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Separate Samples (separate + sample)
Selected AbstractsAnthropology and Environmental Policy: What Counts?AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST, Issue 3 2010Susan Charnley ABSTRACT, In this article, we call for enhanced quantitative and environmental analysis in the work of environmental anthropologists who wish to influence policy. Using a database of 77 leading monographs published between 1967 and 2006, 147 articles by the same authors, and a separate sample of 137 articles from the journal Human Organization, we document a sharp decline over the last ten years in the collection and use of quantitative and environmental data within environmental anthropology. These declines come at the same time that environmental anthropologists are aiming at greater policy relevance. We use the case of the Polonoroeste Project in the Brazilian Amazon and its impact on World Bank policy as a concrete example of the advantages of fortifying the quantitative and environmental side of our work. We conclude by discussing ways to strengthen environmental anthropology to further enhance its policy relevance and impact. [source] Foliar and tuber late blight resistance in a Solanum tuberosum breeding populationPLANT BREEDING, Issue 2 2010H. Mayton With 2 figures and 2 tables Abstract The purpose of this research was to identify the genetic basis of foliar and tuber resistance to Phytophthora infestans in a potato breeding population developed from a cross between two tetraploid Solanum tuberosum lines, NY121 and NY115. The parent with high foliar resistance, NY121, was highly susceptible to tuber blight. Foliar resistance was assessed in field trials, while tuber blight was assessed both in the field and in the laboratory. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) explaining ca. 50% of the phenotypic variance for foliar resistance was located on the lower arm of linkage group V, and was loosely associated with tuber blight resistance (significantly in one of two trials). This QTL was confirmed in a separate sample from the same population. Tuber blight detected via laboratory assays was not correlated with tuber blight incidence in the field. Most markers associated with tuber blight resistance were not associated with foliar resistance and most markers associated with foliar resistance were not associated with tuber blight resistance. [source] Micro-scale (1.5,µm) sulphur isotope analysis of contemporary and early Archean pyriteRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 10 2010Manabu Nishizawa We present a method for in situ sulphur (S) isotopic analysis of significantly small areas (1.5,µm in diameter) in pyrite using secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to interpret microbial sulphur metabolism in the early earth. We evaluated the precision and accuracy of S isotopic ratios obtained by this method using hydrothermal pyrite samples with homogeneous S isotopic ratios. The internal precision of the ,34S value was 1.5, at the level of 1 sigma of standard error (named 1SE) for a single spot, while the external reproducibility was estimated to be 1.6, at the level of 1 sigma of standard deviation (named 1SD, n,=,25). For each separate sample, the average ,34S value was comparable with that measured by a conventional method, and the accuracy was better than 2.3,. Consequently, the in situ method is sufficiently accurate and precise to detect the S isotopic variations of small sample of the pyrite (less than 20,µm) that occurs ubiquitously in ancient sedimentary rocks. This method was applied to measure the S isotopic distribution of pyrite within black chert fragments in early Archean sandstone. The pyrite had isotopic zoning with a 34S-depleted core and 34S-enriched rim, suggesting isotopic evolution of the source H2S from ,15 to ,5,. Production of H2S by microbial sulphate reduction (MSR) in a closed system provides a possible explanation for both the 34S-depleted initial H2S and the progressive increase in the ,34SH2S value. Although more extensive data are necessary to strengthen the explanation for the origin of the MSR, the results show that the S isotopic distribution within pyrite crystals may be a key tracer for MSR activity in the early earth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Accurate mass measurement in nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry by alternate switching of high voltage between sample and reference sprayersRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 4 2005Yoshinori Satomi An electrospray dual sprayer, which generates separate sample and reference sprays by alternately switching the high voltage between the two sprayers, is described. The technique permits accurate mass measurements in nano-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to be obtained using a quadrupole/orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF). Similar to the method employed with a dual ESI source (Wolff JC et al., Anal. Chem. 2001; 73: 2605), the two sprays are orthogonal with respect to each other, but can be independently sampled without any baffle between these sprays. The reference sprayer is used in the original configuration of the ESI source and was optimized for a 1,2,,L/min flow, whereas the sample sprayer can be either a conventional glass capillary or a borosilicate tip of the type used for nano-ESI. Both sprayers can be