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Saliva

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	70%
Life Sciences	17%
Chemistry	8%
4 Other Domains	5%

Distribution within Medical Sciences

Oral Sciences & Technology	17%
Periodontology	11%
General Dentistry	5%
Immunology	2%
35 Other Subdomains	65%

Kinds of Saliva

Terms modified by Saliva

Selected Abstracts

Drooling in cerebral palsy: hypersalivation or dysfunctional oral motor control?

DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE & CHILD NEUROLOGY, Issue 6 2009
CORRIE E ERASMUS MD
Aim, To investigate whether drooling in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in general and in CP subtypes is due to hypersalivation. Method, Saliva was collected from 61 healthy children (30 males, mean age 9y 5mo [SD 11mo]; 31 females, mean age 9y 6mo [1y 2mo]) and 100 children with CP who drooled (57 males, mean age 9y 5mo [3y 11mo], range 3,19y; 43 females, mean age 10y 1mo [4y 9mo], range 4,19y), of whom 53 had spastic, 42 had dyskinetic, and five had ataxic CP. Almost all children were affected bilaterally, and 90 of them were at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels III or higher. The saliva was collected by the swab saliva collection method. The intensity of drooling was evaluated using the drooling quotient. Results, No difference was found in the flow rates, age, or sex between healthy children and children with CP who drooled. On additional subgroup analysis, the flow rates of children with dyskinetic CP differed statistically from those of healthy children (submandibular p=0.047, parotid p=0.040). Interpretation, This study supports the finding in previous studies that no hypersalivation exists in children with CP who drool. Dysfunctional oral motor control seems to be responsible for saliva overflow from the mouth, whereas increased unstimulated salivary flow may occur in children with dyskinetic CP as a result of hyperkinetic oral movements. [source]

Dental caries and salivary status in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, related to the metabolic control of the disease

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2006
Jolanta Siudikiene
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among type 1 diabetes mellitus, dental caries, and salivary status in children. The study comprised 68, 10,15-yr-old diabetics, and 68, age- and gender-matched non-diabetic controls. Diabetics were categorized into well-to-moderately controlled (HbA1c <,9.0%) and poorly controlled (HbA1c , 9.0%) groups. Caries was recorded by assessing lesion activity at non-cavitated and cavity levels. Teeth were examined visually for the presence of dental plaque. Saliva was analyzed for unstimulated and stimulated flow rates, buffer effect, mutans streptococci, lactobacilli, and yeasts. Diabetics had fewer caries and plaque, lower salivary flow rates and buffer effect, and more frequent growth of yeasts than their non-diabetic controls. Well-to-moderately controlled diabetics had fewer decayed surfaces and lower counts of mutans streptococci and yeasts than poorly controlled diabetics, but the level of metabolic control of diabetes had no influence on salivary flow rates and buffer effect. High caries levels in diabetics were significantly associated with age, plaque score, and decreased unstimulated salivary flow rate, but were not associated with the level of metabolic control of diabetes. High caries experience in this study population could be related to plaque accumulation and/or to changes in saliva induced by diabetes mellitus. [source]

Xerostomia: 12-Month changes in saliva production and its relationship to perception and performance of swallow function, oral intake, and diet after chemoradiation

HEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 6 2003
Jeri A. Logemann PhD
Abstract Background. Previous investigators have found permanent changes in saliva production after chemoradiation but have not examined these in relation to swallowing measures, diet changes, and patient comfort over time. Methods. Thirty patients with advanced stage cancer of the oropharynx treated with chemoradiation were followed with videofluoroscopic swallow studies, a measure of stimulated total saliva production, a questionnaire of their perception of dry mouth, and a questionnaire on the nature of their oral intake at pretreatment until 12 months after treatment. Results. Saliva declined significantly from pretreatment to 12 months. Swallowing-related complaints increased significantly over the 12 months, especially in patients with lower saliva weights. Diet choices increased over time after treatment, except crunchy foods. Swallow measures did not relate to saliva weight. Conclusions. Reduced saliva weight does not correlate with slowed or inefficient swallow. Instead, reduced saliva weight seems to change patients' perceptions of their swallowing ability and, on that basis, their diet choices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 432,437, 2003 [source]

