exercise and poor diet , all of which might be targets for health promoting activities. Conclusion:, Physical health problems in patients with schizophrenia are common, and contribute to the excess mortality rate, as well as decreasing QoL. Many adverse physical factors are malleable in such patients, and physical benefit may be gained by following practical guidelines for their monitoring and improvement. [source] Personality and anorexia nervosaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue S1 2005Stephen A. Wonderlich PhD Abstract We provided a selective review of the relationship between anorexia nervosa (AN) and personality. They reviewed the existing empirical literature examining the relationship between AN and personality. In spite of continued methodologic challenges related to personality assessment, there appears to be a relatively common phenotype in restricting-type AN characterized by high degrees of obsessionality, restraint, and perfectionism. However, there is also evidence of variability within the AN diagnostic category that is related to personality variables. Importantly, personality variables may significantly predict the course and outcome of AN. Personality variables may be risk factors for AN, consequences of AN, share a common cause with AN, or affect the course and outcome of AN. This literature would be enhanced by the articulation of conceptual models of these relationships that can be empirically tested. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] The Contributions of Professors Fischer Black, Robert Merton and Myron Scholes to the Financial Services IndustryINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF FINANCE, Issue 4 2000Terry Marsh This paper is written as a tribute to Professors Robert Merton and Myron Scholes, winners of the 1997 Nobel Prize in economics, as well as to their collaborator, the late Professor Fischer Black. We first provide a brief and very selective review of their seminal work in contingent claims pricing. We then provide an overview of some of the recent research on stock price dynamics as it relates to contingent claim pricing. The continuing intensity of this research, some 25 years after the publication of the original Black,Scholes paper, must surely be regarded as the ultimate tribute to their work. We discuss jump-diffusion and stochastic volatility models, subordinated models, fractal models and generalized binomial tree models for stock price dynamics and option pricing. We also address questions as to whether derivatives trading poses a systemic risk in the context of models in which stock price movements are endogenized, and give our views on the ,LTCM crisis' and liquidity risk. [source] Associative learning in animals: A selective review of recent topics and contribution of Japanese researchers1JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2004SADAHIKO NAKAJIMA Abstract:, This article addressed several important topics in the field of associative learning in nonhuman animals: event contingency, associative retardation (learned helplessness and irrelevance), occasion setting, renewal of extinguished responses, acquired equivalence and distinctiveness, differential outcome effect, and retrospective inference. These topics have been studied with Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning preparations as behavioral test tubes for assessing animals' cognitive abilities. The empiric data are suggesting highly cognitive abilities of animals in event processing. This article also reviewed studies conducted by Japanese psychologists taking the modern associationists approach. Although activities of Japanese researchers in this field of research are high, they are required to make a more unique contribution to the field. [source] Message Effects and Social Determinants of Health: Its Application to Cancer DisparitiesJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2006K. Viswanath Recent work on message effects theories offers a fruitful way to systematically explore how features, formats, structures of messages may attract audience attention and influence the audience and is of great relevance to public health communications. Much of this work, however, has been pursued primarily at the individual level of analysis. It is our contention that message effects on health outcomes could potentially be moderated and mediated by social contextual factors in public health such as social class, social organizations and neighborhoods among others, leading to differential effects among different audience sub-groups. This essay, through a selective review of literatures in communication and social epidemiology, will explore how major message effects may moderate and mediate the role of social determinants of health on cancer control, specifically cancer-related health disparities. [source] Genomics and Cardiovascular DiseaseJOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 4 2005Lorraine Frazier Purpose: To describe genetic knowledge and discovery in the area of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to discuss how these new advances will influence the clinical care of affected people. Organizing Framework: A selective review of the literature is presented on the disease mechanism of both the Mendelian and multifactorial genetic cardiovascular conditions. A case study approach is used to illustrate how the genetic paradigm affects the healthcare experience of a family affected with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Findings: The current state of CVD treatment remains complex. An understanding of genomic concepts and a genome-based approach is necessary to determine: (a) the risk of CVD susceptibility beyond traditional risk factors; (b) early detection of illness; (c) response to treatment; and (d) molecular taxonomy of the disease. Conclusions: The results of genetic research, education, and teaching will lead to a new understanding of genes and pathways, resulting in powerful new therapeutic approaches to CVD. The challenge is to translate genetic discoveries into clinical practice that ultimately leads to preventing CVD and reducing mortality. [source] Dispositional and Organizational Influences on Sustained Volunteerism: An Interactionist PerspectiveJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 3 2002Louis A. Penner Community service often involves sustained prosocial actions by individuals. This article focuses on one kind of such actions, volunteerism. Volunteerism involves long,term, planned, prosocial behaviors that benefit strangers, and usually occur in an organizational setting. A selective review of the literature on the