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Medical Sciences	50%

Selected Abstracts

Lessepsian fish migration: genetic bottlenecks and parasitological evidence

JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2010
Paolo Merella
Abstract As a rule, non-indigenous species (NIS) populations derived from biological invasion events represent a subset of the genetic diversity of the source population. In biological invasions, host,parasite interactions play an important role, and parasitological data for NIS populations can provide useful information such as their area of origin, mechanism of invasion and prospects of success in the new habitat. When both genetic and parasitological data are available, and they suggest the same scenario, the history of an invasion can be inferred with no discrepancy, but when data cannot be reconciled an alternative model should be considered. In this study a comparison of genetic and parasitological data for the Lessepsian migrant the bluespotted cornetfish, Fistularia commersonii, in the Mediterranean Sea presents the opportunity to evaluate the compatibility of information of this nature, and to propose possible invasion scenarios consistent with evidence provided by both criteria. [source]

Climate change scenarios and models yield conflicting predictions about the future risk of an invasive species in North America

AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2010
Anna M. Mika
1The pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an invasive species in North America and a serious economic pest on a wide variety of crops. We developed a bioclimatic envelope model (BEM) for this species and examined the envelope's potential location in North America under various future climates. 2We compared the future bioclimatic envelopes for L. huidobrensis using either simple scenarios comprising uniform changes in temperature/precipitation or climate projections from general circulation models (GCMs). Our simple scenarios were: (i) an increase of 0.1°C per degree in latitude with a 20% increase in summer precipitation and a 20% decrease in winter precipitation and (ii) an overall increase of 3°C everywhere, also with the same changes in precipitation. For GCM-modelled climate change, we used the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis GCM (CGCM2) and the Hadley Centre climate model (HadCM3), each in combination with two scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (A2 and B2). 3The BEM results using the simple scenarios were more similar to each other than to the results obtained using GCM projections. The results were also qualitatively different (i.e. spatially different and divergent) depending on which GCM-scenario combination was used. 4This modelling exercise illustrates that: (i) results using first approximation simple climate change scenarios can give predictions very different from those that use GCM-modelled climate projections (comprising a result that has worrying implications for empirical impact research) and that (ii) different GCM-models using the same scenario can give very different results (implying strong model dependency in projected biological impacts). [source]

Attitudes to evidence-based practice in urology: Results of a survey

ANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 5 2001
Alan M. F. Stapleton
Background: The advantages of promoting evidence-based care through implementation of clinical guidelines are well established. Clinical practice guidelines have been developed for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and prostate cancer screening. Aspects of the delivery of care by urologists or specialist registrars relevant to the guidelines were assessed. Methods: A questionnaire was distributed at the 1999 meeting of the Urological Society of Australasia, which was attended by 187 Australasian and 33 foreign delegates. Questions addressed access to resources for evidence-based medicine; perceived need; preferred sources of information; and then presented four clinical scenarios. These were: (i) treatment recommendations in early stage prostate cancer; (ii) the same scenario if the respondent was the patient; (iii) treatment recommendations after radical prostatectomy when there was a positive resection margin; and (iv) clinical investigations for mild to moderate LUTS. Results: Of 220 possible responses, 132 were received, a response rate of 60%. Urologists overwhelmingly (100%) endorsed the need for access to evidence-based reviews, although 28% claimed such access was non-existent to poor. Clinical guidelines were the preferred source of evidence-based information. For early stage prostate cancer in a 55-year-old man, radical prostatectomy was recommended by 93.2% of respondents, but this dropped to 83% when the respondent was the patient (P < 0.05), and a wider range of treatments was recommended. Pelvic radiotherapy and hormone therapy were equally recommended for biochemical progression following radical prostatectomy where there was a positive surgical margin. Investigations for LUTS included serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing (78.0%) and voided flow studies (77.3%). Conclusions: Urologists express a need for evidence-based practice resources, in particular clinical guidelines. Nevertheless their clinical approach is not necessarily consistent with existing guidelines, particularly for LUTS. An alteration in the recommendation when the respondent is the patient of interest and endorses the recommendation that patients with prostate cancer should be involved in treatment decisions. [source]

"Sim Wars": A New Edge to Academic Residency Competitions

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2009
Yasuharu Okuda
Introduction: Simulation training is an educational modality that is increasingly being utilized by emergency medicine programs to train and assess residents in core competencies. During a recent national conference, patient simulators were used in a competition to highlight multitasking, teamwork, and patient care skills. The combination of audience participation and an expert panel provided a creative forum for learning. Methods: the Foundation for Education and Research in Neurological Emergencies (FERNE) and the Emergency Medicine Residents' Association (EMRA) sponsored an innovative competition between emergency medicine residencies during the 2008 Scientific Assembly of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). This competition used high-fidelity simulations to create scenarios on neurologic emergencies. Six teams were selected to participate in the three-hour single-elimination competition. The three-member resident teams were then randomly paired against another institution. Three separate 10 minute scenarios were created for the initial round, allowing paired teams to compete on the same scenario. An expert panel provided commentary and insight on the management by each team. In addition, the experts provided feedback in the areas of communication and team training. Each round's winners were determined by the audience using an interactive system. Results: Based on the immediate feedback from participants, audience members and the expert panelists, this event was an entertaining and successful learning experience for both residents and faculty. Like the Clinical Pathological Cases (CPC) competitions, "Sim Wars" provides a showcase for residencies to demonstrate practice philosophies while providing a unique emphasis on teamwork and communication skills. The ability to expand this program to include regional competitions that lead to a national contest could be the framework for future exciting and educational events. [source]