positioned close to the cone so as to give maximum ion currents. The sample and reference sprays are independently generated by raising the potentials on the sample and reference sprayers to 1.4 and 3.0,kV, respectively; the high voltages can be rapidly turned on and off in ca. 1,ms. A nano-ESI-MS or nano-flow LC/ESI-MS experiment using a Q-TOF coupled with the above system gave mass accuracies within 3,ppm for measurements of ions up to m/z 1000 using subpicomole samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Idiocentric and allocentric differences in emotional expression, experience, and the coherence between expression and experienceASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2001David Matsumoto This study examined differences in emotional expression, experience, and the coherence between expression and experience in idiocentric and allocentric individuals, who participated in a study similar to Ekman (1972) and Friesen's (1972) original display rule study. Encoders, classified as idiocentric or allocentric based on a measure of psychological culture, were unobtrusively videotaped as they viewed positive and negative films in two contexts , alone, and then a second time either alone or with an experimenter present. Subjective emotional responding was assessed following each of the film viewing sessions and, using the encoders' videotaped data, their emotional expressions were judged by a separate sample of decoders. Emotional expression and coherence differed as a function of encoder culture and viewing condition; experience did not. These findings replicate and extend the only other cross-cultural experiment of spontaneous emotional expressions in adults conducted over thirty years ago (Ekman, 1972; Friesen, 1972), and speak to the influence of culture as a socio-psychological construct, given that all participants were European American females. [source] GENETIC STUDY: Association between dopamine transporter genotypes and smoking cessation: a meta-analysisADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007John A. Stapleton ABSTRACT This review assessed the evidence of an association between genotypes of the dopamine transporter (DAT1, SLC6A3) 3, untranslated region (3,UTR) variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and smoking cessation. Five studies (seven cohorts) comprising 2155 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. All gave data on the number of smokers who had stopped smoking and the number still smoking for those with one or more variant 9-repeat alleles and other genotypes. Three studies (comprising five cohorts) were cross-sectional population surveys and two were smoking cessation treatment programs with follow-up. Four of the five studies (six of the seven cohorts) showed a trend in favor of cessation when the variant 9-repeat allele was present, although only one study showed a statistically significant effect. The pooled odds ratio in favor of a greater likelihood of cessation for the variant 9-repeat allele was 1.15 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97,1.37]. In a more refined analysis where cohorts within studies were treated as separate samples and adjusted odds ratios were used, the overall pooled odds ratio in favor of cessation with the 9-repeat alleles was 1.20 (95% CI = 1.01,1.43). These results support the hypothesis that the DAT1 3,UTR VNTR polymorphism is associated with smoking cessation. One or more variant 9-repeat alleles relative to the more common 10-repeat allele confers a greater likelihood of cessation, indicative of lower dependence on tobacco. The effect was a 20% increase in the odds of cessation for those with a variant allele. [source] Conscientiousness and achievement motivation predict performanceEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 7 2009Michelle Richardson Abstract A prospective survey was conducted to identify predictors of university students' grade point average (GPA) using separate samples of female (N,=,472) and male (N,=,142) students over 9 months. Big five personality traits and achievement motivation were measured. Correlations show that conscientiousness (C) and achievement motivation explained variation in GPA. Latent variable structural equation modelling showed that the effect of C on GPA is fully mediated by achievement motivation for both female and male students. Invariant factor and structural mediation models across the female and male groups are also reported. Finally, the mediation model is shown to remain significant after scholastic achievement is controlled. The findings are interpreted within the framework of Neo-Socioanalytic theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Relationships Between Attitudes Toward Organizations and Performance Appraisal Systems and Rating BehaviorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT, Issue 3 2001Aharon Tziner Data collected in seven separate samples in three countries (the USA, Canada and Israel) were used to examine the relationships between perceptions of one's organization (climate, commitment), beliefs about appraisal systems (self-efficacy, uses of appraisal) and raters' orientations to appraisal systems (confidence and comfort) and specific rating behaviors. We obtained good fits for structural models suggesting that attitudes and beliefs accounted for substantial variance in raters' likelihood of giving high or low ratings, willingness to discriminate