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Selective Exposure (selective + exposure)
Selected AbstractsPolitically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Selective Exposure DebateJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 4 2009R. Kelly Garrett This article seeks to reframe the selective exposure debate by demonstrating that people exhibit a preference for opinion-reinforcing political information without systematically avoiding opinion challenges. The results are based on data collected in a national random-digit-dial telephone survey (n = 1,510) conducted prior to the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Analyses show that Americans use the control afforded by online information sources to increase their exposure to opinions consistent with their own views without sacrificing contact with other opinions. This observation contradicts the common assumption that reinforcement seeking and challenge avoidance are intrinsically linked aspects of the selective exposure phenomenon. This distinction is important because the consequences of challenge avoidance are significantly more harmful to democratic deliberation than those of reinforcement seeking. Politically Motivated Reinforcement Seeking: Reframing the Debate Over Selective Exposure in the Political Domain This article seeks to reframe the selective exposure debate by demonstrating that people exhibit a preference for opinion-reinforcing political information without systematically avoiding opinion challenges. The results are based on data collected in a national randomdigit-dial telephone survey (n = 1,510) conducted prior to the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Analyses show that Americans use the control afforded by online information sources to increase their exposure to opinions consistent with their own views without sacrificing contactwith other opinions. This observation contradicts the common assumption that reinforcement seeking and challenge avoidance are intrinsically linked aspects of the selective exposure phenomenon. This distinction is important because the consequences of challenge avoidance are significantly more harmful to democratic deliberation than those of reinforcement seeking. Politisch motivierte Suche nach Verstärkung: Eine Umdeutung der Debatte zur selektiven Wahrnehmung in der Politik Dieser Artikel versucht, die Debatte zur selektiven Wahrnehmung umzudeuten, indem er aufzeigt, dass Menschen eine Präferenz für meinungsverstärkende politische Informationen zeigen, ohne systematisch zu vermeiden, dass ihre Meinung hinterfragt wird. Diese Ergebnisse basieren auf Daten einer nationalen zufallsgesteuerten Telefonumfrage (n=1.510) die vor den U.S. Präsidentschaftswahlen 2004 durchgeführt wurde. Die Analysen zeigen, dass Amerikaner die Möglichkeiten von Online-Informationsquellen nutzen, um die Exposition zu konsistenten Meinungen herzustellen, ohne dafür andere Meinungen aufzugeben. Diese Beobachtung widerspricht der allgemeinen Annahme, dass Verstärkersuche und Herausforderungsvermeidung intrinsisch verbundene Aspekte des selektiven Wahrnehmungsphänomens sind. Diese Unterscheidung ist wichtig, weil die Konsequenzen der Vermeidung von Herausforderung für die demokratische Teilhabe wesentlich problematischer sind als die des Suchens nach Verstärkung. La Búsqueda del Reforzamiento Motivado Políticamente: Re-encuadrando el Debate sobre la Exposición Selectiva en el Dominio Político R. Kelly Garrett Resumen Este artículo busca re-encuadrar el debate sobre la exposición selectiva demostrando que la gente exhibe una preferencia por la opinión que refuerza la información política sin evadir sistemáticamente los desafíos de la opinión. Los resultados están basados en los datos colectados en una entrevista aleatoria de discado telefónico a nivel nacional (n = 1,510) conducida antes de la elección presidencial del 2004 de los EE.UU. Los análisis demuestran que los Estadounidenses usaron el control proporcionado por recursos de información online para incrementar la exposición a las opiniones consistentes con sus propios puntos de vista sin sacrificar el contacto con otras opiniones. Esta observación contradice la asunción común que la búsqueda del reforzamiento y la evasión del desafío están intrínsecamente unidos con los aspectos de la exposición selectiva del fenómeno. Esta distinción es importante porque las consecuencias de la evasión del desafío son significativamente más perjudiciales en la deliberación democrática que aquellas de la búsqueda del reforzamiento. [source] Communication Communities or "CyberGhettos?": A Path Analysis Model Examining Factors that Explain Selective Exposure to Blogs,JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 1 2009Thomas J. Johnson Ph.D. This study used an online panel of Internet users to examine the degree to which blog users practice selective exposure when seeking political information. The research employed a path analysis model to explore the extent to which exposure to offline and online discussion of political issues, and offline and online media use, as well as political variables and demographic factors, predict an individual's likelihood to engage in selective exposure to blogs. The findings indicate that respondents did practice selective exposure to blogs, predominantly those who are heavy blog users, politically active both online and offline, partisan, and highly educated. [source] Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to InformationPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Howard Lavine We examined the hypothesis that threat alters the cognitive strategies used by high authoritarians in seeking out new political information from the environment. In a laboratory experiment, threat was manipulated through a "mortality salience" manipulation used in research on terror management theory (Pyszczynski, Solomon & Greenberg, 2003). Subjects (N = 92) were then invited to read one of three editorial articles on the topic of capital punishment. We found that in the absence of threat, both low and high authoritarians were responsive to salient norms of evenhandedness in information selection, preferring exposure to a two-sided article