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Automatic Processes (automatic + process)
Selected AbstractsSEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF SPERM WHALE (PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS) SOUNDS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA, 1999,2001MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2004David K. Mellinger Abstract An acoustic survey for sperm whales was conducted in the Gulf of Alaska. Six autonomous hydrophones continuously recorded sound signals below 500 Hz from October 1999 to May 2001. After recovery, recordings were processed using an automatic process to detect usual clicks of sperm whales. The detection algorithm equalized background noise, summed the data in a frequency band, and then used autocorrelation to detect the whales' highly regular clicks. Detections were checked manually, revealing that 98% of detections did contain clicks. Results indicate that sperm whales are present in the Gulf of Alaska year-round; this result extends what is known from whaling data, which were gathered principally in summer. Sperm whales were more common in summer than winter by a factor of roughly two, and occurred less often at the westernmost site surveyed (52°N, 157°W) than elsewhere in the Gulf. This is the first study of sperm whales based exclusively on remote acoustic sensing. This methodology is feasible because sperm whale clicks extend to frequencies (,100 Hz) low enough to be recorded by low-sample-rate instruments that operate continuously, and because the detection algorithm has a low false-detection rate. The methodology may be replicated to facilitate comparisons between different time periods and geographic regions. [source] Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkersADDICTION, Issue 2 2010Reinout W. Wiers ABSTRACT Aims The main aim of this study was to test whether automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol can be modified, and whether this affects drinking behaviour. Design and participants Forty-two hazardous drinkers were assigned randomly to a condition in which they were implicitly trained to avoid or to approach alcohol, using a training variety of the alcohol Approach Avoidance Test (AAT). Participants pushed or pulled a joystick in response to picture-format (landscape or portrait). The pictures depicted alcoholic or non-alcoholic drinks. Participants in the avoid-alcohol condition pushed most alcoholic and pulled most non-alcoholic drinks. For participants in the approach-alcohol condition these contingencies were reversed. After the implicit training, participants performed a taste test, including beers and soft drinks. Automatic action tendencies at post-test were assessed with the AAT, including both trained and untrained pictures, and with a different test (Implicit Association Test, IAT). We further tested effects on subjective craving. Results Action tendencies for alcohol changed in accordance with training condition, with the largest effects in the clinically relevant avoid-alcohol condition. These effects occurred outside subjective awareness and generalized to new pictures in the AAT and to an entirely different test using words, rather than pictures (IAT). In relatively heavy drinking participants who demonstrated changed action tendencies in accordance with their training condition, effects were found on drinking behaviour, with participants in the approach-alcohol condition drinking more alcohol than participants in the avoid-alcohol condition. No effect was found on subjective craving. Conclusions Retraining automatic processes may help to regain control over addictive impulses, which points to new treatment possibilities. [source] Automatic and controlled processes in behavioural control: Implications for personality psychologyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 5 2010Philip J. Corr Abstract This paper highlights a number of unresolved theoretical issues that, it is argued, continue to impede the construction of a viable model of behavioural control in personality psychology. It is contended that, in order to integrate motivation, emotion, cognition and conscious experience within a coherent framework, two major issues need to be recognised: (a) the relationship between automatic (reflexive) and controlled (reflective) processing and (b) the lateness of controlled processing (including the generation of conscious awareness),phenomenally, such processing seems to ,control' behaviour, but experimentally it can be shown to postdate the behaviour it represents. The implications of these two major issues are outlined, centred on the need to integrate theoretical perspectives within personality psychology, as well as the greater unification of personality psychology with general psychology. A model of behavioural control is sketched, formulated around the concept of the behavioural inhibition system (BIS), which accounts for: (a) why certain stimuli are extracted for controlled processing (i.e. those that are not ,going to plan', as detected by an error mechanism) and (b) the function of controlled processing (including conscious awareness) in terms of adjusting the cybernetic weights of automatic processes (which are always in control of immediate behaviour) which, then, influence future automatically controlled behaviour. The relevance of this model is illustrated in relation to a number of topics in personality psychology, as well related issues of free-will and difficult-to-control behaviours. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Why do Westerners self-enhance more than East Asians?