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Kinds of Sections Terms modified by Sections Selected AbstractsSPECIAL SECTION: EVALUATION OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN CANNABIS INFRINGEMENT NOTICE SCHEME,PHASE 1: Community attitudes towards cannabis law and the proposed Cannabis Infringement Notice scheme in Western AustraliaDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 4 2005JAMES FETHERSTON Abstract Western Australia (WA) became the fourth Australian jurisdiction to adopt a prohibition with civil penalties scheme for minor cannabis offences when its Cannabis Infringement Notice (CIN) scheme became law on 22 March 2004. Previous criminological research has demonstrated the importance of public attitudes towards the law in determining the effectiveness of legislation. This survey represents the first phase of a pre-post study that attempted to gauge public attitudes towards the legal status of cannabis, the proposed legislative reforms surrounding the drug and their likely effects. A random telephone survey of 809 members of the WA population was conducted prior to the implementation of the new laws with a view to exploring contemporary views of the existing legal status of cannabis, attitudes to the proposed legislative model and respondent perceptions of its likely effects. Despite cannabis being viewed negatively by large numbers of the sample, criminal penalties for minor cannabis offences were viewed as inappropriate and ineffective. Once explained, the proposed civil penalty scheme was viewed as ,a good idea' by 79% of the sample, despite significant differences due to personal experience of cannabis use, political affiliation, religiosity and age of offspring. Most believed that the legislative change would not result in changes to levels of cannabis use (70%) or ease of obtaining cannabis (59%). These data suggest that prior to its implementation the new legislation was highly acceptable to the majority of the community. These baseline data will be compared with data to be collected at the post-change phase of the study to allow empirical observations of attitudinal and behavioural changes occurring in the community. [source] IMAGE SECTION: Stunning of Left Atrial Appendage after Spontaneous Conversion of Atrial FibrillationECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2008Mikko Savontaus M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] PIZZA WARS: A CASE STUDY ON FALSE ADVERTISING UNDER SECTION 43 OF THE LANHAM ACTJOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES EDUCATION, Issue 2 2002Steven J. Arsenault [source] LEAVING THE IVORY TOWER: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL SECTION ON DOING MARIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY RESEARCH IN COMMUNITY AGENCIESJOURNAL OF MARITAL AND FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 1 2002Eric E. McCollum No abstract is available for this article. [source] SPECIAL SECTION ON DEFLATION AND MACROECONOMIC ISSUES IN HONG KONG: INTRODUCTIONPACIFIC ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2005Kenneth S. Chan No abstract is available for this article. [source] SPECIAL SECTION: The Future of a Discipline: Considering the Ontological/Methodological Future of the Anthropology of Consciousness, Part II,ANTHROPOLOGY OF CONSCIOUSNESS, Issue 2 2010Towards an Ethnometaphysics of Consciousness: Suggested Adjustments in SAC's Quest to Reroute the Main(Stream) ABSTRACT In order for the valuable research published in the Anthropology of Consciousness (AoC) journal to have the impact it ought to have upon the anthropological mainstream, contributors must demonstrate that they appreciate the historical tradition of anthropology as an intellectual forebear. Although "ethnometaphysics" has been cited sporadically by anthropologists over the past half-century, it never really caught on as an interdisciplinary speciality like ethnobotany, ethnomusicology, and ethnomathematics. Pointing to the example of discord in the West between viewing psychoactive substances as either "hallucinogens" or "entheogens," I reassert ethnometaphysics in an aim to revamp the overlooked coining of this sub-field by anthropologist A. Irving Hallowell. Such a position rebrands SAC's alternative outlook in a way that could be seen by mainstream colleagues as less radical, thus giving the Society a more realistic opportunity to provoke progressive changes in the mainstream of our discipline. [source] GS26P ABDOMINAL WALL ENDOMETRIOMA FOLLOWING CAESAREAN SECTIONANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 2007R. J. Whitfield Purpose Endometriosis is defined as the presence of aberrant endometrial tissue outside of the uterus that responds to stimulation by ovarian hormones. A large, circumscribed mass of such tissue is commonly termed an endometrioma. Abdominal wall endometriomas in association with caesarean section scars have been reported repeatedly in the obstetrics and gynaecology literature, but rarely in general surgical journals. Methodology In this paper, six patients are reviewed who presented between 2001 and 2006 with painful, tender nodules in and around caesarean section scars. Of these, four reported exacerbation of symptoms during, or just prior to menstruation. One patient had experienced 12 years of symptoms, previously attributed to intra-abdominal adhesions. Results All patients had their scar nodules excised. Five procedures were performed electively. One patient underwent emergency exploration of her caesarean scar for possible incarcerated incisional hernia. Ectopic endometrial tissue was seen in the histological specimens of all patients. Four patients reported resolution of their symptoms following surgery. One patient had ongoing symptoms