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Selected AbstractsIntracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy for flame diagnosticsISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2007Igor Rahinov Intracavity Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (ICLAS) is one of the most sensitive techniques in absorption spectroscopy. Application of this technique to combustion diagnostics offers many important advantages. Since ICLAS is an absorption-based method, it is not limited by the quenching and predissociation effects that compromise the sensitivity of Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF), one of the most sensitive and widespread techniques applied in combustion diagnostics. For that reason, radicals that are subject to strong collisional quenching or predissociation, such as 1CH2 and HCO, can be measured by ICLAS with sensitivity much greater than that of LIF. For the same reason, ICLAS also possesses better sensitivity for NH and HNO. The present paper overviews the ICLAS measurements performed during the last decade in our laboratory and also presents recent results: first-time detection of the HSO radical in flames by ICLAS and application of Fiber Laser Intracavity Absorption Spectroscopy (FLICAS) based on Er-doped fiber laser for in-situ detection of ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in a low-pressure methane/air flame doped with a small amount of ammonia. Avenues for future research are discussed. [source] Characterization of Pasteurellaceae-like bacteria isolated from clinically affected psittacine birdsJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2010R.H. Gregersen Abstract Aims:, The aim of the present investigation was to identify and characterize Pasteurella -like isolates obtained from clinically affected psittacine birds. Methods and Results:, A total of 37 isolates from psittacine birds tentatively classified with the family Pasteurellaceae were characterized phenotypically. The genetic relationship was investigated by sequencing of partial rpoB and 16S rRNA genes for selected isolates. The results obtained were compared with the data from 16 reference strains. Nine isolates were identified as Gallibacterium spp., 16 as Volucribacter spp. or Volucribacter- like, while 11 isolates were classified as taxon 44 of Bisgaard. A single isolate was identified as Pasteurella multocida. Conclusions:, Characterization of Pasteurellaceae by traditional methods is often inconclusive because of inconsistent reactions and phenotypic diversity. For the same reason, genotyping is essential to allow proper classification as demonstrated in the present study. Significance and Impact of the Study:, Limited information exists on the isolation and significance of Pasteurellaceae associated with clinically affected psittacine birds showing signs of digestive and/or respiratory disorders. The present investigations demonstrated that these organisms are widely distributed among clinically affected birds, but isolation of these taxa cannot be unambiguously correlated with the symptoms observed. [source] The intra-oral translocation of periodontopathogens jeopardises the outcome of periodontal therapyJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2001A review of the literature Abstract Background: Although periodontitis has a multi-factorial aetiology, the success of its therapy mainly focuses on the eradication/reduction of the exogenous/endogenous periodontopathogens. Most of the species colonise several niches within the oral cavity (e.g. the mucosae, the tongue, the saliva, the periodontal pockets and all intra-oral hard surfaces) and even in the oro-pharyngeal area (e.g., the sinus and the tonsils). Methods: This review article discusses the intra-oral transmission of periodontopathogens between these niches and analyses clinical studies that support the idea and importance of such an intra-oral translocation. Results and conclusions: Based on the literature, the oro-pharyngeal area should indeed be considered as a microbiological entity. Because untreated pockets jeopardise the healing of recently instrumented sites, the treatment of periodontitis should involve "a one stage approach" of all pathologic pockets (1-stage full-mouth disinfection) or should at least consider the use of antiseptics during the intervals between consecutive instrumentations, in order to prevent a microbial translocation of periodontopathogens during the healing period. For the same reason, regeneration procedures or the local application of antibiotics should be postponed until a maximal improvement has been obtained in the remaining dentition. This more global approach offers significant additional clinical and microbiological benefits. Zusammenfassung Grundlagen: Obwohl die Parodontitis eine multifaktorielle Ätiologie hat, konzentriert sich der Erfolg ihrer Therapie hauptsächlich auf die Eliminierung/Reduktion der exogenen/endogenen Parodontalpathogene. Die meisten dieser Spezies kolonisieren verschiedene Nischen innerhalb der Mundhöhle (z.B. die Schleimhäute, die Zunge, den Speichel, die parodontalen Taschen und alle intraoralen Hartgewebe) und sogar den oro-pharyngealen Bereich (z.B. die Nebenhöhlen und die Tonsillen). Methoden: Dieser Übersichtartikel diskutiert die intraorale Übertragung von Parodontalpathogenen zwischen diesen Nischen und analysiert klinische Studien, die die Idee und Wichtigkeit dieser intraoralen Übertragung unterstützen. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung: Auf der Grundlage der Literatur sollte der oro-pharyngeale Bereich in der Tat als eine mikrobiologische Einheit angesehen werden. Weil unbehandelte Taschen die Heilung von kürzlich instrumentierten Stellen gefährden, sollte die Behandlung der Parodontitis ein einzeitiges Vorgehen bei allen pathogenen Taschen beinhalten (einzeitige vollständige Mundhöhlen-Desinfektion). Oder es sollten wenigsten die Verwendung von antiseptischen Mitteln während der Intervalle zwischen aufeinanderfolgenden Instrumentierungen erwogen werden, um die mikrobielle Übertragung von Parodontalpathogenen während der Heilungsphase zu verhindern. Aus dem gleichen Grunde sollten regenerative Maßnahmen oder die lokale Applikation von Antibiotika so lange verschoben werden, bis eine maximale Verbesserung im restlichen Gebiss erzielt wurde. Dieser globalere Ansatz liefert zusätzliche signifikante klinische und mikrobiologische Vorteile. Résumé Origine: Bien que la parodontite ait une étiologie multifactorielle, le succès de son traitement repose principalement sur l'éradication/réduction des bactéries parodontopathogènes exogènes/endogènes. La plupart des espèces colonisent plusieurs niches au sein de la cavité buccale (par exemple, les muqueuses, la langue la salive, les poches parodontales et toutes les surfaces dures intraorales), et même dans la zone oro-pharyngée (par example, les sinus et les amygdales). Méthodes: Cette revue critique discute la transmission intra-buccale des pathogènes parodontaux entre ces niches et analyse les études clinique qui soutiennent l'idée et l'importance d'une telle translocation intra-buccale. Résultats et conclusions: D'après la littérature, la zone oro-pharyngée peut vraiment être considérée comme une entité microbiologique. Puisque les poches non traitées compromettent la cicatrisation des sites récemment instrumentés, le traitement de la parodontite devrait impliquer une approche en une étape de toutes les poches pathologiques (désinfection de toute la bouche en une étape) ou devrait au moins considérer l'utilisation d'antiseptiques pendant les intervals entre deux instrumentations successives, de façon à prévenir une translocation bactérienne des pathogènes parodontaux pendant la période de cicatrisation. Pour la même raison, les procédures de régénération ou les applications locales d'antibiotiques devraient être remises jusqu'à ce qu'une amélioration maximale ait été obtenue sur le reste de la denture. Cette approche plus globale donne des bénéfices cliniques et microbiologiques supplémentaires significatifs. [source] Single-Center Experience with the HelexÔ Septal Occluder for Closure of Atrial Septal Defects in ChildrenJOURNAL OF INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003ROBERT N. VINCENT M.D. Catheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASDs) is an accepted procedure among pediatric cardiologists. We report our early experience with the newest of these devices in clinical trials in the United States. Between April and October 2001, 14 patients were enrolled in an FDA phase II multicenter trial comparing the results of ASD closure using the HELEXÔ Septal Occluder to a surgical control group. Of the 14 patients, devices were placed and left in 13, one being removed for an excessive residual leak despite placing the largest device available. Of the remaining 13 patients, all patients had successful closure of their defects. An average of 1.8 devices/patient were deployed, reflecting the learning curve for this new device and new delivery style. Six devices were replaced because of excessive residual leaks, three for premature lock release, and two for improper seating of the device. There were no procedural complications, however, one patient required device removal 4 months postimplant for possible allergic reaction to nickel. The same patient had removal of stainless steel sternal wires for the same reason. At the 6-month follow-up, 11 of 13 patients had complete closure of the ASD, the other two having small, hemodynamically insignificant left to right shunts. In one of these patients, there was complete closure at the 12-month follow-up, whereas the other patient awaits the 1-year evaluation. Early experience at our institution has demonstrated the ease of use of this device, its complete retrievability, and excellent closure of small to moderate ASDs in children. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:79,82) [source] Interpretation of the temperature dependence of equilibrium and rate constantsJOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, Issue 5 2006Donald J. Winzor Abstract The objective of this review is to draw attention to potential pitfalls in attempts to glean mechanistic information from the magnitudes of standard enthalpies and entropies derived from the temperature dependence of equilibrium and rate constants for protein interactions. Problems arise because the minimalist model that suffices to describe the energy differences between initial and final states usually comprises a set of linked equilibria, each of which is characterized by its own energetics. For example, because the overall standard enthalpy is a composite of those individual values, a positive magnitude for ,Ho can still arise despite all reactions within the subset being characterized by negative enthalpy changes: designation of the reaction as being entropy driven is thus equivocal. An experimenter must always bear in mind the fact that any mechanistic interpretation of the magnitudes of thermodynamic parameters refers to the reaction model rather than the experimental system For the same reason there is little point in subjecting the temperature dependence of rate constants for protein interactions to transition-state analysis. If comparisons with reported values of standard enthalpy and entropy of activation are needed, they are readily calculated from the empirical Arrhenius parameters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Analysis of traps in CVD diamond films through thermal depumping of nuclear detectorsPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (A) APPLICATIONS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE, Issue 11 2004A. Balducci Abstract Carrier free paths in Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) diamond films depend on the presence of traps, which therefore strongly affect the performance of those CVD diamond based devices which rely on the electronic properties of the material, like radiation detectors. For the same reason, these devices can in turn be used as tools to study carrier dynamics. It is well known that some traps may be saturated by pre-irradiation with ionizing radiation (e.g. ,-particles), a process called "pumping" or "priming". Not all traps behave in the same way. Due to the large bandgap of diamond, both shallow (not affected by pumping) and deep traps for electrons and holes may exist. We measured, using 5.5 MeV 241Am ,-particles, the response of high quality CVD diamond based detectors after successive annealing steps performed at selected temperatures. The analisys of the decay of the detector efficency with annealing time at several temperatures allows a quantitative evaluation of the activation energy of these defects. Two main trapping centres connected to the pumping process were found, both related to holes, having activation energies of about 1.6 eV and 1.3 eV respectively. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Latest news and product developmentsPRESCRIBER, Issue 5 2007Article first published online: 16 MAY 200 OFT wants PPRS reform The Office of Fair Trading (www.oft.gov.uk) says reform of the Pharmaceutical Price Regulatory Scheme (PPRS) would allow the NHS to re- invest £500 million in drugs it needs. Its investigation of the 50- year-old PPRS concludes that the scheme does not reflect the therapeutic value of drugs and, while providing a financial safety net for the industry, it mitigates against innovation. The OFT believes drugs should be priced according to their therapeutic value based on their cost effectiveness. Analyses would be fast- tracked for new drugs or, if there are insufficient data, a risk-sharing scheme should be adopted. The ABPI insists that its medicines offer the NHS value for money and believes the OFT's proposal for drug- by-drug pricing would delay access to new medicines. Switching saves money and is problem free Switching to cheaper alternatives within a drug class does not affect the quality of care and offers substantial savings, say UK researchers (Int J Clin Pract 2007;61:15-23). They switched selected patients from atorvastatin (Lipitor) to simvastatin and from losartan (Cozaar) to candesartan (Amias). Exclusion criteria included previous unsuccessful use, poor control of lipids or blood pressure, contraindications and potential drug interactions. In 70 patients switched to simvastatin, there was no change in mean total cholesterol after four months; one patient reverted to atorvastatin due to adverse effects. Of 115 switched to candesartan, seven reverted to losartan; in the remainder, blood pressure was slightly reduced after four months. The switch was not associated with adverse effects. Savings for the year 2005/06 were estimated at £12 716 for statins and £13 374 for antihypertensive drugs. Scotland gets donepezil for mild to moderate AD The Scottish Medicines Consortium (www.scottish medicines.org.uk) has approved the use of orodispersible donepezil (Aricept Evess) for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease in NHS Scotland. The decision conflicts with NICE advice that the drug is not appropriate for patients with mild disease. The SMC has not approved rimonabant (Acomplia) as adjunctive treatment for obese patients. Adherence threatens anticoagulation Patients find it difficult to adhere to anticoagulant treatment ,significantly impairing the quality of anticoagulation, US investigators have shown (Arch Intern Med 2007;167:229-35). Using electronic containers to monitor dose adherence over 32 weeks in 136 patients, they found that 92 per cent opened the container at least once too often or too little and one-third missed 20 per cent of scheduled openings. Patients with less than 20 per cent adherence were twice as likely to be undercoagulated compared with adherent patients. Those with overadherence were overcoagulated. Hypo risk greatest with glibenclamide Glibenclamide is associated