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Rim
Kinds of Rim Selected AbstractsELKS, a protein structurally related to the active zone protein CAST, is involved in Ca2+ -dependent exocytosis from PC12 cellsGENES TO CELLS, Issue 6 2006Eiji Inoue The active zone protein CAST binds directly to the other active zone proteins RIM, Bassoon and Piccolo, and it has been suggested that these protein,protein interactions play an important role in neurotransmitter release. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism, we attempted to examine the function of CAST using PC12 cells as a model system. Although PC12 cells do not express CAST, they do express ELKS, a protein structurally related to CAST. Endogenous and exogenously expressed ELKS, RIM2 and Bassoon were colocalized in punctate signals in PC12 cells. Over-expression of full-length ELKS resulted in a significant increase in stimulated exocytosis of human growth hormone (hGH) from PC12 cells, similar to the effect of full-length RIM2. This increase was not observed following over-expression of deletion constructs of ELKS that lacked either the last three amino acids (IWA) required for binding to RIM2 or a central region necessary for binding to Bassoon. Moreover, over-expression of the NH2 -terminal RIM2-binding domain of Munc13-1, which is known to inhibit the binding between RIM and Munc13-1, inhibited the stimulated increase in hGH secretion by full-length RIM2. Furthermore, this construct also inhibited the stimulated increase in hGH secretion induced by full-length ELKS. These results suggest that ELKS is involved in Ca2+ -dependent exocytosis from PC12 cells at least partly via the RIM2-Munc13-1 pathway. [source] Preference solutions of probability decision making with rim quantifiersINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 12 2005Xinwang Liu This article extends the quantifier-guided aggregation method to include probabilistic information. A general framework for the preference solution of decision making under an uncertainty problem is proposed, which can include decision making under ignorance and decision making under risk methods as special cases with some specific preference parameters. Almost all the properties, especially the monotonicity property, are kept in this general form. With the generating function representation of the Regular Increasing Monotone (RIM) quantifier, some properties of the RIM quantifier are discussed. A parameterized RIM quantifier to represent the valuation preference for probabilistic decision making is proposed. Then the risk attitude representation method is integrated in this quantifier-guided probabilistic decision making model to make it a general form of decision making under uncertainty. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 20: 1253,1271, 2005. [source] Dynamic behavior of the flow field in a RIM machine mixing chamberAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2009Ricardo J. Santos Abstract Dynamic behavior of the flow field in a Reaction Injection Molding, RIM, machine mixing chamber, having dimensions typically used in industrial machines, is studied from dynamic velocity data of Laser Doppler Anemometry, LDA, measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD, simulations with a 2D model. This study is based on the spectral analysis of the dynamic flow field data. The typical frequencies, in the reactor flow field, are identified and its values are related to the identified flow structures. The differences between the typical frequencies from experiments and simulations are observed and justified on the basis of the 2D representation of a 3D cylindrical geometry. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] Gel point prediction of metal-filled castor oil-based polyurethanes system,POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 10-12 2002Anil Srivastava Abstract Prediction of gel point conversion and network formation is of great importance in polycondensation during synthesis as well as processing. It enables one to estimate the safe conversions for reactor operation without gelation and the cycle time during processing, and plays an important role in controlling the molding parameters used for reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM), reaction injection molding (RIM) and compression molding. Theories of gelation have been extensively published in the literature and supported by experimental data for various polycondensation systems. However, most such studies relate to unfilled systems. In this work, metal-filled polyurethanes have been synthesized in bulk by reacting toluene di-isocyanate with castor oil and its polyols possessing different hydroxyl values. Metallic aluminum powder (10,40% by weight) was dispersed thoroughly in castor oil and its polyols before reacting at different temperatures (30,60,°C) in a moisture-free, inert environment. The gel point conversions were measured experimentally and an empirical model from the experimental data has been developed to predict the gelation behavior. The proposed model could be of immense importance in the paints, adhesives and lacquers industries, which use castor oil in bulk. From these experiments it was concluded that: (i) fine metal powder gives a rise in viscosity; (ii) metal fillers not only restrict the molecular motion due to the increase in viscosity, but also lower the conversion; (iii) the vegetable oil and its polyols have a number of bulky groups, which also impart the delay tendency in gel time; (iv) there is a change in gelation dynamics at 50,°C , this is due to the change in reactivity of di-isocyanates; (v) the presence of metal filler does not initiate the intermolecular condensation; (vi) there is a gap between theoretical and experimental gel point owing to the unequal reactivity of the secondary alcohol position; (vii) there is an inverse relationship of gel time with the reaction temperature