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Select Compounds (select + compound)
Selected AbstractsCharacterization of Aroma-Active Compounds in Microwave Blanched PeanutsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2006A.V. Schirack ABSTRACT:, Microwave blanching of peanuts has been explored as an alternative to conventional oven methods based on its speed of operation, energy savings, and efficiency of process control. Although processing times can be greatly reduced, the occurrence of stale/floral and ashy off-flavors has been reported at high process temperatures. This study examined the chemical compounds responsible for this off-flavor using solvent extraction/solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC/O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Select compounds were quantified based on AEDA results using SAFE and GC/MS. Quantification, threshold testing, and analysis of model systems revealed increased formation of guaiacol and phenylacetaldehyde in the off-flavored peanuts, which resulted in the burnt and stale/floral flavors noted by a trained panel. [source] Production of activated carbon from agricultural by-productsJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Panagiota Paraskeva Abstract The production of activated carbon from agricultural by-products is a research field of increasing interest as it deals with the problem of the disposal of agro-residues, at the same time producing an added-value product that can be used in a number of environmental applications. The paper presents an overview of the latest developments in processes for the production of activated carbon from agricultural by-products, with emphasis on the methodology applied, the effect of critical process parameters such as retention time, temperature, chemical to material ratio, as well as the adsorbing capacity of the activated carbons produced in removing select compounds from synthetic and real wastewaters. Agricultural by-products can be a source for activated carbon production with high surface areas and high adsorption capacity. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Tetrazole compounds: The effect of structure and pH on Caco-2 cell permeabilityJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2006Amber M. Young Abstract A tetrazole ring is often used in drug discovery as a replacement for the carboxylic acid group. Previous work indicates that compounds containing a tetrazole moiety show asymmetric permeability in Caco-2 cells characteristic of an efflux transporter substrate. The aim of this study is to determine which transporters are responsible for polarization of transport of tetrazole-containing compounds in Caco-2 cells. Results indicate that only select compounds with tetrazole moieties display asymmetric transport. Three compounds (two commercial drug products and one druglike structure) were selected for further studies. Losartan appears to be primarily a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, as previously reported, but MRP inhibitors such as MK-571 and rifampicin also affect the difference between apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical transport. Pemirolast and phenyltetrazole derivative C are sensitive to P-gp inhibition, but transport seems to be mediated by one or more of the MRP family of transporters. Additionally, lowering the pH from 7.4 to 4.0 eliminates the polarization of permeability in Caco-2 cells. These studies indicate that some tetrazole compounds are susceptible to efflux, therefore caution should be used when choosing an appropriate functional group to replace carboxylic acids when synthesizing a drug candidate. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 95:717,725, 2006 [source] Mosquito repellents: a review of chemical structure diversity and olfactionPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 9 2010Gretchen Paluch Abstract Research on mosquito chemical repellents continues to advance, along with knowledge of mosquito olfaction and behavior, mosquito,host interactions and chemical structure. New tools and technologies have revealed information about insect olfactory mechanisms and processing, providing a more complex approach for the interpretation of how chemical repellents influence host-seeking and feeding behavior. Even with these advances, there is still a large amount of information contained in the early works on insect repellents. Many of the standard test methods and chemicals that are still used for evaluating active repellents were developed in the 1940s. These studies contain valuable references to the activity of different structural classes of chemicals, and serve as a guide to optimization of select compounds for insect repellency effects. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | ||||||||||