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Secondhand Smoke (secondhand + smoke)
Selected AbstractsSURGEON GENERAL: NO SAFE LEVEL FOR SECONDHAND SMOKECA: A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS, Issue 6 2006Article first published online: 31 DEC 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Program Helps Pregnant Women Reduce Exposure To Secondhand SmokePERSPECTIVES ON SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Issue 3 2010D. Hollander No abstract is available for this article. [source] Smoking Cessation Counseling for Pregnant Women Who Smoke: Scientific Basis for Practice for AWHONN's SUCCESS ProjectJOURNAL OF OBSTETRIC, GYNECOLOGIC & NEONATAL NURSING, Issue 3 2004FAAN, Susan A. Albrecht PhD Objectives: To review the literature addressing smoking cessation in pregnant women. To develop the project protocol for the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurse's (AWHONN) 6th research-based practice project titled "Setting Universal Cessation Counseling, Education and Screening Standards (SUCCESS): Nursing Care of Pregnant Women Who Smoke." To evaluate the potential of systematic integration of this protocol in primary care settings in which women seek care at the preconception, pregnant, or postpartum stages. Literature Sources: Computerized searches in MEDLINE and CINAHL, as well as references cited in articles reviewed. Key concepts in the searches included low-birth-weight infants and effects of prenatal smoking on the infant and the effects of preconception and prenatal smoking cessation intervention on premature labor and birth weight. Literature Selection: Comprehensive articles, reports, and guidelines relevant to key concepts and published after 1964 with an emphasis on new findings from 1996 through 2002. Ninety-eight citations were identified as useful to this review. Literature Synthesis: Tobacco use among pregnant women and children's exposure to tobacco use (secondhand smoke) are associated with pregnancy complications such as placental dysfunction (including previa or abruption), preterm labor, premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous abortions, and decreased birth weight and infant stature. Neonates and children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk for developing otitis media, asthma, other respiratory disorders later in childhood; dying from sudden infant death syndrome; and learning disorders. The "5 A's" intervention and use of descriptive statements for smoking status assessment were synthesized into the SUCCESS project protocol for AWHONN's 6th research-based practice project. Conclusions: The literature review generated evidence that brief, office-based assessment, client-specific tobacco counseling, skill development, and support programs serve as an effective practice guideline for clinicians. Implementation and evaluation of the guideline is under way at a total of 13 sites in the United States and Canada. [source] Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2003 and 2006 Data to Tobacco Control Policy in IndiaJOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, Issue 7 2008Dhirendra Narain Sinha MD ABSTRACT Background:, India made 2 important policy statements regarding tobacco control in the past decade. First, the India Tobacco Control Act (ITCA) was signed into law in 2003 with the goal to reduce tobacco consumption and protect citizens from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Second, in 2005, India ratified the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). During this same period, India conducted the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in 2003 and 2006 in an effort to track tobacco use among adolescents. Methods:, The GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years. Representative national estimates for India in 2003 and 2006 were used in this study. Results:, In 2006, 3.8% of students currently smoked cigarettes and 11.9% currently used other tobacco products. These rates were not significantly different than those observed in 2003. Over the same period, exposure to SHS at home and in public places significantly decreased, whereas exposure to pro-tobacco ads on billboards and the ability to purchase cigarettes in a store did not change significantly. Conclusions:, The ITCA and the WHO FCTC have had mixed impacts on the tobacco control effort for adolescents in India. The positive impacts have been the reduction in exposure to SHS, both at home and in public places. The negative impacts are seen with the lack of change in pro-tobacco advertising and ability to purchase cigarettes in stores. The Government of India needs to consider new and stronger provisions of the ITCA and include strong enforcement measures. [source] Hypospadias and maternal exposures to cigarette smokePAEDIATRIC & PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Suzan L. Carmichael Summary The few previous studies of hypospadias and smoking have suggested either no association or a reduced risk. This study, which uses data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multi-state, population-based