and hydroxyl value of polyols. An empirical model based on process parameters, i.e., hydroxyl value, temperature, shape factor and filler concentration, has been derived and found to be adequate for the metal-filled system. The correlation coefficient on the data is on the lower side in some cases because the following were not taken into account: (i) the first-order kinetics followed by the reaction in the second half while it is tending towards gelation; (ii) the error in observing the gel point viscosity; (iii) errors in assuming the spherical shape of aluminum metal powder; (iv) errors due to failure to maintain the constant speed in agitation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Simultaneous determination of amantadine and rimantadine by HPLC in rat plasma with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection for pharmacokinetic studiesBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 9 2005Yasuhiko Higashi Abstract We investigated simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of amantadine hydrochloride (AMA) and rimantadine hydrochloride (RIM) levels in rat plasma after fluorescent derivatization with o -phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanol. Afterwards, the method was applied to determine their pharmacokinetics. The retention times of AMA and RIM derivatives were 12.6 and 22.2 min and the lower limits of detection were 0.025 and 0.016 µg[sol ]mL, respectively. The coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-day assay of AMA and RIM were less than 5.1 and 7.6%, respectively. After i.v. administration of AMA or RIM to rats, the total body clearance and distribution volume at the steady-state of RIM were higher than those of AMA. Bioavailability of AMA and RIM was 34.9 and 37.2%, respectively. When AMA and RIM were p.o. co-administered, the area under the plasma concentration,time curve of RIM was significantly lower than that after RIM alone. On the other hand, pharmacokinetic parameters of AMA did not significantly change. These results indicate that our HPLC assay is simple, rapid, sensitive and reproducible for simultaneously determining AMA and RIM concentrations in rat plasma and is applicable to their pharmacokinetic studies. Also, co-administration of AMA and RIM may result in the lack of pharmacological effects of RIM. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of the Nature of the Substituent in N -Alkylimidazole Ligands on the Outcome of Deprotonation: Ring Opening versus the Formation of N-Heterocyclic Carbene ComplexesCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 28 2010Miguel Abstract Complexes [Re(CO)3(N -RIm)3]OTf (N -RIm=N -alkylimidazole, OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate; 1,a,d) have been straightforwardly synthesised from [Re(OTf)(CO)5] and the appropriate N -alkylimidazole. The reaction of compounds 1,a,d with the strong base KN(SiMe3)2 led to deprotonation of a central CH group of an imidazole ligand, thus affording very highly reactive derivatives. The latter can evolve through two different pathways, depending on the nature of the substituents of the imidazole ligands. Compound 1,a contains three N -MeIm ligands, and its product 2,a features a C-bound imidazol-2-yl ligand. When 2,a is treated with HOTf or MeOTf, rhenium N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) 3,a or 4,a are afforded as a result of the protonation or methylation, respectively, of the non-coordinated N atom. The reaction of 2,a with [AuCl(PPh3)] led to the heterobimetallic compound 5, in which the N-heterocyclic ligand is once again N-bound to the Re atom and C-coordinated to the gold fragment. For compounds 1,b,d, with at least one N -arylimidazole ligand, deprotonation led to an unprecedented reactivity pattern: the carbanion generated by the deprotonation of the C2H group of an imidazole ligand attacks a central CH group of a neighbouring N -RIm ligand, thus affording the product of CC coupling and ring-opening of the imidazole moiety that has been attacked (2,c,,d). The new complexes featured an amido-type N atom that can be protonated or methylated, thus obtaining compounds 3,c,,d or 4,c,,d, respectively. The latter reaction forces a change in the disposition of the olefinic unit generated by the ring-opening of the N -RIm ligand from a cisoid to a transoid geometry. Theoretical calculations help to rationalise the experimental observation of ring-opening (when at least one of the substituents of the imidazole ligands is an aryl group) or tautomerisation of the N-heterocyclic ligand to afford the imidazol-2-yl product. [source] Reconstruction of the Superior Helical Rim with a Postauricular Transposition FlapDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 1 2005Genevi Fortier-Riberdy MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Burying beetle Nicrophorus investigator reproduction on Pacific salmon carcassesECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 1 2006M. D. Hocking Abstract., 1.,In many undisturbed watersheds along the Pacific Rim, anadromous salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) provide a predictable source of carrion to the riparian zone, largely due to horizontal transfer of salmon carcasses by bears (Ursus spp.) and other vertebrates. 2.,Burying beetles are important members of the north-temperate carrion fauna, and may utilise salmon carcasses and remnants for breeding. In this study, isotopic and observational data are reported that demonstrate previously unrecognised Nicrophorus investigator (Zetterstedt) reproduction on large salmon carcasses from five watersheds in coastal British Columbia. 