The antioxidant capacity of saliva

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2002
M. Battino
Abstract Background/aims: Saliva, a heterogeneous fluid comprising proteins, glycoproteins, electrolytes, small organic molecules and compounds transported from the blood, constantly bathes the teeth and oral mucosa. It acts as a cleansing solution, an ion reservoir, a lubricant and a buffer. In addition to its other host-protective properties, saliva could constitute a first line of defence against free radical-mediated oxidative stress, since the process of mastication and digestion of ingested foods promotes a variety of reactions, including lipid peroxidation. Moreover, during gingival inflammation, gingival crevicular fluid flow increases the change of saliva composition with products from the inflammatory response; this, in turn, could have some rôle in controlling and/or modulating oxidative damages in the oral cavity. This is the reason why the antioxidant capacity of saliva has led to increasing interest, and the development of techniques suitable for saliva antioxidant evaluation. Materials and Methods: Here, we review the current peer-reviewed literature concerning the nature and characteristics of free radicals, reactive oxygen species, oxidants, pro-oxidants and antioxidants in saliva, especially pro-oxidant and antioxidant features, as well as current methods for assessing the antioxidant capacity of saliva. Results and Conclusions: In the last decade, several methods have been developed for assaying the antioxidant activity of saliva, indicating an increasing interest of researchers and clinicians. Unfortunately, systematic studies of saliva are still lacking, even in healthy populations. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund/Zielsetzung: Der Speichel, eine heterogene Flüssigkeit bestehend aus Proteinen, Glykoproteinen, Elektrolyten, kleinen organischen Molekülen und Bestandteilen aus dem Blut, umspült andauernd Zähne und Mundschleimhäute. Er wirkt als Reinigungslösung, Reservoir für Ionen, als Schmiermittel und als Puffer. Zusätzlich zu seinen anderen Abwehreigenschaften könnte der Speichel eine erste Verteidigungslinie gegen durch freie Radikal verursachten oxidativen Stress sein, da der Prozess der Nahrungszerkleinerung und -verdauung eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen auslöst einschließlich der Lipidperoxidation. Darüber hinaus erhöht sich während gingivaler Entzündung der Sulkusflüssigkeitsfluss und verändert die Zusammensetzung des Speichels durch Produkte der Entzündungsreaktion. Dies könnte eine Rolle bei der Kontrolle und/oder Beeinflussung oxidativer Schäden in der Mundhöhle spielen. Dies sind die Gründe dafür, warum die antioxidative Kapazität des Speichels zu einem wachsenden Interesse und zur Entwicklung von Techniken geführt hat, die die Bestimmung der antioxidativen Kapazität des Speichels erlauben. Material und Methoden: In diesem Übersichtsartikel wird die akutelle Literatur hinsichtlich der Natur und Charakteristika freier Radikale, reaktiver Sauerstoffarten, Oxidantien, Prooxidantien und Antioxidantien im Speichel, insbesondere Eigenschaften der Pro- und Antioxidantien sowie aktuelle Methoden zur Bestimmung der antioxidative Kapazität des Speichels, dargestellt. Ergebnisse/Schlussfolgerungen: Während des vergangenen Jahrzehnts wurden mehrere Methoden für die Bestimmung der antioxidativen Kapazität des Speichels entwickelt, was für ein wachsendes wissenschaftliches und klinisches Interesse spricht. Unglücklicherweise fehlen noch systematische Studien zum Speichel selbst für gesunde Kollektive. Résumé Origine/but: La salive, fluide hétérogène constitué de protéines, de glycoprotéines, d'électrolytes, de petites molécules organiques et de composés transportés du sang, baigne constamment les dents et les muqueuses buccales. Elle agit comme une solution nettoyante, comme réservoir d'ions, comme lubrifiant et comme tampon. En plus de ces propriétés protectrices pour l'hôte, la salive pourrait constituer une première ligne de défense contre le stress oxydatif dû aux radicaux libres puisque le processus de mastication et de digestion des nourritures ingérées induit une variété de réactions, telle la peroxidation des lipides. De plus, pendant l'inflammation gingivale, le flux gingival sulculaire augmente et altère la compositon de la salive par les produits de la réponse inflammatoire. Cela, à son tour, pourrait avoir un rôle dans le contrôle ou la modulation des dommages oxydatifs dans la cavité buccale. C'est la raison pour laquelle la capacité antioxydant de la salive a connu un intérêt croissant et le développement de techniques fiables pour l'évaluation des antioxydants salivaires. Matériaux et méthodes: Ici, nous passons en revue de façon concise la littérature actuelle concernant la nature et les caractéristiques des radicaux libres, des espèces réactives à l'oxygène, des oxydants, des pro-oxydants et des antioxydants dans la salive, particulièrement les caractéristiques pro-oxydante et antioxydante et les méthodes actuelles de mise en évidence des capacités antioxydantes de la salive. Résultats et conclusions: Lors de la dernière décade, plusieurs méthodes ont été développées pour tester l'activité antioxydante de la salive, ce qui prouve un intérêt grandissant des chercheurs et des cliniciens. Malheureusement, des études systématiques sur la salive manquent même pour les populations saines. [source]

Scanning Electron Microscopy Study of Dental Enamel Surface Exposed to 35% Hydrogen Peroxide: Alone, With Saliva, and With 10% Carbamide Peroxide

JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 3 2003
MARIANNE SPALDING MS
ABSTRACT Several vital bleaching systems have been introduced in response to the demand in esthetic dentistry. The active agents are commonly hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide used in at-home or in-office techniques. Although generally positive results have been reported concerning the whitening ability of these agents, concerns still remain as to their effects on dental tissues. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of these bleaching agents on the enamel surface morphology. Twelve extracted teeth were used according to three experimental protocols. In experimental protocol 1, specimens were treated with 35% hydrogen peroxide. In experimental protocol 2, after treatment with 35% hydrogen peroxide the specimens were immersed in natural saliva for 1 week. In experimental protocol 3, 35% hydrogen peroxide was applied once and 10% carbamide peroxide was applied for 1 week (12 h of 10% carbamide peroxide alternating with 12 h saliva). Scanning electron microscopy evaluation revealed that regional variation in tooth morphology surface sometimes exceeded the effects of the peroxide used according to experimental protocols. Thirty-five percent hydrogen peroxide had a tendency to promote an increase in density of pits. Precipitates were observed on specimen surfaces immersed in natural saliva according to protocol 2. A smooth and shiny surface was observed in specimens treated according to protocol 3. The potential relationship between surface alterations and differences in enamel permeability is currently under investigation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The differences in various articles written on the subject cannot be reconciled because of the lack of standardization of baseline data regarding factors such as location on the tooth, type of tooth, eruption or noneruption, and age in the oral cavity. This article demonstrates that, despite changes observed in the enamel surface after bleaching, normal variation in tooth morphology may exceed the effects of 35% hydrogen peroxide and 10% carbamide peroxide on the teeth. Hence, considering the morphologic features of the tooth surface, bleaching, as described in this study, can be considered safe for enamel. [source]

Classification and management of chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland

JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 1 2009
S. WANG
Summary, Saliva has numerous oral functions and multiple functions in relation to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Chronic salivary hypofunction can lead to severe adverse health outcomes. Chronic sialadenitis is one of the major conditions that can cause salivary hypofunction. A correct diagnosis and management of chronic sialadenitis is essential for the recovery of salivary hypofunction. Chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland is often seen in the clinic, sometimes also referred to as recurrent pyogenic parotitis, recurrent parotitis, non-obstructive parotitis, sialadenitis or obstructive parotitis, among other terms. The literature describes several different classifications and denominations for chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland. These various classifications and denominations complicate the definition and diagnostic criteria, and if chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland can develop into Sjogren's syndrome remains unclear. Treatment of this condition is also a challenging problem. Here, we review the presented classification and denomination of chronic sialadenitis of the parotid gland, proposing a classification based on the disease entities identified in a long-term follow-up investigation, and discuss the treatment principles for the condition. [source]

Periodontitis lesions are the main source of salivary cytomegalovirus

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009
ahin
Background:, Herpesviruses play causal or cooperative roles in childhood infections, tumorigenesis, ulcerogenesis, and periodontitis. Saliva is a common vehicle of herpesvirus horizontal transmission, but the source of salivary herpesviruses remains obscure. To evaluate the significance of periodontal disease in shedding of oral herpesviruses, this study determined the genome-copy counts of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein,Barr virus (EBV) in whole saliva of subjects with periodontitis, gingivitis, or no natural teeth. Methods:, Whole saliva was collected from 14 periodontitis patients, 15 gingivitis patients and 13 complete denture wearers. The study subjects were systemically healthy and had not received periodontal treatment in the past 3 months. Real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the salivary load of HCMV and EBV. Results:, Salivary HCMV was detected in seven (50%) periodontitis patients, but not in any gingivitis or edentulous subjects (P < 0.001). Salivary EBV was detected in 11 (79%) periodontitis patients, in five (33%) gingivitis patients, and in seven (54%) edentulous subjects (P = 0.076). Salivary samples showed copy counts of HCMV in the range of 3.3 × 103,4.2 × 104/ml and of EBV in the range of 3.6 × 102,1.6 × 109/ml. Conclusions:, HCMV and EBV are commonly present in the saliva of periodontitis patients. Periodontitis lesions of systemically healthy subjects seem to constitute the main origin of salivary HCMV, but do not comprise the sole source of salivary EBV. [source]

Cytokine profiles in parotid saliva from HIV-1-infected individuals: changes associated with opportunistic infections in the oral cavity

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 2 2000
K. P. Black
The purpose of this study was to quantitate levels of cytokines in parotid saliva of subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and to determine if the cytokine profiles differ in subjects with an oral opportunistic infection, i.e., candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia. Parotid saliva samples were obtained from HIV-infected individuals with or without candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and from healthy controls and were assessed by ELISA for levels of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, transforming growth factor-,, tumor necrosis factor-, and interferon (IFN)-,. Saliva from HIV-infected subjects with oral candidiasis had significantly higher levels of IFN-, than that seen in HIV-infected individuals with no oral disease and significantly higher levels of IL-2, IL-5 and IFN-, than saliva of healthy controls. No significant difference was seen in cytokine levels in saliva from HIV-infected subjects with no oral infections and healthy controls. The HIV-infected subjects with oral hairy leukoplakia displayed significantly higher levels of both IL-1, and IFN-, compared with the HIV and no oral disease group and a higher level of IFN-, than seen in saliva from the healthy control group. In comparing cytokine levels from both HIV and oral disease groups, significant differences were detected in levels of IL-5 and IL-10. These results indicate that the profile of salivary cytokines is altered as a result of the oral opportunistic infection candidiasis or oral hairy leukoplakia and also by concurrent HIV infection. [source]

