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Rules
Kinds of Rules Terms modified by Rules Selected AbstractsA RULE-BASED APPROACH FOR SEMANTIC ANNOTATION EVOLUTIONCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2007P.-H. Luong An approach for managing knowledge in an organization in the new infrastructure of Semantic Web consists of building a corporate semantic web (CSW). The main components of a CSW are (i) evolving resources distributed over an intranet and indexed using (ii) semantic annotations expressed with the vocabulary provided by (iii) a shared ontology. However, changes in the operating environment may lead to some inconsistencies in the system and they result in need of modifications of the CSW components. These changes need to be evolved and well managed. In this paper we present a rule-based approach allowing us to detect and correct semantic annotation inconsistencies. This rule-based approach is implemented in the CoSWEM system enabling to manage the evolution of such a CSW, especially to address the evolution of semantic annotations when its underlying ontologies change. [source] WHO IS AFRAID OF THE FRIEDMAN RULE?ECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 2 2008JOYDEEP BHATTACHARYA We explore the connection between optimal monetary policy and heterogeneity among agents in a standard monetary economy with two types of agents where the stationary distribution of money holdings is nondegenerate. Sans type-specific fiscal policy, we show that the zero-nominal-interest rate policy (the Friedman rule) does not maximize type-specific welfare; it may not maximize aggregate ex ante social welfare either. Indeed, one or, more surprisingly, both types may benefit if the central bank deviates from the Friedman rule. (JEL E31, E51, E58) [source] SOME PROBLEMS WITH ASSESSING COPE'S RULEEVOLUTION, Issue 8 2008Andrew R. Solow Cope's Rule states that the size of species tends to increase along an evolutionary lineage. A basic statistical framework is elucidated for testing Cope's Rule and some surprising complications are pointed out. If Cope's Rule is formulated in terms of mean size, then it is not invariant to the way in which size is measured. If Cope's Rule is formulated in terms of median size, then it is not invariant to the degree of separation between ancestral and descendant species. Some practical problems in assessing Cope's Rule are also described. These results have implications for the empirical assessment of Cope's Rule. [source] AN INTERSPECIFIC TEST OF ALLEN'S RULE: EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS FOR ENDOTHERMIC SPECIESEVOLUTION, Issue 12 2007R. L. Nudds Ecogeographical rules provide potential to describe how organisms are morphologically constrained to climatic conditions. Allen's rule (relatively shorter appendages in colder environments) remains largely unsupported and there remains much controversy whether reduced surface area of appendages provides energetic savings sufficient to make this morphological trend truly adaptive. By showing for the first time that Allen's rule holds for closely related endothermic species, we provide persuasive support of the adaptive significance of this trend for multiple species. Our results indicate that reduction of thermoregulatory cost during the coldest part of the breeding season is the most likely mechanism driving Allen's rule for these species. Because for 54% of seabird species examined, rise in seasonal maximum temperature over 100 years will exceed that for minimum temperatures, an evolutionary mismatch will arise between selection for limb length reduction and ability to accommodate heat stress. [source] PERSPECTIVE: THE SIZE-COMPLEXITY RULEEVOLUTION, Issue 9 2004J. T. Bonner Abstract It is widely accepted that bigger entities have a greater division of labor than smaller ones and this is reflected in the fact that larger multicellular organisms have a corresponding increase in the number of their cell types. This rule is examined in some detail from very small organisms to large animals, and plants, and societies. Compared to other size-related rules, the size-complexity rule is relatively rough and approximate, yet clearly it holds throughout the whole range of living organisms, as well as for societies. The relationship between size and complexity is analyzed by examining the effects of size increase and decrease: size increase requires an increase in complexity, whereas size decrease permits, and sometimes requires, a decrease in complexity. Conversely, an increase or decrease in complexity permits, but does not require changes in size. An especially compelling argument for the close relation between size and complexity can be found in size quorum sensing in very small multicellular organisms. [source] A COMPARISON OF THE IMPRECISE BETA CLASS, THE RANDOMIZED PLAY-THE-WINNER RULE AND THE TRIANGULAR TEST FOR CLINICAL TRIALS WITH BINARY RESPONSESAUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF STATISTICS, Issue 1 2007Lyle C. Gurrin Summary This paper develops clinical trial designs that compare two treatments with a binary outcome. The imprecise beta class (IBC), a class of beta probability distributions, is used in a robust Bayesian framework to calculate posterior upper and lower expectations for treatment success rates using accumulating data. The posterior expectation for the difference in success rates can be used to decide when there is sufficient evidence for randomized treatment allocation to cease. This design is formally related to the randomized play-the-winner (RPW) design, an adaptive allocation scheme where randomization probabilities are updated sequentially to favour the treatment with the higher observed success rate. A connection is also made between the IBC and the sequential clinical trial design based on the triangular test. Theoretical and simulation