Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Selective Method (selective + method)
Kinds of Selective Method Selected AbstractsEfficient and Selective Method for the Synthesis of Dihydrodipyridopyrazines Based on the Pd-Catalysed Amination of HalopyridinesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 22 2009Oana-Irina Patriciu Abstract A novel methodology for the efficient and selective synthesis of isomers A and B of N -substituted dihydrodipyridopyrazines was developed. The key step is the intermolecular coupling of aminopyridines and halonitropyridines/dihalopyridines in the presence of a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2/Xantphos. This system displays good functional group compatibility and the desired C,N bond-forming process proceeds in good yields. Cyclization of suitable nitro-substituted N,N, -dipyridinylamines produces monosubstituted dihydrodipyridopyrazines, which can easily be alkylated to give a large variety of unsymmetrical 5,10-dialkyl-5,10-dihydrodipyrido[2,3- b:2,,3,- e]pyrazines (isomers A) and 5,10-dialkyl-5,10-dihydrodipyrido[2,3- b:3,,2,- e]pyrazines (isomers B). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] ChemInform Abstract: Malononitrile-Catalyzed and Highly Selective Method for the Synthesis of 2-((E)-1,3-Diarylallylidene)malononitriles in Ionic Liquid.CHEMINFORM, Issue 5 2010Xiang-Shan Wang Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] A Mild and Selective Method for the N-Boc Deprotection by Sodium Carbonate.CHEMINFORM, Issue 13 2007Said El Kazzouli Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] A Mild and Selective Method for the Conversion of Oximes into Ketones and Aldehydes by the Use of N-Bromophthalimide.CHEMINFORM, Issue 17 2005Ardeshir Khazaei No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Mild, Catalytic, and Highly Selective Method for the Oxidation of ,,,-Enones to 1,4-Enediones.CHEMINFORM, Issue 28 2003Jin-Quan Yu Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Phase Transfer Catalysis in Solid,Liquid System as a Selective Method of Mono-alkylation of ,-Sulfonyl Thioesters.CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2002Blanka Wladislaw Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] Simultaneous determination of six non-polar heterocyclic amines in meat samples by supercritical fluid extraction,capillary electrophoresis under fluorimetric detectionELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 13 2010Fernando De Andrés Abstract A novel, sensitive and selective method for the separation and quantification of a group of non-polar heterocyclic amines (9H-pyrido-[3,4-b] indole, norharmane; 1-methyl-9H-pyrido-[3,4-b] indole, harmane; 2-amino-9H-pyrido-[2,3-b] indole, A,C; 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido-[2,3-b] indole, MeA,C; 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b] indole, Trp-P-1 and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b] indole, Trp-P-2) in commercial meat samples has been developed. This methodology is faster than others previously described. The method is based on the combination of a supercritical fluid extraction procedure, followed by the analysis of the extracted plug by CE with fluorescence detection. The supercritical fluid extraction procedure was optimized for the clean-up of the samples and the extraction of the analytes. For the electrophoretic separation, the effect of composition, pH and concentration of buffer, organic modifier content, pressure and time of injection, capillary temperature and voltage applied were studied. A 10,mmol/L formic acid,ammonium formate,ACN (10%, v/v) solution at pH 1.5 was selected as the running electrolyte. With 5-s hydrodynamic injection, linear responses in the range from 100 to 1000,ng/mL and detection limits ranging from 15.9 to 28.1,ng/mL were obtained for different amines in less than 13,min. ACN,water (1:1 in volume) was used as a sample solvent. Fluorescence detection enhances the sensitivity and avoids interferences coming from non-fluorescent compounds present in the matrices of the sample extracts. [source] Heterotrophic symbionts of phototrophic consortia: members of a novel diverse cluster of Betaproteobacteria characterized by a tandem rrn operon structureENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 11 2007Kristina R. Pfannes Summary Phototrophic consortia represent the most highly developed type of interspecific association of bacteria and consist of green sulfur bacterial epibionts attached around a central colourless rod-shaped bacterium. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the central bacterium of the consortium ,Chlorochromatium aggregatum' was recently shown to represent a novel and phylogenetically isolated lineage of the Comamonadaceae within the ,-subgroup of the Proteobacteria. To date, 19 types of phototrophic consortia are distinguished based on the different 16S rRNA gene sequences of their epibionts, but the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the heterotrophic partner bacteria are still unknown. We developed an approach based on the specific rrn (ribosomal RNA) operon structure of the central bacterium of ,C. aggregatum' to recover 16S rRNA gene sequences of other central bacteria and their close relatives from natural consortia populations. Genomic DNA of the central bacterium of ,C. aggregatum' was first enriched several hundred-fold by employing a selective method for growth of consortia in a monolayer biofilm followed by a purification of the genome of the central bacterium by cesium chloride-bisbenzimidazole equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. A combination of inverse PCR, cloning and sequencing revealed that two rrn operons of the central bacterium are arranged in a tandem fashion and are separated by an unusually short intergenic region of 195 base pairs. This rare gene order was exploited to screen various natural microbial communities by PCR. We discovered a diverse and previously unknown subgroup of Betaproteobacteria in the chemoclines of freshwater lakes. This group was absent in other freshwater and soil samples. All the 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered are related to that of the central bacterium of ,C. aggregatum'. Fluorescence in situ hybridization indicated that two of these sequences originated from central bacteria of different phototrophic consortia, which, however, were only distantly related to the central bacterium of ,C. aggregatum'. Based on a detailed phylogenetic analysis, these central bacterial symbionts of phototrophic consortia have a polyphyletic origin. [source] An efficient and highly selective method for the synthesis of cryptotackiene derivatives catalyzed by iodineJOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2010Xiang-Shan Wang A mild, efficient and highly selective approach to the synthesis of cryptotackiene derivatives via three-component reactions of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole and aromatic aldehydes with electron-rich alkenes, such as 2,3-dihydrofuran, or 3,4-dihydro-2H -pyran catalyzed by iodine in THF is reported. It is worth to note that only trans -products were obtained with high selectivity in good to high yields, which confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010). [source] BP NEURAL NETWORK FOR EVALUATING SENSORY TEXTURE PROPERTIES OF COOKED SAUSAGEJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2009QING-LI DONG ABSTRACT In order to replace sensory evaluation by instrumental measurement with more accuracy for texture properties of cooked sausage, correlation analysis between sensory and instrumental texture was established by multiple regression and back propagation (BP) neural network, respectively. Effect of different fat, salt, moisture and starch addition on the texture of cooked sausage was also investigated in this paper. It indicated that the accuracy and goodness of fit of predicting sensory hardness, cohesiveness and juiciness by BP neural network were more significant than those by multiple regressions with lower root mean square error and standard error of prediction. Although both accuracy and bias factors of two models were in acceptable range, BP neural network provides an accurate and selective method for predicting sensory texture evaluation in similar meat products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The effect of different fat, salt, moisture and starch addition on textural properties of cooked sausage could be valuable to the meat industry in order to select the appropriate components for improving the texture of sausage. Artificial neural network technology used in this study can be useful for the fast, on-time and convenient detection of texture measurement by instrumental instead of sensory evaluation. [source] Determination of avoparcin in animal tissues and milk using LC-ESI-MS/MS and tandem-SPEJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 22 2008Koichi Inoue Abstract A highly sensitive and selective method using LC-ESI-MS/MS and tandem-SPE was developed to detect trace amounts of avoparcin (AV) antibiotics in animal tissues and milk. Data acquisition using MS/MS was achieved by applying multiple reaction monitoring of the product ions of [M + 3H]3+ and the major product ions of AV-, and -, at m/z 637 , 86/113/130 and m/z 649 , 86/113/130 in ESI(+) mode. The calculated instrumental LODs were 3 ng/mL. The sample preparation was described that the extraction using 5% TFA and the tandem-SPE with an ion-exchange (SAX) and InertSep C18-A cartridge clean-up enable us to determine AV in samples. Ion suppression was decreased by concentration rates of each sample solution. These SPE concentration levels could be used to detect quantities of 5 ppb (milk), 10 ppb (beef), and 25 ppb (chicken muscle and liver). The matrix matching calibration graphs obtained for both AV-, (r >0.996) and -, (r >0.998) from animal tissues and milk were linear over the calibration ranges. AV recovery from samples was higher than 73.3% and the RSD was less than 12.0% (n = 5). [source] SESAME-HSQC for simultaneous measurement of NH and CH scalar and residual dipolar couplings,MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 4 2007Peter Würtz Abstract We present a novel pulse sequence, SESAME-HSQC, for the simultaneous measurement of several NH and CH scalar and residual dipolar couplings in double labeled proteins. The proposed Spin-statE Selective All Multiplicity Edited (SESAME)-HSQC combines gradient selected and sensitivity enhanced 15N- and constant-time 13C-HSQC experiments with the recently introduced spin-state selective method (Nolis et al., J. Magn. Reson. 