Understanding the human salivary metabolome

NMR IN BIOMEDICINE, Issue 6 2009
Ienaka Takeda
Abstract Saliva is a readily accessible biofluid that is important for the overall health, aiding in the chewing, swallowing, and tasting of food as well as the regulation mouth flora. As a first step to determining and understanding the human saliva metabolome, we have measured salivary metabolite concentrations under a variety of conditions in a healthy population with reasonably good oral hygiene. Using 1H NMR spectroscopy, metabolite concentrations were measured in resting (basal) and stimulated saliva from the same subject and compared in a cohort of healthy male non-smoking subjects (n,=,62). Almost all metabolites were higher in the unstimulated saliva when compared to the stimulated saliva. Comparison of the salivary metabolite profile of male smokers and non-smokers (n,=,46) revealed citrate, lactate, pyruvate, and sucrose to be higher and formate to be lower in concentration in smokers compared with non-smokers (p,<,0.05). Gender differences were also investigated (n,=,40), and acetate, formate, glycine, lactate, methanol, propionate, propylene glycol, pyruvate, succinate, and taurine were significantly higher in concentration in male saliva compared to female saliva (p,<,0.05). These results show that differences between male and female, stimulated and unstimulated, as well as smoking status may be observed in the salivary metabolome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Saliva and gastrointestinal functions of taste, mastication, swallowing and digestion

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 3 2002
AM Pedersen
Saliva has multiple essential functions in relation to the digestive process taking place in the upper parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This paper reviews the role of human saliva and its compositional elements in relation to the GI functions of taste, mastication, bolus formation, enzymatic digestion, and swallowing. The indirect function of saliva in the digestive process that includes maintenance of an intact dentition and mucosa is also reviewed. Finally, pathophysiological considerations of salivary dysfunction in relation to some GI functions are considered. [source]

Saliva as a diagnostic fluid

ORAL DISEASES, Issue 2 2002
CF Streckfus
In the last 10 years, the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has become somewhat of a translational research success story. Technologies are now available enabling saliva to be used to diagnose disease and predict disease progression. This review describes some important recent advances in salivary diagnostics and barriers to application and advancement. This review will also stimulate future research activity. [source]

Methodological considerations in the use of salivary ,-amylase as a stress marker in field research

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2008
Jason A. DeCaro
Salivary ,-amylase recently has been identified as a stress-related biomarker for autonomic nervous system activity. This study addresses sample collection and handling considerations for field researchers. Saliva was collected by unstimulated passive drool from 14 adults and pooled. Incubation of pooled saliva at 22 or 37°C for 21 days did not diminish amylase activity. However, sodium azide added at concentrations ,1.12 mg/ml to pooled saliva artificially inflated activity. After dosing cotton rolls within Salivette saliva collection devices with 0.25 to 1.5 ml of unpooled passive drool saliva from six additional adults, recovery of amylase activity was significantly below 100% at all volumes, with increased variance in recovery when the cotton was incompletely saturated (,1.0 ml). Hence, collection by passive drool instead of cotton-containing devices for amylase determinations is recommended, particularly whenever it is impossible to ensure full, uniform cotton saturation, and azide should be avoided as a preservative. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Salivary biomarkers associated with perceived satiety and body mass in humans

PROTEOMICS - CLINICAL APPLICATIONS, Issue 12 2007
Lucien F. Harthoorn Dr.
Abstract Regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis is controlled by a delicate balancing of numerous central and peripheral factors, including circulating peptide hormones. This study investigated the proteome of saliva using SELDI-TOF-MS in relation to satiety and body mass index (BMI) in humans. Within a longitudinal test session, 18 subjects were exposed to a lunch-induced hunger-satiety shift, while every 15,min collecting their whole saliva and rating their hunger and satiety. Saliva was analysed by SELDI-TOF-MS using IMAC arrays with a chromatographic copper surface (IMAC-Cu). From all subjects and time points measured, peptide and protein profiles showed 190 common peaks. Their interrelationships show that 37% of the variation was accounted for in one dimension. About 30 means had a strong association (0.70<|r|<0.95) with all subjective satiety ratings across time during the test session, and seven peaks were significantly correlated to BMI. Database MS searches indicated characterisation of some relevant metabolic peptide hormones. In conclusion, SELDI-TOF-MS on human saliva provides a valuable and noninvasive way of profiling that enables characterisation of novel and differently expressed peptides and proteins which can be used as biomarkers of satiety and overweight. [source]

Saliva of the graminivorous Theropithecus gelada lacks proline-rich proteins and tannin-binding capacity

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 8 2009
Marcus Mau
Abstract Gelada baboons are the sole survivors of the genus Theropithecus and the only known graminivorous primates. They developed special adaptations to their diet such as high-crowned teeth for processing hard and abrasive feed. The fine-tuning of salivary protein composition might be another key mechanism that is used by species for adapting to the environment and competing with rivals for exploiting new ecological niches. In order to test whether gelada (graminivorous) and hamadryas baboons (omnivorous) differ in their salivary protein composition, we compared whole saliva samples of captive Theropithecus gelada and Papio hamadryas using gel electrophoresis and tannin-binding assay. We hypothesized that the amount of proline-rich salivary proteins with tannin-binding capacity is higher in baboons consuming a feed with high dicot/monocot rations. Dicots produce tannins as a chemical defense system, discouraging animals from eating them. In contrast to dicots, monocots do not synthesize tannins. The presence of tannin-binding proteins in saliva should effectively inactivate the dicot tannin-based defense mechanism and increase the dietary breadth and/or the capability to switch between monocots and dicot leaves. The lack of such tannin-binding proteins in saliva would indicate a narrow dietary spectrum more restricted to monocots. We found T. gelada to completely lack proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and tannin-binding capacity similar to a great variety of other grazing mammals. In contrast, P. hamadryas does possess PRPs with tannin-binding activity. The findings support a growing body of evidence suggesting a high-level specialization of T. gelada to grass diets. However, it remains unclear, whether loss of salivary tannin-binding capacity drove the gelada into its narrow feeding niche, or whether this loss is the result of a long process of increased specialization. Thus, from an ecological point of view, T. gelada appears to be more vulnerable to environmental changes than other baboon species owing to its narrow dietary traits. Am. J. Primatol. 71:663,669, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Xerostomia: an update for clinicians