correlates of volunteerism is presented. One part of the review concerns the relationship between dispositional variables and volunteerism; it includes new data from an on,line survey that show significant relationships among personality traits, religiosity, and volunteer activities. The other part concerns how organizational variables, alone and in combination with dispositional variables, are related to volunteerism. A theoretical model of the causes of sustained volunteerism is presented and the practical implications of this model are discussed. [source] Let us talk about it: Safe adolescent sexual decision makingJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 9 2007CS (Assistant Professor), Josie A. Weiss PhD Abstract Purpose: To discuss important factors that influence teens and provide guidance for nurse practitioners (NPs) to promote safe adolescent sexual decision making. Data sources: A selective review of current professional literature and professional practice. Conclusions: To promote safe sexual decision making in adolescents, communication with parents, other significant adults, and teens is essential. Being knowledgeable about factors that influence the choices of adolescents and willing to discuss them openly is an important component of NP practice and could make a difference in the lives of many teens. Implications for practice: NPs are frontline healthcare providers who have many opportunities to promote safe adolescent sexual decision making. This article provides a guide to assist in this work. [source] Insect peptide hormones: a selective review of their physiology and potential application for pest controlPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 10 2003Gerd Gäde Abstract Our knowledge on primary structure, synthesis, release, receptor binding, structure,activity relationships, mode of action and degradation of, mainly, neuropeptides from insects has increased dramatically during the last 10 years or so. Here, five case studies are presented, which deal selectively with effects on: reproduction (trypsin modulating oostatic factor in mosquito); energy metabolism, locomotion and the immune system (adipokinetic hormones); water and ion balance, and feeding behaviour (diuretic hormones, kinins, sulfakinins); sex attraction (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide); and growth and development, and muscle activity (allatostatins). The literature is reviewed in the context of how the knowledge on neuropeptides has been and can be used for the design of novel, safe and selective compounds to control pest insects in the foreseeable future. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Towards effective evaluation of digital community information systemsPROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2002Kenton T. Unruh Digital Community Information Systems (CIS) are increasing in both size and scale. These systems help people obtain community information (CI) for the myriad situations that arise in everyday life. As these systems migrate to the online environment, increasing complexities and scale provide the impetus for improvements in system design. System re-design, however, relies on the effective evaluation of digital CIS. Despite the plethora of evaluation frameworks from the systems, organizational, and information retrieval fields, minimal research has directly addressed the issue of digital CIS evaluation. Following a selective review of digital CIS and evaluation approaches, a layered evaluation framework is proposed to guide the evaluation of digital CIS. [source] Practitioner Review: The assessment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescentsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 3 2009Argelinda Baroni Background:, An increasing number of youth are being diagnosed with, and treated for, bipolar disorder (BD). Controversy exists about whether youth with non-episodic irritability and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) should be considered to have a developmental presentation of mania. Method:, A selective review of the literature related to this question, along with recommendations to guide clinical assessment. Results:, Data indicate differences between youth with episodic mania and those with non-episodic irritability in longitudinal diagnostic associations, family history, and pathophysiology. In youth with episodic mania, elation and irritability are both common during manic episodes. Conclusions:, In diagnosing mania in youth, clinicians should focus on the presence of episodes that consist of a distinct change in mood accompanied by concurrent changes in cognition and behavior. BD should not be diagnosed in the absence of such episodes. In youth with ADHD, symptoms such as distractibility and agitation should be counted as manic symptoms only if they are markedly increased over the youth's baseline symptoms at the same time that there is a distinct change in mood and the occurrence of other associated symptoms of mania. Although different techniques for diagnosing comorbid illnesses have not been compared systematically, it appears most rational to diagnose co-occurring illnesses such as ADHD only if the symptoms of the co-occurring illness are present when the youth is euthymic. [source] Medical decision making: a selective review for child psychiatrists and psychologistsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 7 2005Cathryn A. Galanter Physicians, including child and adolescent psychiatrists, show variability and inaccuracies in diagnosis and treatment of their patients and do not routinely implement evidenced-based medical and psychiatric treatments in the community. We believe that it is necessary to characterize the decision-making processes of child and adolescent psychiatrists using theories and methods from cognitive and social sciences in order to design effective interventions to improve practice and education. This paper selectively reviews the decision-making literature, including recent studies on naturalistic decision making, novice,expert differences, and the role of technology on decision making and cognition. We also provide examples from other areas of medicine and discuss their implications for child psychiatry. [source] Practitioner Review: The assessment of language pragmaticsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 8 2002Catherine Adams Background: The assessment of pragmatics expressed in spoken language is a central issue in the evaluation of children with communication impairments and related disorders. A developmental approach to assessment has remained problematic due to the complex interaction of