post-operatively, with an additional mass lesion seen on ultrasound consistent with a second endometrioma. One patient did not attend follow-up. Conclusion General surgeons are commonly required to assess and manage abdominal wall masses, and should have an awareness of endometrioma in the differential diagnosis when such a lesion is seen in association with a caesarean section scar. Wide excision is usually very effective at alleviating symptoms of abdominal wall endometrioma. [source] URETERIC FROZEN SECTIONS DURING RADICAL CYSTECTOMY FOR TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER , TO DO OR NOT TO DO?BJU INTERNATIONAL, Issue 9 2009Martin C. Schumacher No abstract is available for this article. [source] News from the Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery of the American Academy of PediatricsCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, Issue 5 2009Cardiac SurgeryAmerican Academy of Pediatrics, Executive CommitteeSection on Cardiology, MD Chair, Robert Beekman III No abstract is available for this article. [source] Abstracts from the Cardiology Section of the Academy of PediatricsCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, Issue 5 2006Douglas S. Moodie MD, MS Editor-in-Chief [source] Conservation Challenges for the Austral and Neotropical America SectionCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009GERARDO CEBALLOS América Austral y Neotropical; América Latina; desarrollo de capacidades Abstract:,The Austral and Neotropical America (ANA) section of the Society for Conservation Biology includes a vast territory with some of the largest relatively pristine ecosystems in the world. With more than 573 million people, the economic growth of the region still depends strongly on natural resource exploitation and still has high rates of environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. A survey among the ANA section membership, with more than 700 members, including most of the section's prominent ecologists and conservationists, indicates that lack of capacity building for conservation, corruption, and threats such as deforestation and illegal trade of species, are among the most urgent problems that need to be addressed to improve conservation in the region. There are, however, strong universities and ecology groups taking the lead in environmental research and conservation, a most important issue to enhance the ability of the region to solve conservation and development conflicts. Resumen:,La sección América Austral y Neotropical (AAN) de la Sociedad para la Biología de la Conservación incluye un vasto territorio con unos de los ecosistemas relativamente prístinos más extensos del mundo. Con más de 573 millones de habitantes, el crecimiento económico de la región aun depende fuertemente de la explotación de recursos naturales y aún tiene altas tasas de degradación ambiental y pérdida de biodiversidad. Un sondeo de la membresía de la sección AAN, con más de 700 miembros, incluyendo la mayoría de los ecólogos y conservacionistas más prominentes de la sección, indica que la carencia de desarrollo de capacidades para la conservación, la corrupción y amenazas como la deforestación y el comercio ilegal de especies, son algunos de los problemas que requieren ser atendidos más urgentemente para mejorar la conservación en la región. Sin embargo, hay universidades y grupos ecológicos que están tomando el liderazgo en investigación ambiental y conservación, un tema importante para mejorar la habilidad de la región para resolver conflictos de conservación y desarrollo. [source] Sarbanes Oxley Section 404 Costs of Compliance: a case studyCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 2 2007Lineke Sneller In 2002 US Congress approved the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX). Section 404 requires companies to assess their internal controls and acquire an attestation of this assessment from their external auditor. In this paper, we investigate the costs of compliance of this assessment and attestation. The European division of a US listed company is used as a case study. The divisional project approach is described, and costs of compliance for this division are presented in two categories: assessment costs, mainly hours spent by internal staff; and attestation costs, mainly audit fees. The case study shows that the internal hours spent on assessment are approximately 12 times higher than the initial estimate made by the SEC in 2002, and that the realised other expenses are approximately 1.4 times higher than this estimate. Furthermore, a year on year increase of 50 per cent of the company's audit fee in the first year of Section 404 compliance is found. Companies can reduce the costs of compliance by implementing programmed controls, using auditors from countries with lower rates, remediating material weaknesses only, focusing on the internal control system rather than on individual controls, and by encouraging the auditor to rely on the company's assessment. [source] Continuous and Discontinuous Innovation: Overcoming the Innovator DilemmaCREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 4 2007Mariano Corso Challenged by competition pressures and unprecedented pace of change, firms can no longer choose whether to concentrate on the needs of today's customers or on the anticipation of those of tomorrow: they must be excellent in both. This requires managing two related balancing acts: on the one side, being excellent in both exploitation and exploration of their capabilities and, on the other side, being excellent in managing both incremental and radical innovation. These balances are critical since exploitation and exploration, on the one side, and incremental and radical innovation, on the other, require different approaches that