results are presented to show that the expected sample sizes on the truly inferior arm are lower using the IBC compared with either the triangular test or the RPW design, and that the IBC performs well against established criteria involving error rates and the expected number of treatment failures. [source] PREPROCESSING RULES FOR TRIANGULATION OF PROBABILISTIC NETWORKS,COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 3 2005Hans L. Bodlaender Currently, the most efficient algorithm for inference with a probabilistic network builds upon a triangulation of a network's graph. In this paper, we show that pre-processing can help in finding good triangulations for probabilistic networks, that is, triangulations with a maximum clique size as small as possible. We provide a set of rules for stepwise reducing a graph, without losing optimality. This reduction allows us to solve the triangulation problem on a smaller graph. From the smaller graph's triangulation, a triangulation of the original graph is obtained by reversing the reduction steps. Our experimental results show that the graphs of some well-known real-life probabilistic networks can be triangulated optimally just by preprocessing; for other networks, huge reductions in their graph's size are obtained. [source] FEATURE-BASED KOREAN GRAMMAR UTILIZING LEARNED CONSTRAINT RULESCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 1 2005So-Young Park In this paper, we propose a feature-based Korean grammar utilizing the learned constraint rules in order to improve parsing efficiency. The proposed grammar consists of feature structures, feature operations, and constraint rules; and it has the following characteristics. First, a feature structure includes several features to express useful linguistic information for Korean parsing. Second, a feature operation generating a new feature structure is restricted to the binary-branching form which can deal with Korean properties such as variable word order and constituent ellipsis. Third, constraint rules improve efficiency by preventing feature operations from generating spurious feature structures. Moreover, these rules are learned from a Korean treebank by a decision tree learning algorithm. The experimental results show that the feature-based Korean grammar can reduce the number of candidates by a third of candidates at most and it runs 1.5 , 2 times faster than a CFG on a statistical parser. [source] LAWS, RULES, AND POLICE POLICYCRIMINOLOGY AND PUBLIC POLICY, Issue 1 2002JAMES O. FINCKENAUER First page of article [source] THE IMPLICIT RULES OF EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY ANALYSIS, UPDATEDADDICTION, Issue 8 2010ROBERT J. MACCOUN No abstract is available for this article. [source] UNCERTAINTY AND MONETARY POLICY RULES IN THE UNITED STATESECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 2 2009CHRISTOPHER MARTIN This article analyzes the impact of uncertainty about the true state of the economy on monetary policy rules in the United States since the early 1980s. Extending the Taylor rule to allow for this type of uncertainty, we find evidence that the predictions of the theoretical literature on responses to uncertainty are reflected in the behavior of policymakers, suggesting that policymakers are adhering to prescriptions for optimal policy. Our estimates suggest that the effect of uncertainty on interest rates was most marked in 1983, when uncertainty increased interest rates by up to 140 basis points, in 1990,1991, when uncertainty reduced interest rates by up to 80 basis points, and in 1996,2001, when uncertainty reduced interest rates by up to 70 basis points over 5 yr. (JEL C51, C52, E52, E58) [source] FREE TRADE AREAS AND RULES OF ORIGIN: ECONOMICS AND POLITICSECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 2 2007RUPA DUTTAGUPTA Incorporating an intermediate input into a simple small-union general-equilibrium model, this paper first develops the welfare economics of preferential trading under the rules of origin (ROO) and then demonstrates that ROOs can improve the political viability of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Two interesting outcomes are derived. First, a welfare-reducing FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can become feasible in the presence of these rules. Second, a welfare- improving FTA that was rejected in the absence of ROOs can be endorsed in their presence, but upon endorsement it can become welfare inferior relative to the status quo. [source] RULES, TECHNIQUE, AND PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE: A WITTGENSTEINIAN EXPLORATION OF VOCATIONAL LEARNINGEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 4 2006Christopher WinchArticle first published online: 30 NOV 200 He argues that most rule-following is only successful when it involves a degree of flexibility. For instance, most technical work that involves rule-following requires flexibility and situational awareness for success. Technical education that fails to take account of the need to apply rules in a way that accounts for a wide variety of situations is likely to be unsuccessful. Winch offers an account of professional judgment based on Stephen Toulmin's theory of argumentation and discusses progression from novice to expert in terms of Toulmin's analysis. He also considers the relation between vocational education and other practices in the context of the wider civic implications of occupational practice. [source] "STRUCTURES OF FEELING" IN CURRICULUM AND TEACHING: THEORIZING THE EMOTIONAL RULESEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 2 2002Michalinos Zembylas First page of article [source] AXIOLOGICAL RULES AND CHINESE POLITICAL PHILOSOPHYJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2007DUNHUA ZHAO [source] WARRANTED ASSERTABILITY MANEUVERS AND THE RULES OF ASSERTIONPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2008LEO IACONO I argue that no invariantist WAM against Stewart Cohen's Airport Case can succeed. The problem is that such a WAM is inconsistent with the known ways of accounting for the evidence that motivates the knowledge account of assertion. [source] A NEW MEASURE OF US POTENTIAL OUTPUT, INFLATION FORECASTS, AND MONETARY POLICY RULES,THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 5 2009CHARLES HARVIE This paper proposes a new measure of potential output for the USA. The key idea is that potential output is constructed as the level of output which would correspond to a forecast of no inflation change over the policy horizon. The resultant output gap has a clear interpretation as a measure to gauge future inflationary pressures. It also exhibits better predictability for future inflation changes in comparison with previous output gap measures. Simulation results further demonstrate its usefulness as a feedback variable in the Taylor monetary policy rule for interest rates. [source] COMMENTS ON «TUNING RULES FOR THE PID CONTROLLER USING A DMC STRATEGY»ASIAN JOURNAL OF CONTROL, Issue 4 2004Jing-Chung Shen ABSTRACT It is pointed out that the tuning rules for under damped system and non-minimum phase system that given by Haeri is incorrect. [source] INVESTMENT IN HOSPITAL CARE TECHNOLOGY UNDER DIFFERENT PURCHASING RULES: A REAL OPTION APPROACHBULLETIN OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Rosella Levaggi I11; D81 ABSTRACT Quality of health care is the product of several factors as the literature has long recognized. In this paper we focus on the relationship between quality and investment in health technology by analysing the optimal investment decision in a new health care technology of a representative hospital that maximizes its surplus in an uncertain environment. The new technology allows the hospital to increase the quality level of the care provided, but the investment is irreversible. The paper uses the framework of the real option literature to show how the purchaser might influence the quality level by setting a quality-contingent long-term contract with the hospital. The investment in new technology is in fact best incentivated within a long-term contract where the number of treatments reimbursed depends on the level of investment made when the technology is new. In this way, asymmetry of information does not affect the outcome of the contract. In our model in fact the purchaser can verify the level of the investment only at the end of each period but the purchasing rule has an anticipating effect on the decision to invest. [source] The Original Meaning of "Democracy": Capacity to Do Things, not Majority RuleCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 1 2008Josiah Ober First page of article [source] Rule Breaking in New Product Development , Crime or Necessity?CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2001Tommy Olin The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of applying general rules in organizations to govern multiple new product development projects. Data were collected in structured interviews with project managers and project members from seven successful projects within Swedish companies. Results show that projects either broke rules or that organizations had developed strategies to cope with the risk of rules preventing the progress of the projects. The project managers of the rule following projects reported lack of rule breaking to be the result of the rule design at each company, intending to minimize the risk of rules preventing the progress of projects. With the exception of the manager of the rule changing/removing project, project managers show a relaxed attitude to breaking general rules that hinder project progress. The study indicates that frameworks of common project management rules increase the risk of delay in new product development projects, unless strategies of rule breaking or dynamic rule modification are applied. Applications of emergent standard management philosophies and practices to innovation are discussed. [source] Pigment Network: A Clue to Dermatoscopic Diagnosis of Melanocytic Lesions,Supernumerary Nipple: Another Exception to the RuleDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2004Horacio Cabo MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Trust and Rule by Charles TillyDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2007Mujibur Rehman No abstract is available for this article. [source] Women's Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule: Preliminary Observations from AfricaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2001Aili Tripp Women's movements in Africa represent one of the key societal forces challenging state clientelistic practices, the politicization of communal differences, and personalized rule. In the 1980s and 1990s we have witnessed not only the demise of patronage-based women's wings that were tied to ruling parties, but also the concurrent growth of independent women's organizations with more far-reaching agendas. The emergence of such autonomous organizations has been a consequence of the loss of state legitimacy, the opening-up of political space, economic crisis, and the shrinking of state resources. Drawing on examples from Africa, this article shows why independent women's organizations and movements have often been well situated to challenge clientelistic practices tied to the state. Gendered divisions of labour, gendered organizational modes and the general exclusion of women from both formal and informal political arenas have defined women's relationship to the state, to power, and to patronage. These characteristics have, on occasion, put women's movements in a position to challenge various state-linked patronage practices. The article explores some of the implications of these