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Sequential Application (sequential + application)
Selected AbstractsChemInform Abstract: A Sequential Application of Kinetic Resolution and Polymer-Supported Scavenging for the Isolation of Chiral Secondary Alcohols.CHEMINFORM, Issue 48 2001Armando Cordova Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in shell eggs by sequential application of heat and ozoneLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008J.J. Perry Abstract Aims:, To assess the contribution of ozone to lethality of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated whole shell eggs that are sequentially treated with heat and gaseous ozone in pilot-scale equipment. Methods and Results:, Whole shell eggs were inoculated with small populations of Salmonella Enteritidis (8·5 × 104,2·4 × 105 CFU per egg) near the egg vitelline membrane. Eggs were subjected to immersion heating (57°C for 21 min), ozone treatment (vacuum at 67·5 kPa, followed by ozonation at a maximum concentration of approx. 140 g ozone m,3 and 184,198 kPa for 40 min) or a combination of both treatments. Survivors were detected after an enrichment process or enumerated using modified most probable number technique. Ozone, heat and combination treatments inactivated 0·11, 3·1 and 4·2 log Salmonella Enteritidis per egg, respectively. Conclusions:, Sequential application of heat and gaseous ozone was significantly more effective than either heat or ozone alone. The demonstrated synergy between these treatment steps should produce safer shell eggs than the heat treatment alone. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Shell eggs are the most common vehicle for human infection by Salmonella Enteritidis. Many cases of egg-related salmonellosis are reported annually despite efforts to reduce contamination, including thermal pasteurization of shell eggs and egg products. Treatment with ozone-based combination should produce shell eggs safer than those treated with heat alone. [source] Sequential application of cold and sodium lauryl sulphate decreases irritation and barrier disruption in vivo in humansBRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2005J.W. Fluhr Summary Background, Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is one of the most frequent types of occupational dermatitis. Different factors are involved in the development of contact dermatitis. In the food-processing industry, the combined exposure to different irritants may be involved in the development of ICD. Few data have been published regarding the irritant potential of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in combination with cold. Objectives, The present study was intended to analyse whether cold exposure and low skin temperature influence the development of ICD. Methods, Twenty (part I) and 12 (part II) healthy volunteers were exposed twice daily for 4 days to SLS alone, different low temperatures alone (4 °C six times for 90 s with an interval of 20 s or 15 °C for 10 min) or a combination of cold and SLS (19·6 µL SLS 1% cm,2, part I; or 52·6 µL SLS 0·5% cm,2, part II) using the tandem repetitive irritation test. Irritant cutaneous reactions were measured by noninvasive biophysical methods with transepidermal water loss as a parameter for permeability barrier function and skin colour reflectance together with visual scoring as parameters for inflammatory reactions. Results, Cold alone caused no significant skin reaction compared with untreated control. Exposure to SLS alone and SLS together with cold (independent of the applied temperature of 4 or 15 °C) twice daily induced a clear irritant reaction and barrier disturbance. Reactions did not differ whether SLS was applied before or after cold. Furthermore, ,tandem application' of cold and SLS diminished the barrier disruption and irritant reaction compared with SLS alone. Conclusions, We conclude that the application of cold may have a protective effect on the development of ICD, at least in our short-term model. [source] The Efficacy of EMLA versus ELA-Max for Pain Relief in Medium-Depth Chemical Peeling: A Clinical and Histopathologic EvaluationDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 1 2000Robert A. Koppel MD Background. Medium-depth chemical peels are an effective and popular treatment for actinic damage, fine wrinkles, and pigmentary dyschromias. However, they are also uncomfortable. A previous attempt to study the effectiveness of a topical anesthetic gel in 35% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peeling found a reduction in discomfort but an increased depth of penetration and delayed healing. Objective. To evaluate both the efficacy of two topical anesthetic agents in medium-depth combination peeling as well as the histologic result from chemical peeling combined with topical anesthesia. Method. Seventy percent glycolic acid (GA) was applied to the entire face of 10 patients and diluted with water after 2 minutes. This was followed by the sequential application of EMLA cream (lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5%), ELA-Max cream (lidocaine 4%), and placebo to selected areas on the face for 30 minutes without occlusion. These agents were then removed and 35% TCA was applied to the entire face. The level of discomfort felt by the patients during the TCA peel was recorded, clinical photographs were taken, and bilateral preauricular biopsies were performed at baseline, 48 hours, and 90 days postoperatively. Results. Clinically there was a statistically significant decrease in pain felt during the 70% GA-35% TCA peel with topical anesthesia when compared to the control. There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between EMLA and ELA-Max. There was also no difference in either the clinical or the histopathologic appearance between the medium-depth peel combined with topical anesthesia and the medium-depth peel with control. Conclusion. Both EMLA