Saponins

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Distribution within Chemistry

Kinds of Saponins

  • major saponin
  • new triterpenoid saponin
  • steroidal saponin
  • triterpene saponin
  • triterpenoid saponin
  • triterpenoidal saponin

  • Terms modified by Saponins

  • saponin isolated

  • Selected Abstracts


    Accumulation and Dynamic Trends of Triterpenoid Saponin in Vegetative Organs of Achyranthus bidentata

    JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
    Jinting Li
    Abstract The relationship between structural features of various vegetative organs and triterpenoid saponin accumulation in Achyranthus bidentata Blume was investigated using anatomy, histochemistry and phytochemistry. The results showed that the primary and secondary structures of roots, and the structures of stems and leaves of A. bidentata, were similar to those of ordinary dicotyledonous plants. The enlargement of its roots, however, was primarily associated with growth and differentiation of tertiary structures. There were collateral medullary vascular bundles in addition to the normal vascular bundles in the stem. The tertiary structure was not only main parts in the roots of A. bidentata, but also important storage region of triterpenoid saponin in its growth and development. The stem may be the essential transport organ of triterpenoid saponin, while palisade parenchyma may be the primary synthesis location. In November, the total quantity of triterpenoid saponin and overall biomass in the roots reach a maximum level. This was the best time, therefore, to harvest the roots and corresponded to the traditional harvest period. Despite the withered appearance of leaves, stems also contained substantial amounts of triterpenoid saponin, and it was recommended that the stems of A. bidentata should be used. [source]


    A New Triterpenoid Saponin and a New Glycoside from Epigynum aurilum

    CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2003
    Jian-Xin Cao
    Abstract A new triterpenoid saponin with novel sugar moiety (1), a new trisaccharide derivative (2), as well as a known monosaccharide derivative (3), were isolated from the dried stem of Epigynum aurilum. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by MS and NMR spectram analyses. [source]


    Oleanane Saponins from Rhizome of Anemone raddeana

    HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 1 2010
    Li Fan
    Abstract Two new oleanolic acid-type triterpenoid saponins, raddeanosides R22 and R23 (1 and 2, resp.), together with four known saponins were isolated from the rhizome of Anemone raddeanaRegel. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as oleanolic acid 3- O - , - D -glucopyranosyl(1,2)[, - D -glucopyranosyl(1,4)]- , - L -arabinopyranoside (1) and oleanolic acid 3- O - , - L -arabinopyranosyl(1,3)- , - L -rhamnopyranosyl(1,2)[, - D -glucopyranosyl(1,4)]- , - L -arabinopyranoside (2). The four known compounds were identified as oleanolic acid 3- O - , - L -arabinopyranoside (3), oleanolic acid 3- O - , - D -glucopyranosyl(1,4)- , - L -arabinopyranoside (4), hederasaponin B (5), and hederacholchiside E (6) on the basis of chemical and spectral evidences. Compound 4 is reported for the first time from the Anemone genus, while the other three known compounds have been already found in this plant. [source]


    Triterpenoid Ester Saponins from Dipteronia dyeriana

    HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 9 2008
    Rong Guo
    Abstract The phytochemical investigation of Dipteronia dyeriana (Aceraceae) resulted in the isolation and identification of five new triterpenoid ester saponins, dipterosides A,E (1,5). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and chemical evidence. The inhibitory activities of these compounds against human leukemia K562 and human hepatoma HepG2 cells were also evaluated. [source]


    New Triterpenoidal Saponins from Gypsophila repens

    HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 2 2007
    Mohamed Elbandy
    Abstract Six new triterpene glycosides, repensosides A,F (1,6, resp.), were isolated from the roots of Gypsophila repens L. Their structures, established by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic experiments as well as MS analyses, were found to be based on gypsogenic acid (or gypsogenin) as aglycone, with three to nine branched or unbranched sugar moieties. [source]