AUSTRALIAN DENTAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010
MS Hopcraft
Abstract Saliva plays an important protective role in the oral environment, and reductions in saliva quantity are known to increase the risk of oral diseases. Importantly, xerostomia or the perception of a dry mouth is now being recognized as an important risk factor for dental diseases. Furthermore, the subjective sensation of a dry mouth is a debilitating condition in itself that impacts on the quality of life of sufferers. With approximately 1 in 5 people reporting some form of dry mouth, and an increasing prevalence in the elderly, it is important for clinicians to have a thorough understanding of this problem. The aim of this paper is to review some of the literature relating to xerostomia in order to provide an evidence based update for clinicians. [source]

Dialysis of saliva improves accuracy of saliva lithium determinations

BIPOLAR DISORDERS, Issue 1 2004
Rif S El-Mallakh
Background:, Saliva lithium (Li) determinations have been explored as a potential alternative to plasma levels. Unfortunately, this method has been shown to be unreliable. Saliva has two major components: the aqueous and the mucopolysaccharide portions. Methods:, Since Li is likely to distribute only in the aqueous fraction, we dialyzed the saliva through a 3000 Da filter to isolate the aqueous component and determine the Li level in it. Results:, Lithium levels in the dialyzed saliva agreed more closely with plasma levels (Spearman's rho = 0.901, p < 0.001) than did whole saliva (Spearman's rho = 0.775, p = 0.012). Conclusion:, Dialysis of saliva may contribute to more accurate saliva Li levels. [source]

Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral midazolam in plasma and saliva in humans: usefulness of saliva as matrix for CYP3A phenotyping

BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 4 2008
Bettina Link
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT , Midazolam is a frequently used probe drug for CYP3A phenotyping in plasma. Midazolam and its hydroxy-metabolites can be detected in saliva. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS , The concentrations of midazolam and its hydroxy-metabolites are much lower in saliva than in plasma, but the midazolam concentrations in both matrices show a significant linear correlation. , Saliva appears to be a suitable matrix for CYP3A phenotyping with midazolam, but very sensitive methods are required due to the low concentrations of midazolam and its hydroxy-metabolites. AIMS To compare midazolam kinetics between plasma and saliva and to find out whether saliva is suitable for CYP3A phenotyping. METHODS This was a two way cross-over study in eight subjects treated with 2 mg midazolam IV or 7.5 mg orally under basal conditions and after CYP3A induction with rifampicin. RESULTS Under basal conditions and IV administration, midazolam and 1,-hydroxymidazolam (plasma, saliva), 4-hydroxymidazolam and 1,-hydroxymidazolam-glucuronide (plasma) were detectable. After rifampicin, the AUC of midazolam [mean differences plasma 53.7 (95% CI 4.6, 102.9) and saliva 0.83 (95% CI 0.52, 1.14) ng ml,1 h] and 1,-hydroxymidazolam [mean difference plasma 11.8 (95% CI 7.9 , 15.7) ng ml,1 h] had decreased significantly. There was a significant correlation between the midazolam concentrations in plasma and saliva (basal conditions: r = 0.864, P < 0.0001; after rifampicin: r = 0.842, P < 0.0001). After oral administration and basal conditions, midazolam, 1,-hydroxymidazolam and 4-hydroxymidazolam were detectable in plasma and saliva. After treatment with rifampicin, the AUC of midazolam [mean difference plasma 104.5 (95% CI 74.1, 134.9) ng ml,1 h] and 1,-hydroxymidazolam [mean differences plasma 51.9 (95% CI 34.8, 69.1) and saliva 2.3 (95% CI 1.9, 2.7) ng ml,1 h] had decreased significantly. The parameters separating best between basal conditions and post-rifampicin were: (1,-hydroxymidazolam + 1,-hydroxymidazolam-glucuronide)/midazolam at 20,30 min (plasma) and the AUC of midazolam (saliva) after IV, and the AUC of midazolam (plasma) and of 1,-hydroxymidazolam (plasma and saliva) after oral administration. CONCLUSIONS Saliva appears to be a suitable matrix for non-invasive CYP3A phenotyping using midazolam as a probe drug, but sensitive analytical methods are required. [source]

Prenatal maternal emotional complaints are associated with cortisol responses in toddler and preschool aged girls