and ELA-Max decrease the discomfort felt during medium-depth combination chemical peeling without influencing either the clinical or the histopathologic result. [source] Induced ordered weighted geometric operators and their use in the aggregation of multiplicative preference relationsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 3 2004F. Chiclana In this article, we introduce the induced ordered weighted geometric (IOWG) operator and its properties. This is a more general type of OWG operator, which is based on the induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) operator. We provide some IOWG operators to aggregate multiplicative preference relations in group decision-making (GDM) problems. In particular, we present the importance IOWG (I-IOWG) operator, which induces the ordering of the argument values based on the importance of the information sources; the consistency IOWG (C-IOWG) operator, which induces the ordering of the argument values based on the consistency of the information sources; and the preference IOWG (P-IOWG) operator, which induces the ordering of the argument values based on the relative preference values associated with each one of them. We also provide a procedure to deal with "ties" regarding the ordering induced by the application of one of these IOWG operators. This procedure consists of a sequential application of the aforementioned IOWG operators. Finally, we analyze the reciprocity and consistency properties of the collective multiplicative preference relations obtained using IOWG operators. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Impact of advanced exercise ECG analysis on cost of coronary artery disease managementJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 4 2010Riccardo Bigi PhD Abstract Background, Conventional analysis of exercise electrocardiogram (EX-ECG) has limited accuracy. This study aims to evaluate the potential impact of improving EX-ECG accuracy on costs of diagnosis and number of misdiagnoses of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods, A decision-tree model was simulated including sequential application of diagnostic procedures for suspected CAD. The model was structured in two main branches (presence or absence of CAD). A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was then performed for several combinations of improvement in test sensitivity and specificity. Results, A clear trend in cost reduction was observed at improving EX-ECG specificity (about 8,8.5 million dollars, corresponding to a 5.6,7.6% reduction according to the prevalence level). Wrong diagnoses counted for 9,13% of test. Improvements in test parameters lead to reductions in wrong diagnoses, especially when increasing specificity (8.8,12.5%). Conclusions, A proper improvement in EX-ECG sensitivity and specificity would have a relevant impact on the costs of CAD management, while reducing the number of misdiagnoses. [source] Inactivation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis in shell eggs by sequential application of heat and ozoneLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008J.J. Perry Abstract Aims:, To assess the contribution of ozone to lethality of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in experimentally inoculated whole shell eggs that are sequentially treated with heat and gaseous ozone in pilot-scale equipment. Methods and Results:, Whole shell eggs were inoculated with small populations of Salmonella Enteritidis (8·5 × 104,2·4 × 105 CFU per egg) near the egg vitelline membrane. Eggs were subjected to immersion heating (57°C for 21 min), ozone treatment (vacuum at 67·5 kPa, followed by ozonation at a maximum concentration of approx. 140 g ozone m,3 and 184,198 kPa for 40 min) or a combination of both treatments. Survivors were detected after an enrichment process or enumerated using modified most probable number technique. Ozone, heat and combination treatments inactivated 0·11, 3·1 and 4·2 log Salmonella Enteritidis per egg, respectively. Conclusions:, Sequential application of heat and gaseous ozone was significantly more effective than either heat or ozone alone. The demonstrated synergy between these treatment steps should produce safer shell eggs than the heat treatment alone. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Shell eggs are the most common vehicle for human infection by Salmonella Enteritidis. Many cases of egg-related salmonellosis are reported annually despite efforts to reduce contamination, including thermal pasteurization of shell eggs and egg products. Treatment with ozone-based combination should produce shell eggs safer than those treated with heat alone. [source] Enhancement of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase activity of ,-glutamyltranspeptidase of Bacillus subtilisBIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2010Hideyuki Suzuki Professor Abstract Semisynthetic cephalosporins, the best-selling antibiotics worldwide, are derived from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA). Currently, in the pharmaceutical industrie, 7-ACA is mainly produced from cephalosporin C by sequential application of D -amino acid oxidase and cephalosporin acylase. Here we study the potential of industrially amenable enzyme ,-glutamyltranspeptidase from Bacillus subtilis for 7-ACA production, since the wild-type ,-glutamyltranspeptidase of B. subtilis has inherent glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase activity with a kcat value of 0.0485 s -1. Its activity has been enhanced by site directed and random mutagenesis. The kcat/Km value was increased to 3.41 s -1 mM -1 for a E423Y/E442Q/D445N mutant enzyme and the kcat value was increased to 0.508 s -1 for a D445G mutant enzyme. Consequently, the catalytic efficiency and the turnover rate were improved up to about 1000-fold and 10-fold, compared with the wildtype ,-glutamyltranspeptidase of B. subtilis. [source] | |||||||||||||