that presents the merits of both sides of an issue to an article that selectively touts the benefits of the pro or con side of the issue. However, in the presence of threat, high but not low authoritarians became significantly more interested in exposure to an article containing uniformly pro-attitudinal arguments, and significantly less interested in a balanced, two-sided article. Finally, a path analysis indicated that selective exposure to attitude-congruent information led to more internally consistent policy attitudes and inhibited attitude change. Discussion focuses on the role of threat in conditioning the cognitive and attitudinal effects of authoritarianism. [source] Selective exposure to information: the impact of information limitsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2005Peter Fischer In research on selective exposure to information, people have been found to predominantly seek information supporting rather than conflicting with their opinion. In most of these studies, participants were allowed to search for as many pieces of information as they liked. However, in many situations, the amount of information that people can search for is restricted. We report four experiments addressing this issue. Experiment 1 suggests that objective limits regarding the maximum number of pieces of information the participants could search for increases the preference for selecting supporting over conflicting information. In Experiment 2, just giving participants a cue about information scarcity induces the same effect, even in the absence of any objective restrictions. Finally, Experiment 3 and 4 clarify the underlying psychological process by showing that information limits increase selective exposure to information because information search is guided by the expected information quality, which is basically biased towards supporting information, and information limits act to reinforce this tendency. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A New Era of Minimal Effects?JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 1 2010A Response to Bennett, Iyengar This article takes up Bennett and Iyengar's (2008) call for debate about the future of political communication effects research. We outline 4 key criticisms. First, Bennett and Iyengar are too quick to dismiss the importance of attitude reinforcement, long recognized as an important type of political media influence. Second, the authors take too narrow a view of the sources of political information, remaining fixated on news. Third, they offer an incomplete portrayal of selective exposure, exaggerating the extent to which individuals avoid attitude-discrepant information. Finally, they lean toward determinism when describing the role technologies play in shaping our political environment. In addition, we challenge Bennett and Iyengar's assertion that only brand new theory can serve to help researchers understand today's political communication landscape. We argue that existing tools, notably the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), retain much utility for examining political media effects. Contrary to Bennett and Iyengar's claims, the ELM suggests that the contemporary political information environment does not necessarily lead to minimal effects. [source] Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media UseJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 1 2009Shanto Iyengar We show that the demand for news varies with the perceived affinity of the news organization to the consumer's political preferences. In an experimental setting, conservatives and Republicans preferred to read news reports attributed to Fox News and to avoid news from CNN and NPR. Democrats and liberals exhibited exactly the opposite syndrome,dividing their attention equally between CNN and NPR, but avoiding Fox News. This pattern of selective exposure based on partisan affinity held not only for news coverage of controversial issues but also for relatively "soft" subjects such as crime and travel. The tendency to select news based on anticipated agreement was also strengthened among more politically engaged partisans. Overall, these results suggest that the further proliferation of new media and enhanced media choices may contribute to the further polarization of the news audience. Resumen Los Medios Rojos, los Medios Azules: La Evidencia de la Selectividad Ideológica en el Uso de los Medios Mostramos que la demanda de noticias varía con la percepción de la afinidad con las organizaciones de noticias en las preferencias políticas del consumidor. En un ambiente experimental, conservadores y Republicanos prefirieron leer reportes de noticias atribuidos a la cadena de noticias Fox y evitaron las noticias de CNN y NPR. Los Demócratas y liberales exhibieron el síndrome exactamente opuesto , dividiendo su atención igualmente entre CNN y NPR, pero evitando las noticias de la cadena Fox. Esta pauta selectiva de exposición basada en la afinidad partidaria es sostenida no solo con respecto a la cobertura de noticias de hechos controversiales, sino también con respecto a materias relativamente "blandas" tales como el crimen y el viaje. La tendencia a seleccionar noticias basadas en un acuerdo anticipado fue aumentada también entre los partidarios políticamente más comprometidos. En general, los resultados sugieren que la mayor proliferación de los nuevos medios y las opciones mejoradas de los medios pueden contribuir a una mayor polarización de las audiencias de noticias. ZhaiYao Yo yak [source] Mood Adjustment via Mass CommunicationJOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2003Silvia Knobloch The author has proposed and experimentally tested the mood adjustment approach, complementing mood management theory. Participants were placed in an initial mood and led to anticipate different activities after the waiting period. The upcoming activities were either dynamic or lengthy (arousal) and associated with either pleasure or performance (valence), resulting in a 2 × 2 design. During an ostensible waiting period, participants listened to choices of popular music at their will in a computer-aided procedure. This music taken from the Top 30 charts had been evaluated