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 7 2009
Anouk T.C.E. de Bruijn
Abstract Associations between prenatal maternal emotional complaints and child behavioral and cognitive problems have been reported, with different relations for boys and girls. Fetal programming hypotheses underline these associations and state that the early development of the HPA-axis of the children may have been affected. In the present study, differences in cortisol responses of prenatally exposed and nonexposed children are examined for both sexes separately. Cortisol response patterns of a group preschool aged children that were prenatally exposed to high levels of maternal emotional complaints (N,=,51) were compared to a nonexposed group (N,=,52). Child saliva was collected at the start of a home visit (T1), 22,min after a mother,child interaction episode (T2), and 22,min after a potentially frustrating task (T3). Repeated measures analyses showed that prenatally exposed girls showed higher cortisol levels across the three episodes compared to nonexposed girls. No differences were found in boys. Maternal prenatal emotional complaints might be related to child HPA-axis functioning differently for boys and girls. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 553,563, 2009. [source]

Histology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands and salivary pumps in the scorpionfly Panorpa obtusa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)

ACTA ZOOLOGICA, Issue 4 2010
Shuyu Liu
Abstract Liu, S. and Hua, B. 2009. Histology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands and salivary pumps in the scorpionfly Panorpa obtusa (Mecoptera: Panorpidae). ,Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 457,465. The morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the salivary glands and salivary pumps in the scorpionfly Panorpa obtusaCheng 1949 were investigated using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The salivary glands display a distinct sexual dimorphism. The female has only two small sac-like glands located in the prothorax, while the male possesses six long tubular glands extending into the sixth abdominal segment. The male salivary glands can be divided into five distinct regions. The apical long, thin secretory region possesses numerous secretory cells containing large secretory vesicles; the salivary reservoir expands in diameter, accumulating and temporarily storing the saliva in addition to secreting saliva; the constricted region contains prismatic cells with complex infolded plasma membrane; the sac has an internal brush border to absorb water and ions; the common salivary duct contains longitudinal muscles in the male, but not in the female. The salivary pump possesses independent strong dorsal muscles and abundant internal palm spines near its orifice. The anatomy and ultrastructure of the salivary glands and the salivary pump of scorpionflies as well as their possible functions are briefly discussed. [source]

An increased proportion of inflammatory cells express tumor necrosis factor alpha in idiopathic achalasia of the esophagus

DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 5 2009
A. Kilic
SUMMARY Achalasia is a motility disorder characterized by the absence of coordinated peristalsis and incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. The etiology remains unclear although dense inflammatory infiltrates within the myenteric plexus have been described. The nature of these infiltrating cells is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proinflammatory cytokines , namely, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-2 , in the distal esophageal muscle in patients with achalasia. Lower esophageal sphincter muscle from eight patients undergoing myotomy or esophagectomy for achalasia of the esophagus were obtained at the time of surgery. Control specimens consisted of similar muscle taken from eight patients undergoing operation for cancer or Barrett's esophagus. The expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-2 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The total number of inflammatory cells within the myenteric plexus were counted in five high power fields. The percentage of infiltrating cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin-2 was calculated. Clinical data including demographics, preoperative lower esophageal sphincter pressure, duration of symptoms, and dysphagia score (1 = no dysphagia to 5 = dysphagia to saliva) were obtained through electronic medical records. Statistical comparisons between the groups were made using the unpaired t -test, Fisher's exact test, or Mann,Whitney U test, with a two-tailed P -value less than 0.05 being considered significant. The total number of inflammatory cells was found to be similar between the groups. A significantly higher proportion of inflammatory cells expressed tumor necrosis factor alpha in achalasia as compared with controls (22 vs. 11%; P= 0.02). A similar percentage of infiltrating cells expressed interleukin-2 (40 vs. 41%; P= 0.87). Age, gender, preoperative lower esophageal sphincter pressure, or dysphagia score were not correlated to expression of these cytokines. There was, however, a significant inverse correlation between duration of symptoms and the proportion of inflammatory cells expressing tumor necrosis factor alpha in achalasia (P= 0.007). In conclusion, a higher proportion of infiltrating inflammatory cells expressed tumor necrosis factor alpha in achalasia. Furthermore, this proportion appears to be highest early in the disease process. Further studies are required to more clearly delineate the role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of this idiopathic disease. [source]

SPE and large-volume sample stacking in MEKC for determination of doxycycline in biological fluids: Comparison of direct injection to SPE-MEKC

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 21 2008
Rade Injac
Abstract A novel and simple method has been developed for the determination of doxycycline (DOX) in biological fluids. The method is based on SPE, large-volume sample stacking (LVSS) and MEKC with UV-DAD detection. Six SPE cartridges have been used in investigation for sample clean up and pre-concentration (Supelco® LC-8, LC-18, LC-SCX, and LC-WCX, as well as StrataÔ-X and X-C). DOX was determined on a 56,cm (effective length 50,cm)×50,,m id fused-silica capillary. The BGE was 20,mM borate buffer, pH 9.3, containing 80,mM SDS and 7.5%,v/v of methanol (30,s×50,mbar), and the temperature and voltage were 25°C and 30,kV, respectively. The analytical wavelength was set at 210,nm. Under optimized conditions it is possible to determine DOX in human serum, urine, semen, tears and saliva with recovery of 97.5% (RSD 2.5%). The method was shown to be sensitive (LOD is 1,,g/L) and precise (intra-day RSD 0.2 and 2.4%; inter-days 0.4 and 3.5% for migration time and peak area, respectively). Results for developed SPE-LVSS-MEKC were compared with LVSS-MEKC method with direct sample injection. The new LVSS-MEKC method is presented as a useful technique for rapid determination without extraction procedure of DOX in human urine and serum, using 80,mM of SDS, 10%,v/v of methanol and 40,mM borate buffer (pH 9.3; 30,s×50,mbar; 25°C; 30,kV; 350,nm), but not for the other biological fluids, according to lower sensitivity of the method and because of the sample composition. [source]