    New Acylated Preatroxigenin Saponins from Atroxima congolana

    HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 2 2003
    Mohamed Elbandy
    Eight new acylated preatroxigenin saponins 1,8 were isolated as four inseparable mixtures of the trans- and cis- 4-methoxycinnamoyl derivatives, atroximasaponins A1/A2 (1/2), B1/B2 (3/4), C1/C2 (5/6) and D1/D2 (7/8) from the roots of Atroxima congolana. These compounds are the first examples of triterpene saponins containing preatroxigenin (=(2,,3,,4,,22,)-2,3,22,27-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene-23,28-dioic acid as aglycone. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR studies and FAB-MS as 3- O(,- D -glucopyranosyl)preatroxigenin 28-{O - , - D -xylopyranosyl-(1,4)- O - , - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)- O -[O - , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)- , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)]-4- O- (trans -4-methoxycinnamoyl)- , - D -fucopyranoyl} ester (1) and its cis- isomer 2, 3- O -(, - D -glucopyranosyl)preatroxigenin 28-{O - , - D -xylopyranosyl-(1,4)- O - , - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1,,2)- O -[O -6- O -acetyl- , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)- , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)]-4- O- (trans - 4-methoxycinnamoyl)- , - D -fucopyranosyl} ester (3) and its cis- isomer 4, 3- O -(, - D -glucopyranosyl)preatroxigenin 28-{O - , - D -xylopyranosyl-(1,4)- O -[, - D -apiofuranosyl-(1,3)]- O - , - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)- O -[O -6- O -acetyl- , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)- , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)]-4- O- (trans -4-methoxycinnamoyl)- , - D -fucopyranoyl} ester (5) and its cis -isomer 6, 3- O -(, - D -glucopyranosyl)preatroxi enin 28-{O - , - D -xylopyranosyl-(1,4)- O -[, - D -apiofuranosyl-(1,3)]- O - , - L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1,2)- O -[O - , - D -xylopyranosyl-(1,3)- , - D -glucopyranosyl-(1,3)]-4- O -(trans -4-methoxycinnamoyl)- , - D -fucopyranosyl ester (7) and its cis- isomer 8. [source]


    Hypocholesterolemic and Anti-Obesity Effects of Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum in Hamsters Fed Atherogenic Diets

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2008
    H.L. Zhao
    ABSTRACT:, Platycodins, a group of saponin glycosides from Platycodon grandiflorum, are believed to possess anti-obesity and cholesterol-lowering properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether dietary platycodins affect plasma, hepatic, or fecal cholesterol concentrations, as well as cholesterol absorption and fractional synthesis rates in a dose-dependent manner. Golden Syrian hamsters (n= 45) were fed atherogenic (0.25% cholesterol) diets enriched with platycodins in the forms of either aqueous extracts (containing 0.3% to 0.5% of platycodins of diet mass) or crude saponins fractions (containing 0.9% to 1.0% of platycodins of diet mass) for 28 d. {3, 4},13C-cholesterol and 2H2O tracers were administered on days 26 and 28 to assess cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis, respectively. After platycodin intervention, total cholesterol concentrations in plasma and liver were reduced (P < 0.05) by 13% to 28% and 41% to 79%, respectively, whereas cholesterol concentrations in feces were increased (P < 0.05) up to 2.5-fold compared to controls. Platycodin feeding increased (P < 0.001) cholesterol absorption up to 60%, but not cholesterol synthesis. These results suggest that platycodin-enriched diets can lower circulating and whole body cholesterol contents, and thus reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms independent from cholesterol absorption or synthesis. [source]


    Bitterness of Soy Extracts Containing Isoflavones and Saponins

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006
    Erica Aldin
    ABSTRACT: Chemical profiles of isoflavones and saponins in defatted soy flakes, soy protein isolate, and soy germ extracts were determined. The isoflavone and saponin concentration and distribution in the soy extracts were different. Recognition thresholds for bitterness were lower for extracts of defatted soy flake and soy protein isolate than for soy germ extract in water. Bitterness thresholds were higher in milk; bitterness was detected in the soy flake extract at lower concentrations of isoflavone and saponins than in isolate or germ extracts. Soy protein isolate extracts were less astringent and had less off-flavor than the soy flake and soy germ extracts in water at same total isoflavone concentration. The distribution of isoflavone and saponin forms compared with threshold and descriptive analysis suggested that the ,-malonyl-glucoside isoflavone and the 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) -saponins may be the components responsible for flavor differences in soy matrices. [source]


    Triterpenoid Saponins from Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. et Opiz.

    JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2007
    Tun-Hai Xu
    Abstract To investigate saponins from the roots of Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht. et Opiz., two new compounds together with five known triterpenoid saponins were isolated. The structures of the two new triterpenoid saponins, named cernuasides A and B, were elucidated as 3-O-[p-,- D -xylopyranosyl(1,2)]-[,- L -rhamnopyranosyl(1,4)]-,- L -arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-,- D -glucopyranosyl ester (compound 1) and 3-O-[,- L -arabinopyranosyl(1,3)]-[,- L -rhamnopyranosyl (1,2)]-,- L -arabinopyranosyl hederagenin 28-O-,- D -glucopyranosyl ester (compound 2) by 1D, 2D-NMR techniques, ESIMS analysis, as well as chemical methods. [source]


    A rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography,electrospray Ionisation mass spectrometric method for the analysis of saponins in the adventitious roots of Panax notoginseng

    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 1 2009
    Mo Dan
    Abstract Introduction Saponins are bioactive compounds employed in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The adventitious roots of Panax notoginseng may offer an alternative source of saponins. Identification and determination of saponins in the crude extract is challenging owing to their similar structures and the lack of standards. Objective To develop a rapid, sensitive and accurate method based on solid-phase extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography,electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS) for the identification and quantification of saponins in P. notoginseng. Methodology Following extraction using Waters OasisTM HLB cartridges, the analytes were subjected to a UPLC system with a Waters Acquity BEH C18 chromatographic column and a binary mobile phase system consisting of 0.05% formic acid in water and acetonitrile under gradient elution conditions, with final detection by ESI-MS in the positive ion mode. Results The UPLC-ESI-MS method gave limits of detection and quantification within the range 0.015,0.382 and 0.052,1.124 µg/mL, respectively, for 15 studied saponins. The instrumentation/injection precision (RSD) was 4.5% for a low concentration and 3.2% for an intermediate concentration sample. The intra- and inter-day repeatability was less than 2.65% (RSD). The method described was validated using spiked samples with different amounts of saponin standards. Conclusion This UPLC-ESI-MS assay provides a suitable quality control method for the tentative identification and determination of major biological active constituents in adventitious and native roots of P. notoginseng. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Triterpene Saponins from Knautia integrifolia var. bidens

    CHEMINFORM, Issue 47 2004
    Oezgen Alankus-Caliskan
    Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source]


    ChemInform Abstract: Five Lanostane Triterpenoids and Three Saponins from the Fruit Body of Laetiporus versisporus.

    CHEMINFORM, Issue 11 2001
    Kazuko Yoshikawa
    Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source]


    Use of a blocking antibody method for the flow cytometric measurement of ZAP-70 in B-CLL

    CYTOMETRY, Issue 4 2006
    Mark Shenkin
    Abstract Background: In this study we developed a method to measure the amount of ZAP-70 [zeta accessory protein] in B-CLL cells without relying on the ZAP-70 expression of patient B or T cells to normalize fluorescence intensity. Methods: B-CLL cells were fixed with formaldehyde before surface staining with gating antibodies CD19PC5 and CD5FITC. The cells were permeabilized with saponin, and the ZAP-70 antigen was blocked in one tube with unlabeled antibody to ZAP-70 [clone 1E7.2]. Zap-70-PE was then added to this tube. ZAP-70-PE was added to a second tube without unlabeled antibody to ZAP-70. The mean fluorescence intensity of the ZAP-70 in the tube without unlabeled antibody divided by the mean fluorescence intensity of the ZAP-70 in the tube with unlabeled antibody equals the RATIO of total fluorescence to non-specific ZAP-70 fluorescence in the B-CLL cells. In a second method of analysis, a region is created in the histogram showing ZAP-70 fluorescence intensity in the tube with unlabeled antibody to ZAP-70. This region is set to 0.9% positive cells. This same region is then used to measure the % positive [%POS] ZAP-70 cells in the tube without unlabeled antibody to ZAP-70. The brighter the ZAP-70 fluorescence above the non-specific background, the higher the %POS. Results: Due to the varying amount of non-specific staining between patient B-CLL cells and other cells, the blocking antibody method yielded a more quantitative and reproducible measure of ZAP-70 in B-CLL cells than other methods, which use the ratio of B-CLL fluorescence to normal B or T-cell fluorescence. Using this improved method, ZAP-70 was determined to be negative if the RATIO was less than 2:1 and positive if the RATIO was greater than 2:1. ZAP-70 was determined to be negative if the %POS was less than 5% and positive if the %POS was greater than 5%, a cut-off value lower than previous values published, due to exclusion of non-specific staining. Both cut-offs were based upon patient specimen distribution profiling. Conclusions: Use of a blocking antibody resulted in a robust, reproducible clinical B-CLL assay that is not influenced by the need to measure the amount of ZAP-70 in other cells. ZAP-70 results segre gate patients into indolent and aggressive groups suggested by published clinical outcomes. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology [source]