with a significantly greater risk of hypoglycaemic events than other secretagogues, a new systematic review has concluded (Diabetes Care 2007;30:389-94). The review of 21 randomised trials found that the risk of experiencing at least one hypoglycaemic event was 52 per cent greater with glibenclamide compared with other secretagogues and 83 per cent greater than with other sulphonylureas. In three comparative trials with insulin, there was no significant difference in the risk of hypoglycaemia (though this could not be excluded) but only insulin was associated with weight gain. Glibenclamide was not associated with significantly increased risks of cardiovascular events, weight gain or death. Few major hypoglycaemic events were reported in these trials. Drug groups implicated in ADR admissions Four classes of drugs account for half of hospital admissions for adverse reactions, according to a new systematic review (Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:136-47). Antiplatelet agents (16 per cent of admissions), diuretics (16 per cent), NSAIDs (11 per cent) and anticoagulants (8 per cent) were implicated in drug- related admissions according to a review of nine studies. Analysis of five studies also showed that adherence problems were associated with one-third of drug-related admissions. The authors suggest that focussing resources in these areas could substantially reduce admissions. Value of pharmacist MUR questioned Pharmacist medicines use review (MUR) for older patients does not reduce hospital readmission and is not cost effective by current standards, according to a study from Norfolk (Pharmacoeconomics 2007;25:171-80). A total of 872 patients aged over 80 who had been admitted as an emergency and discharged taking two or more drugs were randomised to MUR by a pharmacist or usual care. The pharmacist visited twice, providing education, removing out-of-date drugs and checking for adverse effects, interactions and the need for compliance aids. After six months, the admissions rate was not reduced among patients who received MUR and quality of life was not significantly improved. The estimated cost per QALY gained was £54 454 , above the conventional threshold for cost effectiveness of £30 000. MHRA review of LABAs The MHRA has clarified which aspects of long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) are being addressed in its current review. This full review of salmeterol (Serevent) and formoterol, following advice issued in December last year, will consider recent research, whether the two agents differ significantly, dose-response relationships, the effect of concurrent treatment with inhaled steroid and how they are used in practice. Manufacturers have been asked to provide data by the end of March. Interventions for weight gain in schizophrenia There is not enough evidence to support the use of drugs to reduce weight gain associated with schizophrenia, a new Cochrane review has found (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD005148. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. CD005148.pub2). Noting a lack of adequate trials, the review found that cognitive/behavioural interventions effectively prevented weight gain by a mean of 3.4kg and reduced established weight gain by a mean of 1.7kg. Drugs prevented weight gain by about 1.2kg. Switching anti-TNFs An analysis of a UK rheumatoid arthritis (RA) registry has shown that patients who stop treatment with their first anti-TNF agent should be switched to a second (Arthr Rheum 2007;56:13-20). Every UK patient with RA who receives an anti-TNF agent is included in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Analysis of this database identified 6739 patients who started treatment, of whom 841 stopped within 15 months due to lack of efficacy and 1023 due to toxicity. Of these, 503 and 353 respectively were switched to another anti- TNF agent. Overall, 73 per cent of patients remained on their second drug by the end of follow-up, but patients were two to three times more likely to stop their second treatment for the same reason they discontinued their first. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] An exploratory study of operational reasons to budgetACCOUNTING & FINANCE, Issue 4 2009Prabhu Sivabalan M00 Abstract Budgets are used widely but criticized, mainly for performance evaluation reasons. We find that organizations regard budgets as more important for planning and control than evaluation, thus proposing a rationale for their continued use irrespective of evaluation-based criticisms. This finding is also important, because most extant budget research focuses on evaluation, suggesting a potential disconnect between budget research and practice. We also find that rolling forecasts are used in tandem with the annual budget in most organizations, and for the same reasons. This was unexpected, as coexistence suggests their adoption for different reasons. [source] Richard Baxter, ,Popery' and the Origins of the English Civil WarHISTORY, Issue 287 2002William Lamont Richard Baxter (1615,91) was a puritan who reflected over a lifetime why he, and his fellow puritans, had opted for parliament in the Civil War. He made in 1681 an important distinction between fundamentum (the causes of the Civil War), which he discussed in his memoirs, and