social, linguistic, cognitive and cultural influences on pragmatics. Method: A selective review and critique of current formal and informal testing methods and pragmatic analytic procedures. Results: Formal testing of pragmatics has limited potential to reveal the typical pragmatic abnormalities in interaction but has a significant role to play in the assessment of comprehension of pragmatic intent. Clinical assessment of pragmatics with the pre-school child should focus on elicitation of communicative intent via naturalistic methods as part of an overall assessment of social communication skills. Assessments for older children should include a comprehensive investigation of speech acts, conversational and narrative abilities, the understanding of implicature and intent as well as the child's ability to employ contextual cues to understanding. Practical recommendations are made regarding the choice of a core set of pragmatic assessments and elicitation techniques. The practitioner's attention is drawn to the lack of the usual safeguards of reliability and validity that have persisted in some language pragmatics assessments. Conclusions: A core set of pragmatic assessment tools can be identified from the proliferation of instruments in current use. Further research is required to establish clearer norms and ranges in the development of pragmatic ability, particularly with respect to the understanding of inference, topic management and coherence. [source] Further Correspondences and Similarities of Shamanism and Cognitive Science: Mental Representation, Implicit Processing, and Cognitive StructuresANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 1 2003Timothy L. Hubbard Properties of mental representation are related to findings in cognitive science and ideas in shamanism. A selective review of research in cognitive science suggests visual images and spatial memory preserve important functional information regarding physical principles and the behavior of objects in the natural world, and notions of second-order isomorphism and the perceptual cycle developed to account for such findings are related to shamanic experience. Possible roles of implicit processes in shamanic cognition, and the idea that shamanic experience may involve normally unconscious information becoming temporarily available to consciousness, are considered. The existence of a cognitive module dedicated to processing information relevant to social knowledge and social interaction is consistent with cognitive science and with shamanism, and may help account for the extension of intentionality and meaning that characterize shamanic practice. Overall, findings from cognitive science and ideas from shamanism exhibit a number of correspondences and similarities regarding basic properties of cognition, and this suggests that shamanic and nonshamanic cognition may not be fundamentally different. [source] The recognition of facial expressions of emotion in Alzheimer's disease: a review of findingsACTA NEUROPSYCHIATRICA, Issue 5 2008Tracey McLellan Objective:, To provide a selective review of the literature on the recognition of facial expressions of emotion in Alzheimer's disease (AD), to evaluate whether these patients show variation in their ability to recognise different emotions and whether any such impairments are instead because of a general decline in cognition. Methods:, A narrative review based on relevant articles identified from PubMed and PsycInfo searches from 1987 to 2007 using keywords ,Alzheimer's', ,facial expression recognition', ,dementia' and ,emotion processing'. Conclusion:, Although the literature is as yet limited, with several methodological inconsistencies, AD patients show poorer recognition of facial expressions, with particular difficulty with sad expressions. It is unclear whether poorer performance reflects the general cognitive decline and/or verbal or spatial deficits associated with AD or whether the deficits reflect specific neuropathology. This under-represented field of study may help to extend our understanding of social functioning in AD. Future work requires more detailed analyses of ancillary cognitive measures, more ecologically valid facial displays of emotion and a reference situation that more closely approximates an actual social interaction. [source] Abnormalities of the HPA axis in affective disorders: clinical subtypes and potential treatmentsACTA NEUROPSYCHIATRICA, Issue 5 2006Richard J. Porter Background:, New evidence is emerging regarding abnormalities of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in subtypes of affective disorders. Adverse effects of HPA axis dysregulation may include dysfunction of monoaminergic transmitter systems, cognitive impairment and peripheral effects. Newer treatments specifically targeting the HPA axis are being developed. Objective:, To review these developments focusing particularly on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist mifepristone. Method:, A selective review of the literature. Results:, The function of GRs is increasingly being defined. The role of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the brain is also increasingly understood. HPA axis function is particularly likely to be abnormal in psychotic depression and bipolar disorder, and it is in these conditions that trials of the GR antagonist mifepristone are being focused. CRH antagonists and DHEA are also being investigated as potential treatments. Conclusion:, Initial studies of mifepristone and other HPA-axis-targeting agents in psychotic depression and bipolar disorder are encouraging and confirmatory studies are awaited. [source] Neuroticism, alexithymia, negative affect and positive affect as predictors of medically unexplained symptoms in primary care1ACTA NEUROPSYCHIATRICA, Issue 4 2002V. De Gucht Background:, Somatization has been defined in a number of ways. Despite their differences, these definitions have one element in common, namely the presence of somatic symptoms that cannot be explained (adequately) by organic findings. Objective: The primary objectives of the dissertation were to gain a better insight into the concept of somatization, and to study (prospectively) the relationship between neuroticism and alexithymia, two personality traits that have been shown to be related to somatization, the affective state dimensions positive and negative affect (or psychological distress) and medically unexplained symptoms. Method: A selective review was conducted regarding conceptual and methodological issues related to somatization. A total number of 318 patients, presenting to their primary care physician with medically unexplained