180 (2006) 39,50) for measuring couplings simultaneously at amide and aliphatic regions. Excellent resolution and high sensitivity is warranted by removing all coupling interactions during the indirectly detected t1 period, and by employing pulsed field gradients for coherence selection and utilizing coherence order selective spin-state selection. The scalar and residual dipolar couplings can be readily measured from a two-dimensional 15N/13C-HSQC spectrum without additional spectral crowding. SESAME-HSQC can be used for epitope mapping by observing chemical shift changes in both amide and aliphatic regions. Simultaneously, potential conversion in protein conformation can be probed by analyzing changes in residual dipolar couplings induced by ligand binding. The pulse sequence is experimentally verified with a sample of 15N/13C enriched human ubiquitin. The internuclear vector directions determined from the residual dipolar couplings are found to be in excellent correlation with those predicted from ubiquitin's refined solution structure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of S -adenosylmethionine and related sulfur metabolites in bacterial isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (BAA-47) by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization coupled to a hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 21 2009Tommaso R. I. Cataldi A comprehensive and highly selective method for detecting in bacterial supernatants a modified sulfur nucleoside, S -adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), and its metabolites, i.e., S -adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), adenosine (Ado), 5,-deoxy-5,-methylthioadenosine (MTA), adenine (Ade), S -adenosyl-methioninamine (dcSAM), homocysteine (Hcy) and methionine (Met), was developed. The method is based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography with positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) coupled to a hybrid linear quadrupole ion trap (LTQ) and 7-T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS). A gradient elution was employed with a binary solvent of 0.05,M ammonium formate at pH 4 and acetonitrile. The assay involves a simultaneous cleanup of cell-free bacterial broths by solid-phase extraction and trace enrichment of metabolites with a 50-fold concentration factor by using immobilized phenylboronic and anion-exchange cartridges. While the quantitative determination of SAM was performed using stable-isotope-labeled SAM-d3 as an internal standard, in the case of Met and Ade, Met- 13C and Ade- 15N2 were employed as isotope-labeled internal standards, respectively. This method enabled the identification of SAM and its metabolites in cell-free culture of Pseudomonasaeruginosa grown in Davis minimal broth (formulation without sulphur organic compounds), with routine sub-ppm mass accuracies (,0.27,±,0.68,ppm). The resulting contents of SCSS -SAM, SS -dcSAM, MTA, Ado and Met in the free-cell supernatant of P. aeruginosa was 56.4,±,2.1,nM, 32.2,±,2.2,nM, 0.91,±,0.10,nM, 19.6,±,1.2,nM and 1.93,±,0.02,µM (mean,±,SD, n,=,4 extractions), respectively. We report also the baseline separation (Rs ,1.5) of both diastereoisomeric forms of SAM (SCSS and SCRS) and dcSAM (SS and RS), which can be very useful to establish the relationship between the biologically active versus the inactive species, SCSS/SCRS and SS/RS of SAM and dcSAM, respectively. An additional confirmation of SAM-related metabolites was accomplished by a systematic study of their MS/MS spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Rapid determination of three anticoagulant rodenticides in whole blood by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 18 2006Mi-cong Jin A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the simultaneous determination of bromadiolone, flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood using warfarin as internal standard (IS) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) has been developed and validated. The target compounds were extracted from the whole blood with ethyl acetate and separated on an XDB C18 column (150,mm,×,2.1,mm i.d.,×,5,µm) by using a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% acetic acid/methanol (12/88, v/v) at a constant flow rate of 0.50 mL/min. The analytes were detected using negative ESI-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The molecular ions [MH], of m/z 527, 541,523 and 307 were selected for the quantification for bromadiolone, flocoumafen, brodifacoum and the IS, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (r2,>,0.995) in the concentration range of 0.50,100.00 ng/mL. The method showed a satisfactory sensitivity (0.05,0.5 ng/mL using 200 µL blood), precision (RSD,<,11.9%), accuracy (recovery: 82.0,96.1%) and selectivity. This method was successfully applied to the determination of the analytes for the diagnoses of poisoned human beings and animals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analytical method for the quantitative determination of urinary ethylenethiourea by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 20 2003Cristina Sottani A direct, rapid and selective method for the quantitative determination of the ethylenethiourea (ETU) in human urine has been validated and is reported in the present study. It allows the accurate quantification of ETU in this complex matrix without the use of any internal standard as the sample cleanup is effective enough for the removal of interferences that could lead to ion suppression in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. This simple and rapid purification system, based on the use of a Fluorosil phase of a BondElut® column followed by a liquid-liquid extraction procedure, achieves mean extracted recoveries, assessed at three different concentrations (2.5, 10.0, and 25.0,,g/L), always more than 85%. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive ion tandem mass spectrometry, operating in selected multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, is used to quantify ETU in human urine. The assay is linear over the range 0,50,,g/L, with a lower limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.5,,g/L and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 8.9%. The lower limit of detection (LOD) is assessed at 0.5,,g/L. The overall precision and accuracy were determined on three different days. The values for within- and between-day precision are ,,8.3 and 10.1%, respectively, and the accuracy is in the range 97,118%. The relative uncertainties for the LOQ and QC concentrations have been estimated to be 18 and 8%, respectively. The assay was applied to quantify ETU in human urine from growers that regularly handle ethylenebisdithiocarbamate pesticides in large crop plantations. The biological samples were collected at the start and end of the working day, and the ETU urine levels were found to vary between 1.9 and 8.2,,g/L. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Histolocalisation of the oil and pigments in the pumpkin seedANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009M. Kreft Abstract Pumpkin seed oil has a distinct taste and a characteristic green-red colour. A green layer (chlorenchyma) can be observed in the cross section of the seed on the inner side of the testa. This layer is considered to be a source of protochlorophyll pigment that gives colour to the pumpkin seed oil. However, the histolocalisation of the pigment by selective method was not yet studied. In this study, we localised the oil to the small lipid droplets in the cotyledon cells by Rhodamine 6G lipophilic stain. Furthermore, we localised protochlorophyll to chlorenchyma by microscopic fluorimetry. Emission maximum of protochlorophyll was 700 nm when measured in the seed, but it shifted to 630 and 655 nm (two peaks) when measured in pumpkin seed oil or in the extract. [source] Simultaneous determination of triptolide, tripdiolide and tripterine in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometryBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2009Mi-cong Jin Abstract An accurate and selective method for the simultaneous determination of triptolide, tripdiolide and tripterine in human urine using hydrocortisone as an internal standard (IS) by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode has been developed. After triptolide, tripdiolide and tripterine in human urine were extracted with ethyl acetate and cleaned by solid-phase extraction with C18 cartridges, a satisfactory separation was achieved on an XDB C18 short column (30 × 2.1 mm i.d., 3 µm) using the mobile phase of acetic acid,ammonium acetate (5 mmol/L, pH = 4.5),acetonitrile,methanol in gradient elution. Detection was operated by APCI in selected ion monitoring mode. The target ions m/z 359, m/z 375, m/z 449 and m/z 419 were selected for the quantification of triptolide, tripdiolide, tripterine and IS, respectively. The linear range was 1.0,100.0 ng mL,1, and the limits of quantification in human urine were found to be 0.1,0.5 ng mL,1 for the three compounds. The precisions (CV%) and accuracies were 6.6,12.9 and 85.1,97.0%, respectively. The developed method could be applied to the determination of triptolide, tripdiolide and tripterine in human urine for diagnosis of the intoxication and for forensic purposes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Simultaneous clinical monitoring of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and ketone bodies in plasma as methoxime/tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography,mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring modeBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2008Man-Jeong Paik Abstract Simultaneous determination of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid for clinical monitoring of lactic acidosis and ketone body formation in human plasma (20 µL) was performed by gas chromatography,mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode after generating methoxime/tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives. All of the targeted carboxylic acids were detected by characteristic fragment ions, which permitted sensitive and selective identification in the presence of co-extracted free fatty acids and other acidic metabolites at much higher levels. The method was linear (r , 0.9991), reproducible (% relative standard deviation = 1.2,5.8), and accurate (% relative error = ,7.2,7.6), with detection limits of 0.05,1.7 ng/mL. This rapid, accurate and selective method using minimal plasma samples (20 µL) is useful in the clinical monitoring of lactic acidosis and ketone body formation in plasma. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Simultaneous determination of estramustine phosphate and its four metabolites in human plasma by liquid chromatography,ionspray mass spectrometryBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2004M. Breda Abstract A sensitive and selective method, using liquid chromatography,ionspray mass spectrometry, was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Estracyt (estramustine phosphate) and its four metabolites, estramustine, estromustine, estrone and estradiol, in human plasma. Deuterated internal standards were available for all analytes. The ,ve compounds were extracted from plasma by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was performed using a Zorbax SB C18, (150 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) reversed-phase column under gradient conditions with a mobile phase containing 2 mm ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.8) and acetonitrile. MS detection was by electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring in the positive ion mode for estramustine phosphate, estromustine and estramustine, and in the negative ion mode for estrone and estradiol. The limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL for estramustine phosphate, 3 ng/mL for estromustine, estramustine and estrone and 30 ng/mL for estradiol. Linearity was veri,ed from these LLOQs up to about 4000 ng/mL for the parent drug and 2000 ng/mL for the metabolites. Inter-day precision and accuracy values were all less than 15%. This assay was applied successfully to the routine analysis of human plasma samples collected in cancer patients administered estramustine phosphate intravenously. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Validation of a GC-MS screening method for anabolizing agents in solid nutritional supplementsBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2004W. Van Thuyne Abstract A sensitive and selective method for the screening of 28 different compounds including testosterone and prohormones, nandrolone and prohormones, stanozolol and metandienone in solid nutritional supplements is described and validated. The different substances are extracted from the solid nutritional supplements by liquid,liquid extraction with a mixture of pentane and freshly distilled diethylether (9/1) after dissolving the supplement in NaOH (1 N). The anabolizing agents are derivatized with a mixture of MSTFA/NH4I/ethanethiol (320/1/2), routinely used for the derivatization of anabolic steroids extracted from urine. The TMS-derivatives are analysed by GC-MS in the SIM mode. The limits of detection were in the range from 2 to 40 ng/g. One supplement was analysed with this method and was found to contain several forbidden substances according to IOC doping regulations. All detected compounds, except dihydrotestosterone, could be con,rmed with GC-MS2, proving that the proposed method is suitable for the screening of anabolizing agents in solid nutritional supplements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Biomining with bacteriophage: Selectivity of displayed peptides for naturally occurring sphalerite and chalcopyriteBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 2 2009Susan B. Curtis Abstract During mineral processing, concentrates of sulfide minerals of economic interest are formed by froth flotation of fine ore particles. The method works well but recovery and selectivity can be poor for ores with complex mineralogy. There is considerable interest in methods that improve the selectivity of this process while avoiding the high costs of using flotation chemicals. Here we show the first application of phage biotechnology to the processing of economically important minerals in ore slurries. A random heptapeptide library was screened for peptide sequences that bind selectively to the minerals sphalerite (ZnS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). After several rounds of enrichment, cloned phage containing the surface peptide loops KPLLMGS and QPKGPKQ bound specifically to sphalerite. Phage containing the peptide loop TPTTYKV bound to both sphalerite and chalcopyrite. By using an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), the phage was characterized as strong binders compared to wild-type phage. Specificity of binding was confirmed by immunochemical visualization of phage bound to mineral particles but not to silica (a waste mineral) or pyrite. The current study focused primarily on the isolation of ZnS-specific phage that could be utilized in the separation of sphalerite from silica. At mining sites where sphalerite and chalcopyrite are not found together in natural ores, the separation of sphalerite from silica would be an appropriate enrichment step. At mining sites where sphalerite and chalcopyrite do occur together, more specific phage would be required. This bacteriophage has the potential to be used in a more selective method of mineral separation and to be the basis for advanced methods of mineral processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 644,650. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||