case,control study, includes data on males born with severe hypospadias (i.e. the urethra opens at the penile shaft, scrotum or perineum) from 1997 to 2000. Non-malformed, liveborn male controls were selected randomly from birth certificates or from birth hospitals. Maternal interviews were completed by telephone with 453 case mothers and 1267 control mothers. Maternal smoking was not associated with hypospadias risk. For example, during the third month of pregnancy, smoking < 0.5 pack/day had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.1 [95% CI 0.6, 1.9]; 0.5 pack/day, 0.6 [0.4, 1.1]; and ,,1 pack/day, 0.8 [0.4, 1.6]. Exposure to any secondhand smoke at home during the third month of pregnancy showed an OR of 0.6 [95% CI 0.4, 1.0], and exposure at work or school, an OR of 0.7 [0.5, 1.1]. Similar risks were observed for other months during the periconceptional period, and adjustment for several potential confounders did not substantially alter results. This analysis does not confirm a recent report suggesting that maternal smoking is associated with a reduced risk of having offspring with hypospadias. [source] Smoking-Related Morbidity and Mortality in the Cardiovascular SettingPREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY, Issue 2007William B. White MD It is estimated that during the 20th century, 100 million people died of tobacco-related illnesses worldwide. The outlook for the future is grim as this number is expected to increase 10-fold during the 21st century. Many of these deaths will occur in middle-aged adults and, while most tobacco-related deaths currently occur in men, female mortality is expected to increase markedly due to increased rates of smoking in women, especially in developing countries. The risk of coronary heart disease is strongly associated with smoking in both developed and undeveloped countries. In addition, other forms of tobacco exposure (chewing, inhalation through water, and secondhand smoke) have also been documented to be important causes of coronary disease worldwide. Fortunately, the news is not all bad. Recent large-scale studies show that much of the excess risk associated with smoking is attenuated 1 to 2 years after quitting, depending on the level of smoking during an individual's lifetime. These latest findings should stimulate efforts of health care workers to become more aggressive toward cessation of smoking in our practices. [source] Increase in saliva cotinine after three hours' exposure to second-hand smoke in barsAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 3 2005Alistair Woodward Objective: To determine whether measurement of cotinine in saliva is a sensitive measure of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) among customers in bars. Design: Before/after comparison of saliva cotinine and subjective assessments of SHS. Setting: Three bars in Wellington, New Zealand, June 2003. Participants: Eleven non-smoking medical students spent three hours in each location. They provided saliva samples before and after the visit, counted numbers of lit cigarettes in each bar, and assessed the smokiness of the venue. Samples were tested for cotinine using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Results: Cotinine levels post-visit were consistently higher than baseline. The mean difference was 1.03 ng/mL with a 95% confidence interval of 0.76,1.30 ng/mL. Adjustments to post-visit levels for metabolism and clearance of cotinine made very little difference to these results. Males tended to have higher baseline levels than females, and to show smaller increases. The bar with the greatest increase in cotinine was judged to be the smokiest on the basis of averaged cigarette counts and scores for presence of smoke and odour. Conclusion: The cotinine in saliva, when tested with the analytic methods described here, provides a means of assessing relatively short-term exposures to SHS. [source] Method validation for measurement of hair nicotine level in nonsmokersBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2009Sung Roul Kim Abstract The development of strategies to address the growing worldwide burden of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) would be facilitated by sensitive and accurate methods for assessing SHS exposure. Hair provides a readily available matrix for assessing biomarkers of typical SHS exposure. We developed and applied an optimized analytical method using an isotope dilution gas chromatography,mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for hair nicotine measurement. The utility of this optimized method is illustrated by presenting data on SHS exposure of women and children from 31 countries. Using this isotope dilution method with spiked samples (3.3 ng/mg), we found that the greatest hair nicotine extraction efficiency was obtained with a 60 min shaking time. In the field study (n = 2400), a positive association was evident between hair nicotine concentrations from nonsmokers and higher numbers of cigarettes smoked per day in a household. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||