    Preliminary study of mucosal IgA in the equine small intestine: specific IgA in cases of acute grass sickness and controls

    EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007
    F. G. NUNN
    Summary Reasons for performing study: There is much evidence to suggest that group III Clostridium botulinum (types C and D) are involved in the aetiology of equine grass sickness (EGS). Antibodies have been detected previously in the blood and high levels associated with resistance to disease. Specific mucosal antibodies in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are likely to be important in protection, and this study was performed to ascertain if such antibodies could be detected and if their levels were related to disease state. Objectives: To develop a method for quantifying IgA antibodies to C. botulinum types C and D in the GI tract of horses and to relate antibody levels to disease status. Methods: Samples of tissue (n = 25: 6 duodenum, 7 jejunum and 12 ileum) were taken from acute grass sickness (AGS) cases and from control horses (n = 12; 4 samples from each site) at post mortem. They were extracted with the detergent saponin in the presence of protease inhibitors and assayed for total IgA, for specific IgA against botulinum neurotoxins types C and D (BoNT/C or BoNT/D), and against surface antigens of a BoNT/C negative strain of C. botulinum type C (SA) and of Clostridium tetani (TetSA), as a control. Specific IgA was expressed as percentage total IgA. Results: Compared to controls, significantly higher levels of specific IgA against BoNT/C were detected in the jejunum (P = 0.04) and ileum (P = 0.02) of AGS cases. Similarly, higher specific levels against BoNT/D were demonstrated in duodenum (P = 0.01) and jejunum (P = 0.02). Significantly higher levels of IgA against SA were demonstrated only in duodenal samples (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Levels of IgA antibody to BoNTs in control horses were at near undetectable levels, suggesting no recent exposure to toxins. In AGS cases, significantly higher levels of specific IgA were detected predominantly in jejunum and ileum. Potential relevance: If specific IgA is protective then any successful vaccine for EGS should induce a mucosal response. [source]


    Epidermal growth factor receptor expression affects the efficacy of the combined application of saponin and a targeted toxin on human cervical carcinoma cells

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 6 2010
    Diana Bachran
    Abstract Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a very promising approach since it is overexpressed in about 90% of cervical tumors. Here, we quantified the toxic effect of SE, a targeted toxin consisting of epidermal growth factor (EGF) as targeting moiety and the plant toxin saporin-3, on 3 common human cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, CaSki and SiHa) and recently established lines (PHCC1 and PHCC2) from 2 different individuals. A human melanocytic and a mouse cell line served as negative control. Additionally, we combined SE with saponinum album, a saponin composite from Gypsophila paniculata, which exhibited synergistic properties in previous studies. The cell lines, except for SiHa cells, revealed high sensitivity to SE with 50% cell survival in the range of 5,24.5 nM. The combination with saponin resulted in a remarkable enhancement of cytotoxicity with enhancement factors ranging from 9,000-fold to 2,500,000-fold. The cytotoxicity of SE was clearly target receptor specific since free EGF blocks the effect and saporin-3 alone was considerably less toxic. For all cervical carcinoma cell lines, we evinced a clear correlation between EGFR expression and SE sensitivity. Our data indicate a potential use of targeted toxins for the treatment of cervical cancer. In particular, the combination with saponins is a promising approach since efficacy is drastically improved. [source]