finis (the reasons why he had fought), which he explained in chapter 13 of his A Holy Commonwealth. The explanations are different, because fundamentum and finis are not the same. The Irish Catholic rebellion of October 1641 gave him his finis. This article shows that the belief (shared with many fellow puritans), that Charles I had secretly commissioned the Earl of Antrim and other Irish Catholics in their rebellion, was the justification, on Protestant imperial lines, for puritans to take up their arms against the king in 1642 , and for the same reasons again in 1688. [source] Leading Sectors and Leading Regions: Economic Restructuring and Regional Inequality in Hungary since 1990INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF URBAN AND REGIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007DAVID L. BROWN Abstract This article examines factors accounting for persisting regional inequality in Hungary during the regime change from socialism to a market economy in 1990. We examine the determinants of regional inequality through the lens of leading sector theory which has been used to explain why some ex-socialist countries have done better than others during the transformation. In other words, we ask whether some regions of Hungary are doing better than others for the same reasons that some ex-socialist countries have outperformed their counterparts. We use county level data from the Hungarian Central Statistical Office to examine whether the quantity and types of foreign direct investment counties have received since 1990 are associated with regional inequality in per capita GDP. We find that foreign capitalists concentrate human-capital-intensive investment in already well performing locations because they have similar supply structures to their home economies. We also contend that no measure of institutional modernization is likely to make lagging regions attractive candidates for human-capital-intensive investments in the near future. Hence, regardless of the national state's efforts to target development to lagging areas, or the effectiveness of local institutions, lagging regions are likely to remain underdeveloped. We recommend that future field-based research be conducted to examine the nexus between FDI, the nation state and localities. Unraveling interrelationships between these three political economy sites will expose the causal forces sustaining regional inequalities during post-socialism. Résumé Cet article analyse les facteurs qui expliquent l'inégalité persistante entre régions hongroises lors du passage du socialisme à une économie de marché en 1990. Nous examinons les déterminants de l'inégalité régionale à travers la théorie du secteur moteur qui a servi à expliquer pourquoi certains ex-pays socialistes ont mieux réussi que d'autres pendant la transition. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à savoir si des régions de Hongrie font mieux que d'autres pour les mêmes raisons que certains ex-pays socialistes ont eu de meilleurs résultats que leurs homologues. Nous utilisons des données départementales provenant du Bureau central hongrois de la statistique afin d'examiner si la quantité et les types d'investissement direct à l'étranger que les départements ont reçu depuis 1990 sont associés à une inégalité régionale en termes de PIB par habitant. Nous établissons ainsi que les capitalistes étrangers concentrent leur investissement à fort capital humain dans des sites qui présentent déjà de bons résultats, les structures d'approvisionnement étant similaires à celles de leur économie nationale. Nous soutenons également que, dans le court terme, aucune mesure de modernisation institutionnelle ne va sans doute transformer les régions en retard en candidates intéressantes pour des investissements à fort capital humain. En conséquence, quels que soient les efforts de l'État national en vue de développer spécifiquement les zones en décalage, ou l'efficacité des institutions locales, les régions en retard resteront sans doute moins développées. Nous conseillons d'entreprendre à l'avenir des études de terrain afin d'analyser le lien entre IDE, État national et régions. Démêler les relations entre ces trois centres de l'économie politique révélera les forces en cause dans la durabilité des inégalités régionales pendant l'après-socialisme. [source] The interplay between speed, kinetics, and hand postures during primate terrestrial locomotionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Biren A. Patel Abstract Nonprimate terrestrial mammals may use digitigrade postures to help moderate distal limb joint moments and metapodial stresses that may arise during high-speed locomotion with high-ground reaction forces (GRF). This study evaluates the relationships between speed, GRFs, and distal forelimb kinematics in order to evaluate if primates also adopt digitigrade hand postures during terrestrial locomotion for these same reasons. Three cercopithecine monkey species (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Erythrocebus patas) were videotaped moving unrestrained along a horizontal runway instrumented with a force platform. Three-dimensional forelimb kinematics and GRFs were measured when the vertical force component reached its peak. Hand posture was measured as the angle between the metacarpal segment