have traditionally been considered difficult to combine within the same organization. Working on evidence and discussion from the 7th CINet Conference held in Lucca (Italy) in 2006, this Special Section is aimed at contributing to theory and practice on these two complex balancing acts that today represent a hot issue in innovation management. [source] Echo Rounds Section to Begin January 2004ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 1 2004Navin C. Nanda M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] Spatial distribution and environmental correlates of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphinsECOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2006Guido J. Parra We present data on the spatial distribution of Australian snubfin and humpback dolphins using boat-based line transect surveys in three adjacent bays located in the Far Northern Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, northeast Queensland. We used Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and both randomization and Mantel tests to examine the relationship between the spatial distribution of the dolphins and three simple, readily quantified, environmental variables: distance to land, distance to river mouth, and water depth. Mantel tests allowed us to make clear inferences about the correlation of the species' distributions with environmental variables, while taking into account spatial autocorrelation and intercorrelation among variables. Randomization tests indicated snubfin and humpback dolphins occur closer to land than would be expected at random. Two-sample randomization tests indicated snubfin dolphins were found closer to river mouths than were humpback dolphins. Taking spatial autocorrelation into account, Mantel tests indicated all environmental variables were correlated with the spatial distribution of snubfin and humpback dolphins. Interspecific differences in spatial distribution appeared to be related to proximity to river mouths. Preference by snubfin and humpback dolphins for nearshore, estuarine waters is likely related to the productivity of these tropical coastal areas. This spatial analysis suggests that existing protected areas in this region may not include the most critical habitats for snubfin and humpback dolphins. The techniques used here shown relationships between the spatial distribution of the dolphins and environmental features that should facilitate their management and conservation. [source] Cross Section and Panel Data Estimators for Nonseparable Models with Endogenous RegressorsECONOMETRICA, Issue 4 2005Joseph G. Altonji We propose two new methods for estimating models with nonseparable errors and endogenous regressors. The first method estimates a local average response. One estimates the response of the conditional mean of the dependent variable to a change in the explanatory variable while conditioning on an external variable and then undoes the conditioning. The second method estimates the nonseparable function and the joint distribution of the observable and unobservable explanatory variables. An external variable is used to impose an equality restriction, at two points of support, on the conditional distribution of the unobservable random term given the regressor and the external variable. Our methods apply to cross sections, but our lead examples involve panel data cases in which the choice of the external variable is guided by the assumption that the distribution of the unobservable variables is exchangeable in the values of the endogenous variable for members of a group. [source] Wittgenstein, Freud, Dreaming and Education: Psychoanalytic explanation as ,une façon de parler'1EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 5 2008James D. Marshall Abstract Freud saw the dream as occupying a very important position in his theoretical model. If there were to be problems with his theoretical account of the dream then this would impinge upon proposed therapy and, of course, education as the right balance between the instincts and the institution of culture. Wittgenstein, whilst stating that Freud was interesting and important, raised several issues in relation to psychology/psychoanalysis, and to Freud in particular. Why would Wittgenstein have seen Freud as having some important things to say, even though he was sharply critical of Freud's claims to be scientific? The major issues to be considered in this paper are, in Section 1, the scientific status of Freud's work,was it science or was it more like philosophy than science; the analysis of dreams; rationality, and dreams and madness. Section 2 considers Freud and education, including the indignity of Freud's notion of ,the talking cure.' Section 3 considers psychoanalytic explanations not as theory but as a manner of speaking: ,une façon de parler.' [source] Recent Updates of Chemically Modified Electrodes in Analytical ChemistryELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 13 2003Jyh-Myng Zen Abstract This review article updates recent developments in chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) towards analytical applications for the year of 2000,2002 with 179 references. The broad topics are subdivided into four main categories: i) physisorption/chemisorption, ii) covalently linked, iii) homogenous (uniform) multilayer and iv) heterogeneous (non-uniform) multilayer CMEs. The criteria for the preparation of CMEs in elecrocatalytic systems are clearly described in Section 1. Some of the encouraging results related to Au-nanoparticles for DNA detection and new ceramic carbon, carbon nanotubes, copper-plated screen-printed and Nafion/lead ruthenate pyrochlore CMEs for catalytic application were especially discussed in this review. [source] Cover Picture: Electrophoresis 