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Rising Demand (rising + demand)
Selected AbstractsSlave prices, the African slave trade, and productivity in the Caribbean, 1674,18071ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 4 2005DAVID ELTIS We draw wide-ranging implications about slave productivity change by making use of newly collected data on the prices paid for nearly 230,000 slaves as they arrived in the Americas from Africa between 1674 and 1807. Prices for the product that most slaves were destined to produce-sugar-are also available. Together the comprehensive series allow us to derive annual measures of average slave productivity and to compare productivity trends across different sectors of the Caribbean. Average productivity rose throughout the Caribbean, and the pattern of average productivity change across regions was similar, indicating an open slave market. These averages mask sharp differences in the growth of demand for slaves among regions, as reflected by their slave populations. Between 1700 and 1790 the increase in demand ranged from 90 per cent in Barbados to 600 per cent in Jamaica and Cuba; while total factor productivity overall may have doubled. The slave trade accommodated the rising demand. It also served to offset population attrition among the slaves. [source] Public Provision for Urban Water: Getting Prices and Governance RightGOVERNANCE, Issue 4 2008EDUARDO ARARAL Public sector monopolies are often associated with inefficiencies and inability to meet rising demand. Scholars attribute this to fundamental problems associated with public provision: (1) a tradition of below-cost pricing due to populist pressures, (2) owner,regulator conflicts of interest, and (3) perverse organizational incentives arising from non-credible threat of bankruptcy, weak competition, rigidities, and agency and performance measurement problems. Many governments worldwide have shifted to private provision, but recent experience in urban water utilities in developing countries has shown their limitations because of weak regulatory regimes compounded by inherent problems of information, incentives, and commitment. This article examines the paradoxical case of the Phnom Penh Water Supply in Cambodia to illustrate how public provision of urban water can be substantially improved by getting prices and governance right. Findings have implications for the search for solutions to provide one billion people worldwide with better access to potable water. [source] INHIBITION OF STALING IN CHAPATI (INDIAN UNLEAVENED FLAT BREAD)JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 3 2008IRSHAD M. SHAIKH ABSTRACT Chapati is an unleavened Indian flat bread made from whole wheat flour usually consumed immediately after preparation as it becomes hard on keeping because of staling. Large-scale mechanized preparation of ready-to-eat chapatis will have to address this problem. Investigations were made to study the effect of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), glycerol monostearate, propylene glycol, sorbitol, ,-amylase, xylanase, maltodextrin and guar gum when added to chapati dough, on the inhibition of staling in chapatis stored at 29 ± 1C and 4 ± 1C. Chapatis were prepared from whole wheat flour dough containing (salt, 5% oil, appropriate preservatives and the aforementioned additives. Chapatis were packed in self-sealing low-density polyethylene bags and were stored for 10 days at 29 ± 1C and 4 ± 1C. Stored chapatis were analyzed for various staling parameters such as moisture content, texture, water-soluble starch, in vitro enzyme digestibility, enthalpy change (,H) and sensory quality. Staling of chapatis at 29 ± 1C and at 4 ± 1C of storage was inhibited by all additives to different extents; the extent of staling was less at 4 ± 1C. Maltodextrin at 0.3% (w/w) was found to be the most effective. Several combinations of additives were also studied, and the best combination was (100 ppm) + SSL (0.375%) levels. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Chapati, a traditional staple food of Indians, is unleavened flat bread made from whole wheat flour. With rapidly changing lifestyles, changing socio-economic trends and increasing urbanization and consumerism there is a rising demand for convenience foods which require minimum or no preparation time particularly the ready-to-eat (RTE) type of foods. Chapatis are generally baked fresh twice a day for lunch and dinner, and unless eaten immediately after baking, these stale rapidly and become difficult to chew. The most important parameter of chapati quality is its texture. The texture is generally evaluated in terms of tenderness, flexibility and its suitability to be folded into a spoon shape for eating with curried preparation. RTE chapatis are the latest addition to the species of "convenience foods." Keeping this in mind the research was undertaken to improve quality of chapati with the addition of various additives and improvements for the inhibition of staling in chapati. [source] Interest of industrial actors in biorefinery concepts in EuropeBIOFUELS, BIOPRODUCTS AND BIOREFINING, Issue 3 2009Klaus Menrad Abstract To satisfy the rising demand for agricultural and forestry products it is becoming more and more important to use biomass as efficiently as possible. One way of achieving that goal is to implement biorefinery systems in which biomass can be utilized entirely by conversion through multiple processes into a number of valuable products. To pursue the implementation of biorefinery systems, it is important to know to what extent the industry is interested in such concepts. This perspective deals with the results of a cross-European survey investigating the interests of potential industrial actors in biorefinery concepts. A high resonance was identified amongst companies belonging to the biofuels industry; companies active in this sector, therefore, could possibly provide access to further integrated concepts. On the whole, the results reflect a very positive attitude toward biorefinery concepts. But there are also problems with respect to the political and legal framework; policy and legislation may be required to establish stable framework conditions and provide planning security for investment decisions. Oilseed and lignocellulosic feedstock is primarily utilized within the surveyed companies; fuel, heat and power are the primary products produced from biomass. Additionally, the survey showed that biorefinery concepts are highly influenced by aspects concerning regional value chains. On the upstream side ,feedstock issues' appear to be especially important for biorefineries. In general, sustainability aspects are considered to be a benefit of biorefinery concepts. This suggests opportunities for the design of marketing and communication strategies based on ecological aspects of biorefinery implementation. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [source] Social Citizenship Rights and the Welfare Circle Dilemma: Attitudinal Findings of Two Chinese SocietiesASIAN SOCIAL WORK AND POLICY REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Chack-Kie Wong This paper places social citizenship momentum into the context of squaring the welfare circle for examination. Citizenship is a powerful world-level organizing principle especially by the minority groups for their claim of equal treatment. The squaring of welfare circle refers to the need of the governments to constrain their budgets but also meet the rising demands from and needs of their people. This comparative study looks at the attitudinal findings of two Chinese societies of Hong Kong and Taiwan to see whether or not the cultural factor can mitigate the momentum of social citizenship rights and the demand side of the welfare circle. Implications for social policy are also discussed. [source] | |||||||||||||