and the ground (MGA). As predicted, digitigrade hand postures (larger MGA) are associated with shorter GRF moment arms and lower wrist joint moments. Contrary to expectations, individuals used more palmigrade-like (i.e. less digitigrade) hand postures (smaller MGA) when the forelimb was subjected to higher forces (at faster speeds) resulting in potentially larger wrist joint moments. Accordingly, these primates may not use their ability to alter their hand postures to reduce rising joint moments at faster speeds. Digitigrady at slow speeds may improve the mechanical advantage of antigravity muscles crossing the wrist joint. At faster speeds, greater palmigrady is likely caused by joint collapse, but this posture may be suited to distribute higher GRFs over a larger surface area to lower stresses throughout the hand. Thus, a digitigrade hand posture is not a cursorial (i.e. high speed) adaptation in primates and differs from that of other mammals. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Turbulent length-scales in the marine atmospheric mixed layerTHE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY, Issue 566 2000P. Durand Abstract The spectra of turbulence signals can be characterized by several independent scales. To provide a parametrization of these spectra requires knowledge of the relationships between these scales. This paper focuses on three independent scales: the integral scale (which is influenced by the low-frequency behaviour of the spectra); the wavelength of the spectrum peak (which characterizes the energy-containing domain); and the dissipation scale (which is relevant for the inertial subrange). First, we present definitions of these various scales, and the possible relationships between them. The profiles of the scales were computed from airborne measurements made in the atmospheric mixed layer over the open ocean, in a region where horizontal homogeneity can be assumed, at least for several tens of km. Furthermore, the diurnal cycle being very weak in this oceanic area, and aircraft moving at high speed through the air mass, stationarity is well verified on the runs, and Taylor's hypothesis may be used. The meteorological conditions correspond to a slightly unstable mixed layer, with weak to moderate winds. In a first part, we analyse the integral scales of various parameters on a 180-km run and demonstrate that these parameters cannot be computed with any soundness from horizontal-wind, temperature and moisture signals, because of the continuous increase in the spectral energy when moving towards lower frequencies. For the same reasons, the spectrum peak and the corresponding wavelength cannot be determined for these parameters. The computation of the integral and energy-containing scale is therefore restricted to the vertical velocity, and to the various covariances. The turbulence field is characterized by a stretching of the eddies along the mean wind direction which results in greater integral and energy-containing scales (but not in greater dissipation scales) when computed for along-wind runs than for the cross-wind runs. The profiles of the various scales increase with altitude and are well defined in the lower half of the mixed layer, but are much more scattered in the upper half. This behaviour is related to the source of turbulence, which lies in the surface buoyancy flux in the lower half of the mixed layer, and comes from higher altitude sources in the upper half. The integral scales have values comparable with those found in previous work, except for parameters related to temperature fluctuations, which have lower values. The ratio of the energy-containing scale to the integral scale, which determines the sharpness of the ,spectral knee', varies considerably from one parameter to another, and sometimes with altitude. This demonstrates that a single unique parametrization cannot be defined for turbulence spectra. As a consequence, the eddy-exchange coefficients, which depend on a characteristic length-scale, should vary from one parameter to another. This would then have to be taken into account in model parametrization based on mixing length-scales. [source] CSOs and business partnerships: strategies for interactionBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 4 2005Jenny Ählström Abstract Cross-sectoral partnerships have increasingly been promoted as a solution to environmental and social problems. This presupposes participation of civil society organizations (CSOs). The article probes whether the partnership idea is prevailing among CSOs. The purpose of the study is to explore what underlies CSOs' approaches to interaction with business. The study finds that, based on their background and tactics for business interaction, CSOs can be divided into Preservers, Protesters, Modifiers and Scrutinizers. Among these, solely the Preservers have a strategy of engaging in partnerships with business. The Protesters, Modifiers and Scrutinizers, on the other hand, take on a strategy of independence. This finding indicates that corporations that seek to successfully partner with CSOs should be wary that such collaboration is not in line with the strategy of all CSOs, and that for the same reasons the prevailing partnership promotion might be problematic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||