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Rubella Syndrome (rubella + syndrome)
Kinds of Rubella Syndrome Selected AbstractsCongenital rubella pneumonitis complicated by Pneumocystis jiroveci infection with positive long term respiratory outcome: A case report and literature reviewPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 12 2009M.O. Sanchez MD Abstract Rubella remains to be a significant illness in the developing countries because of limited access to immunizations. In congenital rubella syndrome, lung involvement becomes evident within the few months of life, as a manifestation of the "late onset rubella syndrome." The lungs and other organs become involved secondary to immunopathologic mechanisms and immunodeficiency predisposes affected patients to opportunistic pathogens. We report the clinical, respiratory and immunologic data of a young boy who developed rubella pneumonitis and concomitant infection with Pneumocystis jiroveci. Despite the complicated clinical course, the child survived. At follow-up he has a normal pulmonary examination, mild hyperinflation only on his chest radiograph, normal immunology and normal respiratory reactance and resistance. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1235,1239. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Molecular epidemiology of rubella virus in Asia: Utility for reduction in the burden of diseases due to congenital rubella syndromePEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2004Shigetaka Katow AbstractBackground:,Rubella is a mild disease mainly of infants, involving a rash and a fever. However, when women who have no immunity to rubella are infected during the early stage of pregnancy, their babies are often born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which is characterized by a few disorders including deafness, cataracts and heart malformations. To prevent CRS, several strains of live attenuated rubella vaccine have been developed and introduced into immunization programs in many countries. In most Asian countries except Japan, Singapore and Taiwan, rubella remains uncontrolled, and the burden of diseases from CRS is high. In order to develop a control program to reduce the number of CRS cases in Asian countries, it is necessary to conduct a survey of rubella and CRS cases, and to then determine the genotype of the circulating rubella virus in each country. Methods:,Cases of rubella and CRS, based on national reporting systems or active surveillance in the Asian countries, are summarized. Sequences of the E1 gene of the virus isolates from the Asian countries were compared by phylogenic analysis. Results:,Recent studies of the molecular epidemiology of rubella virus worldwide revealed that there are two genotypes, and that genotype I is circulating almost worldwide, while genotype II is an Asian prototype restricted to the Asian continent. Genotype I viruses fall into a number of groups, some of which are geographically localized. Antigenically these two genotypes are cross-reactive and immunization with either virus results in immunity to all rubella viruses. Discussion:,The hypotheses that rubella virus has evolved on the Asian continent is proposed. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized that a rubella immunization program can be combined with the measles immuization program. Inclusion of rubella in the expanded program of immunization (EPI) of measles would be ideal in Asian countries, as it would be efficient and cost effective to administer one injection containing a three-combined vaccine (MMR). It would also be desirable given that WHO require laboratory tests to confirm the presence of measles or rubella as part of it's measles control project, because rubella is often misdiagnosed as measles. [source] Factors associated with low immunity to rubella infection on antenatal screeningAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Deshanie SATHANANDAN Abstract Background:, Rubella infection during the first trimester results in congenital rubella syndrome. There has been little recent published evidence identifying those at-risk of infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. This study examined the level of rubella immunity in pregnant women in a part of Sydney and risk factors for non-immunity. Methods:, We looked at data on all confinements at two maternity hospitals in Sydney in the 2-year period between July 1999 and June 2001. Variables included in our data set included mother's country of birth, mother's date of birth, hospital status (public or private patient), parity, rubella status and postpartum rubella vaccination. Results:, Of the 8096 confinements, the mother was documented as being non-immune to rubella in 567 cases (7%) of cases. Of the 567 confinements where rubella status was documented as non-immune, Asian-born women comprised of 65% (366) of non-immune women while 13% (73) were Australian-born. Country of birth remained a strong predictor of immunity, even after controlling for age, parity and hospital status. Maternal age > 35 years and nulliparity were also significant risk factors for non-immunity. Conclusion:, Programs targeting underimmunised populations for rubella vaccination should focus on overseas-born women, particularly those born in Asia, nulliparous women and also women > 35 years of age. [source] An update on cardiovascular malformations in congenital rubella syndrome,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010Matthew E. Oster Abstract BACKGROUND: Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has long been characterized by the triad of deafness, cataract, and cardiovascular malformations (CVMs). While initial reports identified patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as the primary CVM in CRS, the exact nature of the CVMs found in CRS has not been well established. METHODS: We searched the English literature from 1941 through 2008 to identify studies that used cardiac catheterization or echocardiography to evaluate the CVMs in CRS. RESULTS: Of the 121 patients in the 10 studies with catheterization data, 78% had branch pulmonary artery stenosis, and 62% had a PDA. In 49% of cases, both branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA were present, whereas isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis and isolated PDA were found in 29 and 13% of cases, respectively. Of the 12 patients in the 10 studies with echocardiographic data, PDA was more common than branch pulmonary artery stenosis, but this finding is greatly limited by the small numbers of patients and limitations of echocardiography. Although published studies of CVMs in CRS have in general reported PDA as the CVM phenotype most commonly associated with CRS, among CRS cases evaluated by catheterization, branch pulmonary artery stenosis was actually more common than PDA. Moreover, although the combination of branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA was more common than either branch pulmonary artery stenosis or PDA alone, isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis was twice as common as isolated PDA. CONCLUSION: Among children with suspected CRS, clinical evaluations for the presence of CVMs should include examinations for both branch pulmonary artery stenosis and PDA. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Teratology: From science to birth defects prevention,,BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009Sonja A. Rasmussen Abstract One of the goals of birth defects research is to better understand risk or preventive factors for birth defects so that strategies for prevention can be developed. In this article, we have selected four areas of birth defects research that have led to the development of prevention strategies. These areas include rubella virus as a cause of congenital rubella syndrome, folic acid as a preventive factor for neural tube defects, cytomegalovirus infection as a cause of birth defects and developmental disabilities, and alcohol as a cause of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. For each of these areas, we review key clinical and research findings that led to the identification of the risk or preventive factor, milestones in the development of prevention strategies, and the progress made thus far toward prevention. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||