    Protective effect of arjunolic acid against arsenic-induced oxidative stress in mouse brain,

    JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY, Issue 1 2008
    Mahua Sinha
    Abstract Arsenic, a notoriously poisonous metalloid, is ubiquitous in the environment, and it affects nearly all organ systems of animals including humans. The present study was designed to investigate the preventive role of a triterpenoid saponin, arjunolic acid against arsenic-induced oxidative damage in murine brain. Sodium arsenite was selected as a source of arsenic for this study. The free-radical-scavenging activity and the in vivo antioxidant power of arjunolic acid were determined from its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging ability and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, respectively. Oral administration of sodium arsenite at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for 2 days significantly decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione- S -transferase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, the level of cellular metabolites, reduced glutathione, total thiols and increased the level of oxidized glutathione. In addition, it enhanced the levels of lipid peroxidation end products and protein carbonyl content. Treatment with arjunolic acid at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight for 4 days prior to arsenic administration almost normalized above indices. Histological findings due to arsenic intoxication and arjunolic acid treatment supported the other biochemical changes in murine brains. Results of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays clearly showed the in vitro radical scavenging as well as the in vivo antioxidant power of arjunolic acid, respectively. The effect of a well-established antioxidant, vitamin C, has been included in the study as a positive control. Combining all, results suggest that arjunolic acid possessed the ability to ameliorate arsenic-induced oxidative insult in murine brain and is probably due to its antioxidant activity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 22:15,26, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20209 [source]


    Mechanistic study of saikosaponin-d (Ssd) on suppression of murine T lymphocyte activation

    JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009
    Vincent Kam Wai Wong
    Abstract Saikosaponin-d (Ssd) is a triterpene saponin derived from the medicinal plant, Bupleurum falcatum L. (Umbelliferae). Previous findings showed that Ssd exhibits a variety of pharmacological and immunomodulatory activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects. In the current study we have investigated the effects of Ssd on activated mouse T lymphocytes through the NF-,B, NF-AT and AP-1 signaling pathways, cytokine secretion, and IL-2 receptor expression. The results demonstrated that Ssd not only suppressed OKT3/CD28-costimulated human T cell proliferation, it also inhibited PMA, PMA/Ionomycin and Con A-induced mouse T cell activation in vitro. The inhibitory effect of Ssd on PMA-induced T cell activation was associated with down-regulation of NF-,B signaling through suppression of IKK and Akt activities. In addition, Ssd suppressed both DNA binding activity and the nuclear translocation of NF-AT and activator protein 1 (AP-1) of the PMA/Ionomycin-stimulated T cells. The cell surface markers like IL-2 receptor (CD25) were also down-regulated together with decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines of IL-6, TNF-, and IFN-,. These results indicate that the NF-,B, NF-AT and AP-1 (c-Fos) signaling pathways are involved in the T cell inhibition evoked by Ssd, so it can be a potential candidate for further study in treating T cell-mediated autoimmune conditions. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 303,315, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]


    Accumulation and Dynamic Trends of Triterpenoid Saponin in Vegetative Organs of Achyranthus bidentata

    JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
    Jinting Li
    Abstract The relationship between structural features of various vegetative organs and triterpenoid saponin accumulation in Achyranthus bidentata Blume was investigated using anatomy, histochemistry and phytochemistry. The results showed that the primary and secondary structures of roots, and the structures of stems and leaves of A. bidentata, were similar to those of ordinary dicotyledonous plants. The enlargement of its roots, however, was primarily associated with growth and differentiation of tertiary structures. There were collateral medullary vascular bundles in addition to the normal vascular bundles in the stem. The tertiary structure was not only main parts in the roots of A. bidentata, but also important storage region of triterpenoid saponin in its growth and development. The stem may be the essential transport organ of triterpenoid saponin, while palisade parenchyma may be the primary synthesis location. In November, the total quantity of triterpenoid saponin and overall biomass in the roots reach a maximum level. This was the best time, therefore, to harvest the roots and corresponded to the traditional harvest period. Despite the withered appearance of leaves, stems also contained substantial amounts of triterpenoid saponin, and it was recommended that the stems of A. bidentata should be used. [source]


