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Screening Guidelines (screening + guideline)
Selected AbstractsUtility of pulse oximetry in the detection of arterial hypoxemia in liver transplant candidatesLIVER TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 4 2002Gary A. Abrams MD Assistant Professor of Medicine Hepatopulmonary syndrome, arterial hypoxemia caused by intrapulmonary vasodilatation, occurs in approximately 10% of patients with cirrhosis. The severity of hypoxemia affects liver transplant candidacy and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality posttransplantation. Screening guidelines for detecting the presence of arterial hypoxemia do not exist. The aim of this study is to investigate the accuracy and utility of pulse oximetry in the detection of hypoxemia (PaO2 < 70 mm Hg) in patients with cirrhosis. Two hundred prospective liver transplant candidates were compared with 94 controls. Arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation was obtained by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and compared with simultaneous arterial blood gas (ABG) oxyhemoglobin values (SaO2; bias = the difference). PaO2, carboxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, and routine clinical and biochemical parameters were investigated to account for the bias. SpO2 overestimated SaO2 in 98% of patients with cirrhosis (mean bias, 3.37%; range, ,1% to 10%). Forty-four percent of patients with cirrhosis and controls had a bias of 4% or greater. No clinical or biochemical parameters of cirrhosis accounted for the overestimation of pulse oximetry. Twenty-five subjects with cirrhosis were hypoxemic, and an SpO2 of 97% or less showed a sensitivity of 96% and a positive likelihood ratio of 3.9 for detecting hypoxemia. An SpO2 of 94% or less detected all subjects with an arterial PaO2 less than 60 mm Hg. Pulse oximetry significantly overestimates arterial oxygenation, and the inaccuracy is not influenced by liver disease. Nevertheless, pulse oximetry can be a useful screening tool to detect arterial hypoxemia in patients with cirrhosis, but a higher threshold for obtaining an ABG must be used. [source] Review article: Indications for thoracolumbar imaging in blunt trauma patients: A review of current literatureEMERGENCY MEDICINE AUSTRALASIA, Issue 2 2009Enda O'Connor Abstract Thoracolumbar spine injury is a common complication of blunt multitrauma and up to one third of fractures are associated with spinal cord dysfunction. Delayed fracture diagnosis increases the risk of neurological complications. While validated screening guidelines exist for traumatic c-spine injury equivalent guidelines for thoracolumbar screening are lacking. We conducted a literature review evaluating studies of thoracolumbar injury in trauma patients to generate indications for thoracolumbar imaging. We performed MEDLINE and Pubmed searches using MeSH terms "Wounds, Nonpenetrating", "Spinal Fractures", "Spinal Injuries" and "Diagnostic Errors", MeSH/subheading terms "Thoracic Vertebrae/injuries" and "Lumbar Vertebrae/injuries" and keyword search terms "thoracolumbar fractures", "thoracolumbar injuries", "thoracolumbar trauma", "missed diagnoses" and "delayed diagnoses". Limits and inclusion criteria were defined prior to searching. We evaluated 16 articles; 5 prospective observational studies (1 cohort study) and 11 retrospective observational studies. Predictors of TL injury in prospective studies , high-risk injury mechanism, distracting injury, impaired cognition, symptoms/signs of vertebral fracture and known cervical fracture , were defined and used to construct a decision algorithm, which in a total of 14189 trauma patients from all eligible studies recommended TL screening in 856(99.1%) of 864 patients with TL fractures and would probably have directed TL imaging in the remaining 8 patients. There is limited low level evidence guiding surveillance TL imaging in adult blunt trauma patients. Despite this, we propose and evaluate an algorithm with a high negative predictive value for TL fractures. This should be incorporated into spinal injury assessment protocols. [source] Screening Strategies for Group B Streptococcus in the Third Trimester of PregnancyJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF NURSE PRACTITIONERS, Issue 12 2002APRN-BC, FAANP, Lorna Schumann PhD Purpose To identify the best screening protocol to prevent neonatal group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis through literature review. Data Sources Selected research articles, texts, and Internet sources. Conclusions Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) have issued guidelines describing methods to identify pregnant women at risk of intrapartum transmission of GBS to their babies. Studies have been conducted to discover the superiority of one prevention method over the other but no consensus has been reached. Implications for Practice Before widely used prevention methods, approximately 8,000 babies each year became infected with GBS; of those, 400 died and many survivors suffered life-long sequelae. Adoption of an appropriate protocol can prevent transmission of GBS from a colonized mother to her infant. Clinicians should implement either universal culture-based or risk factor-based screening guidelines for prenatal diagnosis and intrapartum prophylaxis of GBS