14/2008ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 14 2008Article first published online: 23 JUL 200 Issue 14 is a regular issue including an Emphasis Section offering a series of 9 papers on ,Microfluidics and Miniaturization". These 9 research papers report on various topics including studying single DNA molecules, selective release of intracellular molecules on the single cell level, isoelectric focusing of proteins in an ordered micropillar array, sample stream focusing in a microchip, integrated microfluidic system for sensing infectious viral disease, EOF in annulus and rectangular channels, confinement effects on monolith morphology, accumulation and filtering of nanoparticles in microchannels, and carbon nanotubes disposable detectors. [source] Cover Picture: Electrophoresis 13/2008ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 13 2008Article first published online: 11 JUL 200 Issue 13 is a regular issue including an Emphasis Section offering a series of 10 papers on "Fundamentals and Methodologies". These papers are related to peptide isoelectric point calculation, DNA separation by MEKC, modeling mobility of apothioneins, protein expression in osteoarthritis, capillary coating, preparative separation of proteins by dynamic field gradient focusing, determination of pKa, speciation analysis by CE-inductively coupled plasma MS, etc. [source] Evolution of hazardous waste combustors MACT standardsENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 4 2001Charles W. Lamb Ph.D. This year, on July 24, the DC Circuit Court ruled that the EPA had not correctly derived emission standards, and vacated the MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) rule for Hazardous Waste Combustors (HWC) [1, 2]. A major complaint, voiced by the Sierra Club, was that the MACT methodology was misapplied in a manner that produced overly lenient standards. Industry and trade associations argued just the opposite. The Sierra Club won the first round when the court agreed that the emission standards should be based on the average of the best-performing 12% of units in each category. The next question was, "What will be the regulations until the final standards can be developed?" This caused considerable angst because, if no standards were in place by May 15, 2002, control would revert to case-by-case permits by Federal and State regulatory agencies as set forth in Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. Obviously, that would be the antithesis of the Congressional mandate and the objectives of environmental groups. The Sierra Club and most litigants did not want the uncertainties and inconsistencies this would introduce. [source] Erratum: Analysis of the effects of ultrafine particulate matter while accounting for human exposureENVIRONMETRICS, Issue 6 2009Brian J. Reich Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages 131,146 (March 2009) DOI: 10.1002/env.915 On page 144 of the above paper, under Discussion, the first sentence of the third paragraph should read, "The dynamic factor model proposed in Section 3 could be adapted to model a single pollutant that is repeatedly measured at multiple locations, as in Lopes et al. (2008).". The additional reference is: Lopes, H., Salazar, E. and Gamerman, D. 2008. Spatial dynamic factor analysis. Bayesian Analysis3: 759,792. [source] Pros and cons of using the mental health act for severe eating Disorders in AdolescentsEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Agnes Ayton Abstract Background In England and Wales the compulsory treatment of young people with severe eating disorders is controversial. There is a concern that such treatment may impair patient autonomy and negatively influence the outcome. In this study, based in a specialist hospital, we compared patients treated under parental consent with those detained under the Mental Health Act: their characteristics and outcome up to 12 months after discharge. Results 34 patients were informal (treated under parental consent) (age: 16.2,±,1.3 years) and 16 were treated under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act (age: 16.2,±,1) in a 3-year period. Detained patients had an earlier age of onset (12.2,±,5 vs. 14.3,±,1.8) and more previous hospitalisation. On admission, their psychosocial functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS): 13.6,±,2 vs. 26.9,±,9; Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Children and Adolescents (HONOSCA): 41.7,±,5 vs. 31.9,±,5) were worse than voluntary patients', they had a higher level of co-morbid depression (BDI: 38.1,±,15.6 vs. 26.6,±,12.4) and a higher rate of suicidal behaviour. All physical and psychosocial measures improved substantially and clinically significantly by discharge and there was no statistically significant difference at this stage between the two patient groups. Two informal patients died within a year after discharge (6.3%), but there were no deaths amongst the detained patients. Comments In contrast with previous findings in adults, the outcome for detained patients was similar to that for informal patients, despite the former having more severe presentation on admission. There was no evidence of higher mortality in the detained group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] 5.2 Ethics, equity and global responsibilities in oral health and diseaseEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL EDUCATION, Issue 2002Martin Hobdell The charge of this Section is ethics and global responsibilities in oral health and disease. Oral health is determined by the same factors as those for general health. To a limited extent, the level of oral health care and dental education. The philosophy and organization of the health care system and dental education, therefore, are