    Oligosaccharide sequences in Quillaja saponins by electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry

    JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 6 2004
    Susanna Broberg
    Abstract Ten different samples with 13 previously identified saponin structures from Quillaja saponaria Molina were investigated by electrospray ionization ion trap multiple-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMSn) in positive and negative ion modes. Both positive and negative ion mode MS1,MS4 spectra were analyzed, showing that structural information on the two oligosaccharide parts in the saponin can be obtained from positive ion mode spectra whereas negative ion mode spectra mainly gave information on one of the oligosaccharide parts. Analysis of MS1,MS4 spectra identified useful key fragment ions important for the structural elucidation of Quillaja saponins. A flowchart involving a stepwise procedure based on key fragments from MS1,MS3 spectra was constructed for the identification of structural elements in the saponin. Peak intensity ratios in MS3 spectra were found to be correlated with structural features of the investigated saponins and are therefore of value for the identification of terminal monosaccharide residues. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Complete assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of leucanthoside A, a new triterpenoid saponin from Cephalaria leucantha L.

    MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2006
    D. Go, evac
    Abstract Leucanthoside A, a new allose-containing triterpenoid saponin (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Cephalaria leucantha L. Its structure was determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts were achieved by two-dimensional NMR experiments: DQF-COSY, NOESY, TOCSY, HSQC, DINE-HSQC, HMBC, 13C- 1H 2D- J -resolved spectroscopy, and 1,1-ADEQUATE. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Preparative separation of the saponin lancemaside a from Codonopsis lanceolata by centrifugal partition chromatography

    PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, Issue 5 2008
    Osamu Shirota
    Abstract Introduction. Lancemaside A is a saponin that inhibits decreases in blood testosterone level and thus prevents or ameliorates symptoms associated with male climacteric disorder. Our initial attempt to preparative isolation of lancemaside A from the saponin fraction of Codonopsis lanceolata roots by a preparative HPLC did not give a clear result. Objective. To develop a simple and efficient method for the preparative isolation of lancemaside A from the hot water extract of C. lanceolata roots using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Methodology. The saponin fraction obtained from the hot water extract of C. lanceolata roots was used as the sample for preparative-scale separation of lancemasides by CPC using n -hexane:n -butanol:methanol:0.1% aqueous formic acid (3:4:1:6, v/v) as the two-phase solvent system. The upper phase (organic phase) of the two-phase solvent system was used as the mobile phase, and 0.5 g of saponin fraction was applied for separation by CPC. Each fraction that was separated by CPC was analysed by HPLC, and the fractions containing each of the separated compounds were pooled together, and then were purified by simple preparative HPLC. Results. The demonstrated separation sequence, hot water extraction, DIAION HP-20 column chromatography, CPC and preparative HPLC, yielded lancemaside A, foetidissimoside A and astersaponin Hb in their pure forms. Conclusion. The simple and efficient method for the preparative isolation of lancemaside A along with two other saponins, foetidissimoside A and astersaponin Hb, from the saponin fraction of C. lanceolata was established using CPC. [source]


    Astragaloside IV attenuates lipolysis and improves insulin resistance induced by TNF, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

    PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 11 2008
    Boren Jiang
    Abstract Increased circulating free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations have been demonstrated to potentially link obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a saponin which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of AS-IV on the lipolysis and insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor- , (TNF,) in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. TNF, promotes lipolysis in mammal adipocytes via the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family resulting in reduced expression/function of perilipin. Application of AS-IV inhibited TNF, -induced accelerated lipolysis in a dose-dependent manner, which was compatible with suppressed phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and reversed the downregulation of perilipin. Moreover, TNF, induced downregulation of key enzymes in lipogenesis, including LPL, FAS and GPAT, were also attenuated by AS-IV. Further studies showed that AS-IV improved TNF, -induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This study provides the first direct evidence of the antilipolytic action of AS-IV in adipocytes, which may allow this agent to decrease the circulating FFA levels, thus increase insulin sensitivity and treat cardiovascular diseases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Antiviral triterpenoids from the medicinal plant Schefflera heptaphylla

    PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007
    Yaolan Li
    Abstract Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin is a principal ingredient of an herbal tea formulation widely used for the treatment of common cold in southern China. An extract of the long leafstalk of the compound leaf of S. heptaphylla exhibited the most potent antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Further antiviral-guided fractionation and isolation of the leafstalk extract of S. heptaphylla led to obtain two highly active pure triterpenoids, namely 3, -hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid and 3- epi -betulinic acid 3- O -sulfate, together with an inactive saponin, 3, -hydroxylup-20(29)-ene-23,28-dioic acid 28- O - , - l -rhamnopyranosyl-(1,4)- O - , - d -glucopyranosyl-(1,6)- , - d -glucopyranoside. An antiviral assay using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method showed that the two triterpenoids possessed broader antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with a similar 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 6.25 µg/mL, influenza A (H1N1) virus with IC50 values of 25 and 31.3 µg/mL, Coxsackie B3 (Cox B3) virus with IC50 values of 12.5 and 20 µg/mL and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) with IC50 values of 18.8 and 25 µg/mL, respectively, whereas the saponin did not have antiviral activity against these four viruses at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    A new bioactive steroidal saponin from Sansevieria cylindrica

    PHYTOTHERAPY RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003
    Alexandra da Silva Antunes
    Abstract A new steroidal saponin was isolated from the leaves of Sansevieria cylindrica. Its structure was established as (3,,12,,15,,25S)-26-(,- D -glucopyranosyloxy)-22-hydroxyfurost-5-en-3-yl 12- O - (6-deoxy-,- L -mannopyranosyl)-15- O -(6-deoxy-,- L -mannopyranosyl)-,- D -glucopyranoside. The structural identification was performed using detailed analyses of 1H and 13C NMR spectra including 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques (COSY, HETCOR, HMBC and HMQC) and chemical conversions. The steroidal saponin showed no haemolytic effects in the in vitro assays and demonstrated inhibition of the capillary permeability activity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    Proteomic and transcriptomic study on the action of a cytotoxic saponin (Polyphyllin D): Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathways

    PROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 15 2008
    Fung-Ming Siu
    Abstract Polyphyllin D (PD) is a potent cytotoxic saponin found in Paris polyphylla. In the present study, bioinformatic, proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed to study the mechanisms of action of PD on human nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line (NCI-H460). Using a gene expression-based bioinformatic tool (connectivity map), PD was identified as a potential ER stress inducer. Our proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that PD treatment led to upregulation of typical ER stress-related proteins/genes including glucose-regulated protein 78 (BiP/GRP78) and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In particular, elevated expression of C/EBP homologous transcription factor (chop) and activation of caspase-4 occurred at early time point (8,h) of PD treatment, signifying an initial ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Induction of tumor suppressor p53, disruption of mitochondrial membrane, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were detected upon prolonged PD treatment. Collectively, these data revealed that PD induced the cytotoxic effect through a mechanism initiated by ER stress followed by mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The ability of activating two major pathways of apoptosis makes PD an attractive drug lead for anticancer therapeutics. [source]


    Nutritional evaluation of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) seeds as dietary protein source for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus

    AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 9 2002
    M A Hossain
    An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in a warmwater recirculation system at 27 ± 0.2 °C to evaluate the nutritive value of dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) seed meal as a possible fish meal substitute in the diet of tilapia. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 18.4 kJ g,1 gross energy. Sesbania seed meal was included in diets at various levels [0%, 9.7%, 19.4%, 29.1% and 38.8% for diets 1 (control), 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, which correspond to 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of dietary crude protein]. Each treatment had two replicates, eight fish per replicate, with mean initial weight of 7.06 ± 0.03 g. Fish were fed 20 g kg,1 metabolic body weight daily. On the basis of the observed growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization and energy retention, diets 1 (control) and 2 (containing 9.7% Sesbania meal) were similar and significantly (P < 0.05) better than the other dietary groups. Fish fed diets 3, 4 and 5 containing higher levels of Sesbania meal showed significantly reduced growth performance compared with those fed diets 1 and 2. Fish fed diets 3, 4 and 5 had significantly lower faecal dry matter (DM) content, apparent crude protein, lipid and energy digestibility and reduced levels of cholesterol compared with the control and diet 2. Fish fed diets containing higher levels (>9.7%) of Sesbania meal had significantly higher whole-body moisture, lower lipid and gross energy content. The lower growth performance of fish fed diets containing higher levels of Sesbania meal is thought to result from the presence of tannins, saponin and the non-starch polysaccharide content of the seed. The results of this study showed that inclusion of up to 9.7% untreated Sesbania seed meal (10% of the dietary protein) in the diet did not affect the growth performance and nutrient utilization in tilapia. [source]