challenges. [source] On the Use of the Moving Average Trading Rule to Test for Weak Form Efficiency in Capital MarketsECONOMIC NOTES, Issue 2 2008Alexandros E. Milionis The examination for the possible existence of predictive power in the moving average trading rule has been used extensively to test the hypothesis of weak form market efficiency in capital markets. This work focuses mainly on the study of the variation of the moving average (MA) trading rule performance as a function of the length of the longer MA. Empirical analysis of daily data from NYSE and the Athens Stock Exchange reveal high variability of the performance of the MA trading rule as a function of the MA length and on some occasions the series of successive trading rule total returns is non-stationary. These findings have direct implications in weak form market efficiency testing. Indeed, given this high variability of the performance of the MA trading rule, by just finding out that trading rules with some specific combinations of MA lengths can or cannot beat the market, as is the case in most of the published work thus far, is not enough evidence for or against the existence of weak form market efficiency. Results also show that on average in about three out of four cases trading rule signals are false, a fact that leaves a lot of space for improved trading rule performance if trading rule signals are combined with other information (e.g. filters, or volume of trade). Finally, some evidence of enhanced trading rule performance for the shorter MA lengths was found. This enhanced performance is partly attributed to the higher probability that a trading rule signal is not a whipsaw, as well as to the larger number of days out-of-the-market which are associated with shorter MA lengths. [source] Why the Computational Account of Rule-Following Cannot Rule out the Grammatical AccountEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2001Alberto Voltolini First page of article [source] The ,Checks and Balances' Doctrine in Member States as a Rule of EC Law: The Cases of France and GermanyEUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003Theodore Georgopoulos The paper argues that the mutation of the Judiciary and the Executive role vis-ą-vis the Legislature appears to be an application of an emerging doctrine in EC public law that conspicuously resembles the ,Checks and Balances' theory of American constitutionalism. The action of one public authority is,or must be,countered by the reaction of another for the benefit of EC law. Apart from identifying the features of this ,principle' in comparison to its equivalent American doctrine, the paper deals with the question of a possible coexistence of this new model of governance with the traditional one. The comparative perspective is necessary here. Whereas in Germany the constitutional model appears to cope with European demands, in France it seems largely opposed to such a dynamic conception of the separation of powers. [source] SOME PROBLEMS WITH ASSESSING COPE'S RULEEVOLUTION, Issue 8 2008Andrew R. Solow Cope's Rule states that the size of species tends to increase along an evolutionary lineage. A basic statistical framework is elucidated for testing Cope's Rule and some surprising complications are pointed out. If Cope's Rule is formulated in terms of mean size, then it is not invariant to the way in which size is measured. If Cope's Rule is formulated in terms of median size, then it is not invariant to the degree of separation between ancestral and descendant species. Some practical problems in assessing Cope's Rule are also described. These results have implications for the empirical assessment of Cope's Rule. [source] Categorizing approaches combining rule-based and case-based reasoningEXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 2 2007Jim Prentzas Abstract: Rule-based and case-based reasoning are two popular approaches used in intelligent systems. Rules usually represent general knowledge, whereas cases encompass knowledge accumulated from specific (specialized) situations. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages, which are proved to be complementary to a large degree. So, it is well justified to combine rules and cases to produce effective hybrid approaches, surpassing the disadvantages of each component method. In this paper, we first present advantages and disadvantages of rule-based and case-based reasoning and show that they are complementary. We then discuss the deficiencies of existing categorization schemes for integrations of rule-based and case-based representations. To deal with these deficiencies, we introduce a new categorization scheme. Finally, we briefly present representative approaches for the final categories of our scheme. [source] Rule,based reasoning and neural network perception for safe off,road robot mobilityEXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2002Edward Tunstel Operational safety and health monitoring are critical matters for autonomous field mobile robots such as planetary rovers operating on challenging terrain. This paper describes relevant rover safety and health issues and presents an approach to maintaining vehicle safety in a mobility and navigation context. The proposed rover safety module is composed of two distinct components: safe attitude (pitch and roll) management and safe traction management. Fuzzy logic approaches to reasoning about safe attitude and traction management are presented, wherein inertial sensing of safety status and vision,based neural network perception of terrain quality are used to infer safe speeds of traversal. Results of initial field tests and laboratory experiments are also described. The approach provides an intrinsic safety cognizance and a capacity for reactive mitigation of robot mobility and navigation risks. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||