key determinants of oral health. Dental education has expanded in many countries where there has been an increase in wealth. Unfortunately, there has been no concomitant increase in the number of dental educators. This is a problem throughout the world. This present situation raises certain ethical issues with regard to professional responsibilities. It also raises some important questions for dental education. This Section has chosen to focus its efforts on examining two issues: , ,What can be done within dental schools? , ,What can be done external to dental schools , either individually or collectively? The best practices identified are more akin to goals, as it is recognized that, in a world in which there are enormous variations in economic, environmental, social, and cultural features, a single uniform set of practices is impracticable. The central core value identified is the realization by students, and faculty/teaching staff of the quest of life-long learning against a background of the social and ethical responsibilities of health professionals. The conclusion of the group is that biology is not the sole determinant of health. Understanding the role of social, economic, environmental and other factors in determining health status is critical if greater equity in dental education and care are to be achieved. [source] Qualifications Frameworks: some conceptual issuesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 4 2007MICHAEL YOUNG The aim of this article is to contribute to realising the progressive and democratic opportunities that National Qualifications Frameworks (NQFs) can offer. In doing so it will be critical of many of the ways that NQFs have been interpreted to date and the claims that have been made for them. The article has six sections. Section 1 considers some of the reasons for the recent growth of interest in NQFs. Section 2 is concerned with the widely shared goals of NQFs and some of the contradictions and problems that they involve. Section 3 discusses the very different forms that NQFs can take. Section 4 examines a number of issues that underlie all approaches to qualifications but are made more explicit by qualification frameworks and concludes by questioning the much lauded claim that NQFs can promote and accredit informal learning. The concluding section considers the longer term implications for the future of NQFs of the earlier analysis. [source] That Which Makes the Sensation of Blue a Mental Fact: Moore on Phenomenal RelationismEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2007Benj Hellie A gift of a dollar for each article in the philosophy of perception and consciousness published since 1990 making reference, explicitly or implicitly, to Moore's discussion in the second half of Moore 19031 of an alleged ,transparency' and ,diaphanousness' pertaining to some aspect of perceptual experience would very likely cover the tab of a mid-priced dinner for two.2 Moore's poetically expressed observations have captured the imagination of contemporary philosophers of perception and consciousness, and have served as the basis of much fruitful discussion in those areas. Still, despite all the attention these observations have received, the contemporary literature lacks a close reading of the second half of Moore's paper, without which it is impossible to understand Moore's observations in the context in which they were originally expressed. It is understandable that such a close reading is lacking: the second half of Moore's paper has been rightly described by one of his most sympathetic and dedicated interpreters as ,extremely dense and opaque' (Klemke 2000: 55).3 But despite the evident difficulties of the task, I aim here, with some trepidation, to provide the missing close reading. The main points of my interpretation will be these. The centerpiece of the anti-idealist manoeuvrings of the second half of the paper is a phenomenological argument for what I will call a relational view of perceptual phenomenal character, on which, roughly, ,that which makes the sensation of blue a mental fact' is a relation of conscious awareness, a view close to the opposite of the most characteristic contemporary view going under the transparency rubric.4 The discussion of transparency and diaphanousness is a sidelight, its principal purpose to shore up the main line of argumentation against criticism; in those passages all Moore argues is that the relation of conscious awareness is not transparent, while acknowledging that it can seem to be. My discussion will proceed as follows. In section 1, I will discuss some theses and elucidate some notions from the philosophy of perception and consciousness which will be central to my interpretation; having done so, I will be in a position to explain how an accurate understanding of Moore may contribute to theoretical advances in the philosophy of perception and consciousness. The next two sections contain the exegetical heart of the paper: section 2 provides an analysis of Moore's case for the relational view; section 3 attempts to explain the place of the relational view in the overall refutation of idealism. Section 4 critically discusses a pair of competing interpretations. Section 5 wraps things up, drawing concluding morals as to the campaigns on behalf of which Moore should and should not be enlisted. [source] Bodily Awareness, Imagination and the SelfEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2006Joel Smith Common wisdom tells us that we have five senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. These senses provide us with a means of gaining information concerning objects in the world around us, including our own bodies. But in addition to these five senses, each of us is aware of our own body in ways in which we