    The role of triterpenoid on reactive oxygen scavenging system: Approach from the new chemiluminescence system (XYZ system)

    BIOFACTORS, Issue 1-4 2000
    Kazuyoshi Okubo
    Abstract We propose that the reactive oxygen species/hydrogen donor/mediator system (XYZ system) is a new chemiluminescence system for the measurement of reactive oxygen scavenging activity. By using this method, we demonstrated the role of triterpenoid on a reactive oxygen scavenging system. DDMP (2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one) conjugated saponin from soybean, produced a low level light emission in the presence of H_2O_2 (X) and gallic acid (Y). The soybean saponin acted as a mediator (Z) on the reactive oxygen scavenging system. When comparing the data of photon emission properties of saponin with that of cholic acids, it concludes that DDMP moiety of soybean saponin plays an important role rather than the aglycon moiety in the radical scavenging system. [source]


    Comparative analysis on microbial and rat metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

    BIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 7 2008
    Guangtong Chen
    Abstract Ginsenoside Rb1 is an active protopanaxadiol saponin from Panax species. In order to compare the similarities and differences of microbial and mammalian metabolisms of ginsenoside Rb1, the microbial transformation by Acremonium strictum and metabolism in rats were comparatively studied. Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 by Acremonium strictum AS 3.2058 resulted in the formation of eight metabolites. Ten metabolites (M1,M10) were detected from the in vivo study in rats and eight of them were identified as the same compounds as those obtained from microbial metabolism by liquid chromatography,tandem mass spectrometry analysis and comparison with reference standards obtained from microbial metabolism. Their structures were identified as ginsenoside Rd, gypenoside XVII, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside F2, compound K, 12, -hydroxydammar-3-one-20(S) -O-, -d- glucopyranoside, and 25-hydroxyl-(E)-20(22)-ene-ginsenoside Rg3, respectively. The structures of the additional two metabolites were tentatively characterized as 20(22),24-diene-ginsenoside Rg3 and 25-hydroxyginsenoside Rd by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. M7,M10 are the first four reported metabolites in vivo. The time course of rat metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 was also investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]


    A New Triterpenoid Saponin and a New Glycoside from Epigynum aurilum

    CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2003
    Jian-Xin Cao
    Abstract A new triterpenoid saponin with novel sugar moiety (1), a new trisaccharide derivative (2), as well as a known monosaccharide derivative (3), were isolated from the dried stem of Epigynum aurilum. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by MS and NMR spectram analyses. [source]


    Oleanane Saponins from Rhizome of Anemone raddeana

    HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 1 2010
    Li Fan
    Abstract Two new oleanolic acid-type triterpenoid saponins, raddeanosides R22 and R23 (1 and 2, resp.), together with four known saponins were isolated from the rhizome of Anemone raddeanaRegel. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated as oleanolic acid 3- O - , - D -glucopyranosyl(1,2)[, - D -glucopyranosyl(1,4)]- , - L -arabinopyranoside (1) and oleanolic acid 3- O - , - L -arabinopyranosyl(1,3)- , - L -rhamnopyranosyl(1,2)[, - D -glucopyranosyl(1,4)]- , - L -arabinopyranoside (2). The four known compounds were identified as oleanolic acid 3- O - , - L -arabinopyranoside (3), oleanolic acid 3- O - , - D -glucopyranosyl(1,4)- , - L -arabinopyranoside (4), hederasaponin B (5), and hederacholchiside E (6) on the basis of chemical and spectral evidences. Compound 4 is reported for the first time from the Anemone genus, while the other three known compounds have been already found in this plant. [source]