Cover Picture: Electrophoresis 20'2008

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 20 2008
Article first published online: 7 NOV 200
Issue 20/08 has an emphasis on "Bioanalysis" since it comprises 9 research articles on this topic including the human ABO genotyping, proteins markers of dysfunctioning pancreatic beta cells, alpha amylase depletion from human saliva, analysis of high molecular mass proteins by 2-DE, analysis of the oxidation products of metallothionein, determination of pathogenic bacteria by CE, boronate affinity saccharide electrophoresis for carbohydrate analysis, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, and glycan analysis by CGE. In addition, this issue includes a "Fast Track" article on the sequence variation in part of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene within Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum isolates from citizens of the UK, which have been inferred to have been infected while traveling abroad or in the UK. [source]

Separation of twenty underivatized essential amino acids by capillary zone electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

ELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 4 2003
Pavel Coufal
Abstract Twenty underivatized essential amino acids were separated using capillary zone electrophoresis and consequently detected with contactless conductivity detection (CCD). A simple acidic background electrolyte (BGE) containing 2.3 M acetic acid and 0.1% w/w hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) allowed the electrophoretic separation and sensitive detection of all 20 essential amino acids in their underivatized cationic form. The addition of HEC to the BGE suppressed both, electroosmotic flow and analyte adsorption on the capillary surface resulting in an excellent migration time reproducibility and a very good analyte peak symmetry. Additionally, the HEC addition significantly reduced the noise and long-term fluctuations of the CCD baseline. The optimized electrophoretic separation method together with the CCD was proved to be a powerful technique for determination of amino acid profiles in various natural samples, like beer, yeast, urine, saliva, and herb extracts. [source]

Saliva DHEA and cortisol responses following short-term corticosteroid intake

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 2 2010
L. Jollin
Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (2): 183,186 Abstract Background, Given the high correlation between the serum and saliva hormone values demonstrated at rest, saliva provides a convenient non-invasive way to determine dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol concentrations. However, to our knowledge, pituitary adrenal recovery following short-term suppression with corticosteroids has never been investigated in saliva. The aim of this study was therefore to examine how steroid hormone concentrations in saliva are influenced by short-term corticosteroid administration. Materials and methods, We studied saliva DHEA and cortisol concentrations before, during (day 1,day 7) and following (day 8,day 16) the administration of oral therapeutic doses of prednisone (50 mg daily for 1 week) in 11 healthy recreationally trained women. Results, Mean saliva DHEA and cortisol concentrations decreased immediately after the start of prednisone treatment (P < 0·05). Three days after concluding prednisone administration, both saliva DHEA and cortisol had returned to pretreatment levels. Conclusions, These data are consistent with previous studies on blood samples and suggest that non-invasive saliva samples may offer a practical approach to assessing pituitary-adrenal function continuously during and after short-term corticosteroid therapy. [source]

CLINICAL STUDY: A comparison of exposure to carcinogens among roll-your-own and factory-made cigarette smokers

ADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
Lion Shahab
ABSTRACT Consumption of roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco is rising, but little is known about its in vivo delivery of toxins relative to factory-made (FM) cigarettes. To start to address this issue, this study compared the concentrations of metabolites of recognized human carcinogens in smokers of RYO tobacco and FM cigarettes. We opportunistically recruited 127 FM and 28 RYO cigarette smokers in central London and collected saliva and urine samples. Saliva samples were assayed for cotinine while urinary samples were assayed for 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP) and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), metabolic markers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific N -nitrosamines, respectively. Data on socio-demographic, anthropometric and puffing characteristics were also obtained. Both unadjusted and adjusted analyses (controlling for age, sex, body mass index, puff flow, puff duration and cotinine) showed no difference in metabolic markers between RYO and FM cigarette smokers. However, significant main effects for cotinine levels and sex were observed in adjusted analyses. Greater levels of cotinine were associated with a greater concentration of both 1-HOP (B = 0.002, P = 0.037) and NNAL (B = 0.002, P < 0.001). In addition, women had significantly greater concentrations of urinary 1-HOP (B = 0.679, P = 0.004) and total NNAL metabolites (B = 0.117, P = 0.024) than men, irrespective of the type of cigarettes smoked. More research is now needed to confirm these findings and gender-specific effects in a larger, representative sample. However, results do not support the common belief that RYO cigarettes are less harmful than manufactured cigarettes. [source]