are aware of no other thing. These ways include our awareness of the position, orientation, movement, and size of our limbs (proprioception and kinaesthesia), our sense of balance, and our awareness of bodily sensations such as pains, tickles, and sensations of pressure or temperature. We can group these together under the title ,bodily awareness'. The legitimacy of grouping together these ways of gaining information is shown by the fact that they are unified phenomenologically; they provide the subject with an awareness of his or her body ,from the inside'. Bodily awareness is an awareness of our own bodies from within. This perspective on our own bodies does not, cannot, vary. As Merleau-Ponty writes, ,my own body,is always presented to me from the same angle' (1962: 90). It has recently been claimed by a number of philosophers that, in bodily awareness, one is not simply aware of one's body as one's body, but one is aware of one's body as oneself. That is, when I attend to the object of bodily awareness I am presented not just with my body, but with my ,bodily self'. The contention of the present paper is that such a view is misguided. In the first section I clarify just what is at issue here. In the remainder of the paper I present an argument, based on two claims about the nature of the imagination, against the view that the bodily self is presented in bodily awareness. Section two defends the dependency thesis; a claim about the relation between perception and sensory imagination. Section three defends a certain view about our capacity to imagine being other people. Section four presents the main argument against the bodily self awareness view and section five addresses some objections. [source] The otic ganglion in rats and its parotid connection: cholinergic pathways, reflex secretion and a secretory role for the facial nerveEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Nina Khosravani Otic ganglionectomy in rats was found to have affected the parotid gland more profoundly than section of the auriculotemporal nerve as assesssed by reduction in gland weight (by 33 versus 20%) and total acetylcholine synthesizing capacity (by 88 versus 76%) 1 week postoperatively and, when assessed on the day of surgery under adrenoceptor blockade, by reflex secretion (by 99 versus 88%). The facial nerve contributed to the acetylcholine synthesizing capacity of the gland. Section of the nerve only, at the level of the stylomastoid foramen, reduced the acetylcholine synthesis by 15% and, combined with otic ganglionectomy, by 98% or, combined with section of the auriculotemporal nerve, by 82%. The facial nerve was secretory to the gland, and the response was of a cholinergic nature. The nerve conveyed reflex secretion of saliva and caused secretion of saliva upon stimulation. Most of the facial secretory nerve fibres originated from the otic ganglion, since after otic ganglionectomy (and allowing for nerve degeneration) the secretory response to facial nerve stimulation was markedly reduced (from 23 to 4 ,l (5 min),1). The persisting secetory response after otic ganglionectomy, exaggerated due to sensitization, and the residual acetylcholine synthesizing capacity (mainly depending on the facial nerve) showed that a minor proportion of pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres relay outside the otic ganglion. The great auricular nerve, which like the facial nerve penetrates the gland, caused no secretion of saliva upon stimulation. Avulsion of the auriculotemporal nerve was more effective than otic ganglionectomy in reducing the acetylcholine synthesizing capacity (by 94 versus 88%) and as effective as otic ganglionectomy in abolishing reflex secretion (by 99%). When aiming at parasympathetic denervation, avulsion may be the preferable choice, since it is technically easier to perform than otic ganglionectomy. [source] EMPOWERING CHILDREN IN MEDIATIONFAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 3 2004An Intervention Model The available research in the mediation arena regarding child custody disputes indicates a lack of and growing need for effective intervention techniques. The authors present practicing mediators with a specific intervention model for interviewing, safeguarding, and empowering children in the process of mediating custody disputes. The mediation model utilizes a structured, strategic, and process-oriented approach with a family systems theoretical orientation and may be used in private or court-connected settings. The model presented here goes beyond the child-centered interview norm to the inclusion of the child in the process to assist parents in decision making. The model supports the current California statute under Family Code Section 3023, which states that "if a child is of sufficient age and capacity to reason so as to form an intelligent preference as to custody, the court shall consider and give due weight to the wishes of the child in making an award of custody or modification." The model does, however, maintain the position that the final decision continues to lie with the parents or the courts and not the child. [source] HIGH-CONFLICT CUSTODY CASES:Reforming the System for ChildrenFAMILY COURT REVIEW, Issue 2 2001Article first published online: 15 MAR 200 The goal of this interdisciplinary, international conference was to develop recommendations for changes in the legal and mental health systems to reduce the impact of high-conflict custody cases on children. The participants in the conference wish to thank the American Bar Association Family Law Section and The Johnson Foundation for bringing us together to discuss this extremely important topic and for facilitating the creation of this conference report. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||