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 3 2009Carl F. Falk Abstract Much research finds that Westerners self-enhance more than East Asians, with the exception of studies using the implicit associations test for self-esteem (IATSE). We contrasted Japanese and Canadians on a new measure of self-enhancement under low- and high-attentional load to assess whether cultural differences vary across controlled and automatic processes. Participants also completed measures of relational mobility and the IATSE. Results indicated that Japanese and Asian-Canadians were more self-critical than Euro-Canadians, both under high- and low-attentional load. This cultural difference was partially mediated by relational mobility. The IATSE showed no cultural differences, but this measure did not positively correlate with any of the other measures in the study, suggesting that it is not a valid measure of ,true' self-feelings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A public versus private administration of the implicit association testEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Guy A. Boysen This research includes two experiments that examined (a) whether the assessment situation in which individuals complete an implicit measure of bias alters their responses and (b) whether the hypothesized effect of the assessment situation on implicitly assessed bias reflects socially desirable responding. Participants in Experiment 1 (N,=,151) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in either a public or a private assessment situation. Consistent with studies of explicitly assessed attitudes, implicitly assessed bias toward homosexuality was significantly lower when assessed in a public versus a private assessment situation. Participants in Experiment 2 (N,=,102) completed an IAT measuring bias toward homosexuality in a public assessment situation under a bogus pipeline or no-bogus pipeline condition. Results indicated that participants' implicitly assessed bias did not significantly differ across these conditions. The authors discuss these findings in terms of possible automatic processes affecting the malleability of implicitly assessed attitudes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On the meaning of meaning when being mean: commentary on Berkowitz's "On the Consideration of Automatic as Well as Controlled Psychological Processes in Aggression"AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, Issue 2 2008Kenneth A. Dodge Abstract Berkowitz (this issue) makes a cogent case for his cognitive neo-associationist (CNA) model that some aggressive behaviors occur automatically, emotionally, and through conditioned association with other stimuli. He also proposes that they can occur without "processing," that is, without meaning. He contrasts his position with that of social information processing (SIP) models, which he casts as positing only controlled processing mechanisms for aggressive behavior. However, both CNA and SIP models posit automatic as well as controlled processes in aggressive behavior. Most aggressive behaviors occur through automatic processes, which are nonetheless rule governed. SIP models differ from the CNA model in asserting the essential role of meaning (often through nonconscious, automatic, and emotional processes) in mediating the link between a stimulus and an angry aggressive behavioral response. Aggr. Behav. 34:133,135, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Automatic and controlled attentional processes in startle eyeblink modification: Effects of habituation of the prepulsePSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2000Anne M. Schell The effect of prehabituation of the prepulse on startle eyeblink modification was studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, college student participants were either prehabituated or nonhabituated to a tone that served as a prepulse in a startle modification passive attention paradigm. Neither short lead interval (60 and 120 ms) prepulse inhibition (PPI) nor long lead interval (2,000 ms) prepulse facilitation (PPF) was affected by the prehabituation procedure. In Experiment 2, participants were presented with an active attention paradigm in which one of two tone prepulses was attended while the other was ignored. One group was prehabituated to the prepulses and the other was not. Unlike the results with the passive paradigm in Experiment 1, prehabituation did significantly diminish attentional modulation of PPI and PPF. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that passive PPI and PPF are primarily automatic processes, whereas attentional modulation involves controlled cognitive processing. [source] The Interplay between Conscious and Automatic Self-Regulation and Adolescents' Physical Activity: The Role of Planning, Intentions, and Lack of AwarenessAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2009Stephan Dombrowski This study investigated the interplay between conscious and automatic self-regulatory variables and adolescents' physical activity. It was hypothesised that intention, planning, and lack of awareness would predict adolescents' behaviour. One hundred and fifty-five individuals (aged 13 to 17 years) completed questionnaires in two waves (with a time gap of 10 days). The results of cross-lagged panel analysis suggested that both past behaviour and planning predicted physical activity at follow-up, whereas physical activity predicted intention. Although lack of awareness, a facet of automatic processes, was negatively related to physical activity, the nested model comparison analysis indicated that the relation between lack of awareness and physical activity might be negligible. Among the self-regulatory processes, planning was found to be the most important predictor of adolescents' physical activity, although past behaviour remained the strongest predictor of future behaviour. Cette recherche porte sur l'interaction entre les variables autorégulatrices conscientes et automatiques et l'activité physique des adolescents. On a fait l'hypothèse que l'intention, la planification et l'absence de prise de conscience allaient prédire le comportement des adolescents. 155 individus âgés de 13 à 17 ans ont rempli des questionnaires en deux temps avec un intervalle de dix jours. Les résultats d'une analyse en panel retardé croisé montrent que la conduite antérieure et la planification prédisent l'activité physique qui s'ensuit alors que l'activité physique prédit l'intention. Bien que le manque de prise de conscience, une facette des processus automatiques, soit négativement corréléà l'activité physique, l'analyse de variance indique que la relation entre l'absence de prise de conscience et l'activité physique pourrait être négligeable. Des différents processus d'autorégulation, c'est la planification qui est apparue comme étant le prédicteur majeur de l'activité physique des adolescents, bien que la conduite passée reste le prédicteur le plus fiable du comportement à venir. [source] | ||||||||||