good from poor performers, and willingness to discriminate among various aspects of job performance when completing actual performance ratings. Proximal attitudes and beliefs (i.e., those directly related to the performance appraisal system) appear to have stronger links to rating behavior than do more distal attitudes (i.e., attitudes toward the organization in general). [source] Religious Fundamentalism as a Predictor of Prejudice: A Two-Component ModelJOURNAL FOR THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGION, Issue 4 2002Brian Laythe The present study aims to determine whether the empirical relationship between religious fundamentalism and prejudice can be accounted for in terms of the mutually opposing effects of Christian orthodoxy and right-wing authoritarianism using multiple regression. Three separate samples (total n = 320) completed measures of religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, Christian orthodoxy, ethnic prejudice, and homosexual prejudice. Consistent with previous research, fundamentalism (1) was essentially unrelated to ethnic prejudice when considered alone; (2) was positively related to ethnic prejudice when orthodoxy was statistically controlled; and (3) was negatively related to ethnic prejudice when authoritarianism was statistically controlled. Finally, when both authoritarianism and orthodoxy were controlled simultaneously, fundamentalism was again unrelated to prejudice, whereas orthodoxy was negatively related and authoritarianism positively related. In contrast, fundamentalism was a significant positive predictor of prejudice against gays and lesbians irrespective of whether authoritarianism and/or orthodoxy were statistically controlled. [source] RNA from brush oral cytology to measure squamous cell carcinoma gene expressionJOURNAL OF ORAL PATHOLOGY & MEDICINE, Issue 2 2008Joel L. Schwartz Background:, RNA expression analysis of oral keratinocytes can be used to detect early stages of disease such as oral cancer or to monitor on-going treatment responses of the same or other oral diseases. A limitation is the inability to obtain high quality RNA from oral tissue without using biopsies. While oral cytology cell samples can be obtained from patients in a minimally invasive manner they have not been validated for quantitative analysis of RNA expression. Methods:, As a starting point in the analysis of tumor markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), we examined RNA in brush cytology samples from hamsters treated with dibenzo[a,l]pyrene to induce oral carcinoma. Three separate samples from each animal were assessed for expression of candidate marker genes and control genes measured with real-time RT-PCR. Results:, Brush oral cytology samples from normal mucosa were shown to consist almost exclusively of epithelial cells. Remarkably, ß-2 microglobulin and cytochrome p450, 1B1 (CYP1B1) RNA showed potential utility as markers of OSCC in samples obtained in this rapid and non-surgical manner. Conclusion:, Brush oral cytology may prove useful as a source of RNA for gene expression analysis during the progression of diseases of the oral epithelium such as OSCC. [source] A study of gas-phase cationization in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometryRAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 14 2006William J. Erb A specially constructed split sample probe was used to unequivocally demonstrate that gas-phase cationization occurs within the desorption plume during a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization experiment. Two separate samples were prepared for analysis: on side A, a mixture of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 1500 analyte and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix, and on side B a mixture of DHB matrix and lithium hydroxide (LiOH), the cationization reagent. Analysis of the data showed that when the ionization laser was focused on the split (so that both sides were illuminated), Li+ -cationized PEG peaks were observed. Since the PEG analyte did not come into contact with Li+ in either the solution or solid phase, the only possibility for the observed cationization was a reaction in the gas phase. Due to the difficulty in completely removing the adventitious cations (Na+ and K+) present in DHB and on sample surfaces, gas-phase cationization could not be demonstrated to be either the only or most important mechanism operating in the MALDI experiment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Share Liquidity and Market Microstructure Reform: The Case of Screen-based Trading in Mumbai,ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF FINANCIAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2010Christopher J. Green G12; G14; G18 Abstract We investigate the impact of the March 1995 move to screen-based trading on the Mumbai Stock Exchange, using separate samples of more liquid (A) and less liquid (B) shares. Following the move, the average cumulative abnormal return for A shares was 4.5%, whereas that for B shares was over 12%; market liquidity and efficiency increased but the effect on volatility was more ambiguous. We identify a significant cross-sectional relationship between the size of cumulative abnormal returns and firm-specific improvements in liquidity, efficiency, and volatility, with differences in the effects of reform on A and B shares. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||