Influence of contamination on resin bond strength to nano-structured alumina-coated zirconia ceramic

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 4 2010
Shanchuan Zhang
Zhang S, Kocjan A, Lehmann F, Kosma, T, Kern M. Influence of contamination on resin bond strength to nano-structured alumina-coated zirconia ceramic. Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 396,403. © 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of contamination and subsequent cleaning on the bond strength and durability of an adhesive resin to nano-structured alumina-coated zirconia ceramic. Zirconia ceramic disks were coated with nano-structured alumina, utilizing the hydrolysis of aluminum nitride powder. After immersion in saliva or the use of a silicone disclosing agent, specimens were cleaned with phosphoric acid etching or with tap water rinsing only. Uncontaminated specimens served as controls. Plexiglas tubes filled with composite resin were bonded with a phosphate monomer [10-methacryloxydecyl-dihydrogenphosphate (MDP)]-containing resin (Panavia 21). Subgroups of eight specimens each were stored in distilled water at 37°C, either for 3 d without thermal cycling (TC) or for 150 d with 37,500 thermal cycles from 5 to 55°C. The tensile bond strength (TBS) was determined using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 2 mm min,1. The topography of the debonded surface was scrutinized for fractographic features, utilizing both optical and scanning electron microscopy. The TBS to uncontaminated nano-structured alumina-coated zirconia ceramic was durable, while contamination significantly reduced the TBS. Phosphoric acid cleaning was effective in removal of saliva contamination from the coated bonding surface but was not effective in removal of the silicone disclosing agent. Nano-structured alumina coating improves resin bonding to zirconia ceramic and eliminates the need for air-abrasion before bonding. [source]

Trefoil factor family 3 expression in the oral cavity

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 6 2009
T. Storesund
This study examined the expression, in oral keratinocytes and in the major and minor salivary glands, of Trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) peptide. Trefoil factor family 3 messenger RNA (mRNA) and peptide were detected in cultures of normal oral keratinocytes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Trefoil factor family 3 was found, by immunohistochemical analyses, to be expressed in the basal layers of the oral mucosal epithelium. In salivary glands, immunohistochemical staining showed that TFF3 peptide expression was strongest in the mucous acini of the submandibular and the small salivary glands. Serous cells in the same glands showed weak staining. In the parotid gland, many serous acini showed weak positive staining, while other areas did not. In all glands examined, the intercalated, striated, and collecting ducts were moderately TFF3-positive. Double immunostaining confirmed that mucous (MUC5B positive) cells were moderately or strongly positive for TFF3 and that some serous (MUC7 positive) cells showed restricted TFF3 expression, mostly in a granular pattern. The prevalence of the TFF3 peptide in the salivary secretions of healthy volunteers was detected by western blotting of saliva from minor salivary glands (four of five) and the parotid gland (one of five) and of mixed submandibular/sublingual saliva (five of five). In conclusion, the submandibular and small salivary glands appear to be the major producers of oral TFF3, but duct cells of all glands and keratinocytes of the oral mucosa may also contribute as sources of TFF3 in the oral cavity. [source]

Corrosion of some selected ceramic alloys used in fixed partial dentures and their postsolder joints in a synthetic neutral saliva

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 1 2009
Pascal De March
The electrochemical behavior of several alloys used in the frameworks of fixed partial dentures and their corresponding postsolders was studied in artificial saliva as a function of chemical composition. Open circuit potentials and polarization resistances were measured. The general electrochemical behaviors between the cathodic domain and the oxidation of solvent were characterized using cyclic polarization. The possible galvanic corrosion of coupled parent and postsolder alloys was also studied. The polarization resistances were high or very high. During immersion, the noblest alloys stayed in the immunity domains of their base elements, whereas Ni,Cr alloys were quickly passivated. The oxidation of the noble elements occurred only when the alloys were exposed to very high potentials solely achievable by artificial means. However, problems of galvanic corrosion may occur between an alloy and its postsolder joint if they are both exposed to saliva. Such corrosion may lead to a weakening of the framework. The parent alloy was often potentially affected by such corrosion but with low exchange currents. [source]

Detection of pemphigus desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 autoantibodies and pemphigoid BP180 autoantibodies in saliva and comparison with serum values

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2006
Dimitrios Andreadis
Although there is much literature on the detection of pemphigus and pemphigoid autoantibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, nothing is known about their presence in saliva. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary levels of these autoantibodies in pemphigus and pemphigoid patients. Autoantibodies against desmoglein3, desmoglein1, and BP180 were assayed, by ELISA, in serum and saliva samples of patients and healthy controls. The titres of autoantibodies against Dsg1/3 found in both serum and saliva of pemphigus patients showed a statistically significant correlation, suggesting that saliva may be a useful biological material for diagnostic purposes, in monitoring disease activity, as well as for the early detection of relapses. By contrast, the titres of autoantibodies against BP180 in the serum and saliva of bullous pemphigoid patients were not statistically related, and further study of the usefulness of the BP180 ELISA for saliva in this disease is needed. In addition, based on our results, the BP180 ELISA with a recombinant NC16a epitope failed to detect the autoantibodies against BP180 in the serum and saliva of mucous membrane pemphigoid patients. [source]