symptoms, participated in the prospective study. Both at baseline and at 6-month follow-up a number of measures were filled out with respect to somatization, neuroticism, alexithymia, negative and positive affect, anxiety and depression. Results: The concept of somatization was clarified, thereby making use of the distinction between presenting and functional somatization. The personality traits neuroticism and alexithymia were found to have an indirect influence on symptom reports. Both the cross-sectional and follow-up data pointed to the importance of positive and negative affect as determinants of (changes in) number of symptoms (over time). Negative affect, together with the alexithymia dimension measuring difficulty identifying feelings, predicted symptom persistence. Conclusions: The theoretical as well as therapeutic implications of the present paper may give an impetus to new research in the domain of somatization. [source] Dyslexia: a review of two theoriesCLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPTOMETRY, Issue 4 2008Krithika Nandakumar BSOptom Optometrists will frequently see patients, who may have a diagnosis or a suspected diagnosis of dyslexia (specific reading disorder) and will need to manage and counsel such patients. There are many propounded theories on the cause(s) of dyslexia. Although most professionals in this area consider that dyslexia is chiefly a linguistic disorder, the possibility of a visual component is contentious. This article is a selective review of two commonly discussed theories that suggest a visual component in dyslexia; the magnocellular deficit theory and Meares-Irlen syndrome. [source] A selective review of research on offenders with developmental disabilities: assessment and treatmentCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 3 2005William R. Lindsay The process of deinstitutionalization has changed the nature of research on offenders with developmental disabilities, transferring the focus of enquiry from institutions to the community. As a result, there have been significant increases in the extent of research on assessment, treatment and service systems. This selective review focuses on anger and aggression, fire-setting and inappropriate sexual behaviour to illustrate the way in which developments are beginning to support clinical work in the area. We now have a number of assessments to delineate psychological variables and there are also developments in the assessment of risk for future violence. Treat-ment programmes are becoming increasingly sophisticated, relying increasingly on developments in cognitive techniques. Controlled trials indicate that treatment for anger and aggression may be effective in terms of both proximal and socially validated outcomes. There is a lack of controlled outcome research in other areas. More recent research comparing individuals in different levels of security may have impacts on services.,Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cognitive therapy with people with intellectual disabilities: a selective review and critiqueCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 4 2004Peter Sturmey The literature on cognitive therapy with people with intellectual disabilities was selectively reviewed, including application to problems such as anger management, depression and offending. The literature on anger management showed the most promise. The literature on depression was weak. Research on offenders was promising, but no controlled trials were found. Much of the literature incorrectly identified behavioral interventions as cognitive interventions. Many interventions, such as anger management, were in fact packages that included many behavioral interventions, such as relaxation and social skills training, alongside cognitive methods, such as cognitive restructuring. Hence, evaluations of anger management packages can not tell us anything about the effectiveness of cognitive therapy, since cognitive therapy is confounded with behavior therapy. Future directions for research include well controlled experimental trials to evaluate the effectiveness of these packages and the contribution of cognitive therapy to treatment outcome.,Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Attachment theory in adolescence and its relevance to developmental psychopathologyCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY (AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THEORY & PRACTICE), Issue 1 2001Lucy Scott Brown The relationship between the quality of early attachment and later psychological adaptation is frequently emphasized. To date, the significance of attachment during infancy and adulthood has been a central focus in the literature, with remarkably little attention being given to adolescence. The aim of this selective review is to introduce and critically consider the key concepts of attachment theory, and to then discuss the relevance of attachment to the period of adolescence. More specifically, an emphasis will be placed upon the importance of early attachment experiences in the development of adolescent psychopathology. Theoretical explanations for this relationship are considered alongside implications for clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Unsolvable Fear, Trauma, and Psychopathology: Theory, Research, and Clinical Considerations Related to Disorganized Attachment Across the Life SpanCLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, Issue 3 2001Jude Cassidy This article features a selective review of attachment theory and research that have contributed knowledge about dynamics underlying early trauma, mechanisms by which maladaptive responses to trauma may be transmitted between generations, and trauma-related risk factors for psychopathology in children, adolescents, and adults. First, we focus on the foundations of attachment theory and discuss ways in which the attachment, exploratory, and fear behavioral systems interact to promote infants' survival. The second section of the paper examines the connection between frightening experiences and disorganized attachment. Infants who are regularly and seriously frightened by aspects of their caregiving environment are believed to be at risk for "unsolvable fear" in which organized attachment responses to fear are impossible. We describe the behaviors and representations characteristic of disorganized children and their parents. Next, we review recent research about relations among attachment, trauma, and psychopathology across the lifespan. Finally, we discuss implications of these findings for clinical practice. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||