in a pretest for energy and joyfulness as musical qualities in order to create sets of musical selections that were either low or high in these qualities. In the experiment proper, selective exposure to energetic-joyful music as dependent measure was unobtrusively recorded via software. Results regarding self-exposure across time show that patterns of music listening differ with initial mood and anticipation, lending support to mood adjustment hypotheses. Mood management processes occurred in the beginning of the waiting period, whereas mood adjustment purposes set in toward the anticipated activity. [source] Communication Communities or "CyberGhettos?": A Path Analysis Model Examining Factors that Explain Selective Exposure to Blogs,JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 1 2009Thomas J. Johnson Ph.D. This study used an online panel of Internet users to examine the degree to which blog users practice selective exposure when seeking political information. The research employed a path analysis model to explore the extent to which exposure to offline and online discussion of political issues, and offline and online media use, as well as political variables and demographic factors, predict an individual's likelihood to engage in selective exposure to blogs. The findings indicate that respondents did practice selective exposure to blogs, predominantly those who are heavy blog users, politically active both online and offline, partisan, and highly educated. [source] Echo chambers online?: Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users,JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION, Issue 2 2009R. Kelly Garrett A review of research suggests that the desire for opinion reinforcement may play a more important role in shaping individuals' exposure to online political information than an aversion to opinion challenge. The article tests this idea using data collected via a web-administered behavior-tracking study with subjects recruited from the readership of 2 partisan online news sites (N = 727). The results demonstrate that opinion-reinforcing information promotes news story exposure while opinion-challenging information makes exposure only marginally less likely. The influence of both factors is modest, but opinion-reinforcing information is a more important predictor. Having decided to view a news story, evidence of an aversion to opinion challenges disappears: There is no evidence that individuals abandon news stories that contain information with which they disagree. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. [source] Selective Electroless Deposition of Cu on an Ultrathin Au Film PatternMACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS, Issue 22 2004Maofeng Zhang Abstract Summary: In this report an ultrathin Au nanoparticle (AuNP) film composed of photosensitive diazoresin (DR) and mercaptophenol (MP) capped AuNPs (MP-AuNPs) was fabricated by self-assembly (SA). The DR/MP-AuNP film was then patterned through a photomask by selective exposure to UV light and instantly developed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) aqueous solution. After sintering at 550,°C to remove the organic components, the DR/MP-AuNPs formed AuNPs. Taking advantage of the catalytic susceptibility of AuNPs toward electroless deposition of Cu, a Cu film micropattern with fine resolution (ca. 2,3 ,m) and considerable thickness (ca. 130 nm) was prepared. SEM image of the micropatterned Cu film on a silicon substrate; scale bar: 10 ,m. [source] Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to InformationPOLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2005Howard Lavine We examined the hypothesis that threat alters the cognitive strategies used by high authoritarians in seeking out new political information from the environment. In a laboratory experiment, threat was manipulated through a "mortality salience" manipulation used in research on terror management theory (Pyszczynski, Solomon & Greenberg, 2003). Subjects (N = 92) were then invited to read one of three editorial articles on the topic of capital punishment. We found that in the absence of threat, both low and high authoritarians were responsive to salient norms of evenhandedness in information selection, preferring exposure to a two-sided article that presents the merits of both sides of an issue to an article that selectively touts the benefits of the pro or con side of the issue. However, in the presence of threat, high but not low authoritarians became significantly more interested in exposure to an article containing uniformly pro-attitudinal arguments, and significantly less interested in a balanced, two-sided article. Finally, a path analysis indicated that selective exposure to attitude-congruent information led to more internally consistent policy attitudes and inhibited attitude change. Discussion focuses on the role of threat in conditioning the cognitive and attitudinal effects of authoritarianism. [source] Partisanship, Political Control, and Economic AssessmentsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010Alan S. Gerber Previous research shows that partisans rate the economy more favorably when their party holds power. There are several explanations for this association, including use of different evaluative criteria, selective perception, selective exposure to information, correlations between economic experiences and partisanship, and partisan bias in survey responses. We use a panel survey around the November 2006 election to measure changes in economic expectations and behavioral intentions after an unanticipated shift in political power. Using this design, we can observe whether the association between partisanship and economic assessments holds when some leading mechanisms thought to bring it about are excluded. We find that there are large and statistically significant partisan differences in how economic assessments and behavioral intentions are revised immediately following the Democratic takeover of Congress. We conclude that this pattern of partisan response suggests partisan differences in perceptions of the economic competence of the parties, rather than alternative mechanisms. [source] | ||||||||||