disease. [source] Asymptomatic inferior vena cava abnormalities in three children with end-stage renal disease: Risk factors and screening guidelines for pretransplant diagnosisPEDIATRIC TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 1 2000Ron Shapiro No abstract is available for this article. [source] Muir,Torre syndrome: Diagnostic and screening guidelinesAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2006Brad Jones SUMMARY A 65-year-old man presented with a history of multiple skin coloured papules on his face that were asymptomatic. He had an adenocarcinoma resected from his proximal colon 12 years prior to presentation as well as a family history of colon cancer on the maternal side. Diagnostic biopsies showed the lesions to be sebaceous adenomas and epitheliomas and the diagnosis of Muir,Torre syndrome was made. The sebaceous tumour tissue showed microsatellite instability and immunohistochemical staining indicated diminished expression in the DNA mismatch,repair protein complex MSH2/MSH6. Genetic analysis showed a germline mutation in the MSH2 gene confirming the diagnosis of Muir,Torre syndrome. The patient and his first-degree relatives have been referred for genetic counselling and screening. We review the diagnostic criteria in this syndrome and review the recommended screening guidelines. [source] Antenatal screening for sexually transmitted infections in remote AustraliaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 6 2003Donna B. Mak Abstract Background:, Antenatal screening for, and prompt management of, sexually transmitted infections (STI) can prevent adverse maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes. This is particularly important in areas of high STI endemicity. Aims:, To assess adherence with antenatal STI screening guidelines in a large remote region, and whether completeness of antenatal syphilis screening improved after the onset of a regional syphilis outbreak in April 2001. Methods:, Data from the regional antenatal syphilis screening database from 1997 to 2002 were analysed to identify time trends in the completeness of antenatal syphilis screening. Adherence to antenatal screening guidelines was assessed by examining pathology request forms of women undergoing antenatal syphilis screening to determine whether screening for gonorrhoea, chlamydia, hepatitis B and HIV had also been carried out. Logistic regression was used to analyse associations between adherence to the guidelines and patient's age and race, and health service characteristics. Results:, Adherence to syphilis screening guidelines improved from 44.6% in 1997 to 68.9% in 2001 and 81.4% in 2002. After controlling for the time interval between the first antenatal syphilis test and date of delivery, being younger and Aboriginal, and delivering after the syphilis outbreak had been identified were positively associated with adherence to syphilis screening guidelines. Proportions of antenates screened for gonorrhoea/chlamydia, hepatitis B and HIV at booking and for gonorrhoea/chlamydia in the third trimester were 69%, 91%, 68% and 77%, respectively. Aboriginal women were more likely to have been screened for gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Women seen by a doctor were more likely to have undergone HIV screening than those who saw a nurse. Conclusions:, Significant improvement in adherence to antenatal syphilis screening guidelines occurred after identification of a syphilis outbreak. This achievement is reason for optimism regarding the potential to achieve more complete antenatal screening of other STI. [source] The impact of new screening protocol on individuals at increased risk of colorectal cancerCOLORECTAL DISEASE, Issue 7 2007T. Mak Abstract Objective, Screening colonoscopy has been shown to reduce mortality and cancer stage in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) individuals. However, the benefit of screening in intermediate risk groups is unknown. The most recent national guidelines have recommended a reduction of screening frequency for the intermediate risk group. Therefore, this study aims to compare the results of colonoscopic screening in HNPCC and intermediate risk groups and assess the effect of the most recent screening protocol recommendations. Method, A total of 244 individuals; 108 from HNPCC families (28 mismatch repair gene carriers) and 136 from intermediate risk families were referred for regular colonoscopic screening by the Regional Genetics Service. Findings from 417 colonoscopies performed between 1992 and 2003 were evaluated. Results, A total of three cancers, 39 adenomas and 41 hyperplastic polyps were found in the HNPCC group compared with one cancer, 22 adenomas and 19 hyperplasic polyps in the intermediate risk group. If the recent screening guidelines for the intermediate group were applied, then 89 (44%) fewer colonoscopies would have been performed. Although no cancers would have been missed, six adenomas (mean size = 5.7 mm, range 2,10 mm) with two graded as severely dysplasic and six hyperplastic polyps would not have been detected. Conclusion, The detection rate and distribution of adenomas were similar in both groups. If the new colonoscopic screening recommendations for the intermediate risk group had been applied, a small number of significant lesions would have been missed. [source] | ||||||||||