3.,Stable isotope signatures (,15N and ,13C) of adult beetles collected in autumn indicate a diet of salmon origin in all but one individual from all watersheds, suggesting that this beetle,salmon association is widespread. Comparison of autumn isotope signatures to individuals collected randomly in summer suggests that isotope signatures represent the larval carrion source from the previous autumn rather than immediate adult diet. 4.,In a survey of N. investigator use of salmon carcasses from two watersheds, 35 broods were observed on chum and pink salmon carcasses, including 16 natural brood complexes containing over 100 larvae, and five ranging from 250 to 750 larvae. 5.,Overall, north-coastal populations of N. investigator breed on the rich and reliable salmon resource and may exhibit a system of communal breeding on these carcasses. This is most relevant when the dramatic reduction in salmon spawning biomass over the last century is considered. [source] Lower Rim Substituted p-tert -Butyl-Calix[4]arene.ELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 17-18 2009Abstract Tetrasubstituted p-tert- butylcalix[4]arene-thioamides (1,5) were applied as ionophores in ion-selective membrane electrodes (ISE) and were tested towards Pb-selectivity. The selectivity coefficients of the electrodes were determined. The tertiary calix[4]thioamides (1, 2) show remarkable selectivity for Pb(II) cations when compared with respectable calix[4]amides. The electrode membranes with those ligands are stable, the Pb-characteristics are close to nernstian within a wide linear range (,log c=6,1). Compounds 3,5, the secondary calix[4]thioamides form less stable electrode membranes. Complex formation constants of the ligands 1, 2, 3 and 5 with Pb(II) and some most interfering ions were determined. [source] A metapopulation perspective for salmon and other anadromous fishFISH AND FISHERIES, Issue 4 2007Nicolas Schtickzelle Abstract Salmonids are an important component of biodiversity, culture and economy in several regions, particularly the North Pacific Rim. Given this importance, they have been intensively studied for about a century, and the pioneering scientists recognized the critical link between population structure and conservation. Spatial structure is indeed of prime importance for salmon conservation and management. At first glance, the essence of the metapopulation concept, i.e. a population of populations, widely used on other organisms like butterflies, seems to be particularly relevant to salmon, and more generally to anadromous fish. Nevertheless, the concept is rarely used, and barely tested. Here, we present a metapopulation perspective for anadromous fish, assessing in terms of processes rather than of patterns the set of necessary conditions for metapopulation dynamics to exist. Salmon, and particularly sockeye salmon in Alaska, are used as an illustrative case study. A review of life history traits indicates that the three basic conditions are likely to be fulfilled by anadromous salmon: (i) the spawning habitat is discrete and populations are spatially separated by unsuitable habitat; (ii) some asynchrony is present in the dynamics of more or less distant populations and (iii) dispersal links populations because some salmon stray from their natal population. The implications of some peculiarities of salmon life history traits, unusual in classical metapopulations, are also discussed. Deeper understanding of the population structure of anadromous fish will be advanced by future studies on specific topics: (i) criteria must be defined for the delineation of suitable habitats that are based on features of the biotope and not on the presence of fish; (ii) the collection of long-term data and the development of improved methods to determine age structure are essential for correctly estimating levels of asynchrony between populations and (iii) several key aspects of dispersal are still poorly understood and need to be examined in detail: the spatial and temporal scales of dispersal movements, the origin and destination populations instead of simple straying rates, and the relative reproductive success of immigrants and residents. [source] THE A.D. 1300 EVENT IN THE PACIFIC BASIN,GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 1 2007Patrick D. Nunn ABSTRACT. Around a.d. 1300 the entire Pacific Basin (continental Pacific Rim and oceanic Pacific Islands) was affected by comparatively rapid cooling and sea-level fall, and possibly increased storminess, that caused massive and enduring changes to Pacific environments and societies. For most Pacific societies, adapted to the warmer, drier, and more stable climates of the preceding Medieval Climate Anomaly (a.d. 750,1250), the effects of this A.D. 1300 Event were profoundly disruptive, largely because of the reduction in food resources available in coastal zones attributable to the 70,80-centimeter sea-level fall. This disruption was manifested by the outbreak of persistent conflict, shifts in settlements from coasts to refugia inland or on unoccupied offshore islands, changes in subsistence strategies, and an abrupt end to long-distance cross-ocean interaction during the ensuing Little Ice Age (a.d. 1350,1800). The A.D. 1300 Event provides a good example of the disruptive potential for human societies of abrupt, short-lived climate changes. [source] A reflector at 200 km depth beneath the northwest PacificGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2001S. Rost SUMMARY We present an analysis of precursors to PP produced by underside reflections from discontinuities in the upper mantle beneath the NW Pacific. The events used for this study occur in the western Pacific Rim (New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga, Solomon, New Guinea, Philippine Islands) and are recorded at the short-period Yellowknife Array (YKA) in northern Canada. The source,receiver combination results in PP reflection points which allow us to study the upper mantle structure in a corridor from the Hawaiian Islands to the Kuril subduction zone. To detect the weak precursors in the time window between the P arrival and the PP onset and to identify them as PP underside reflections, special array techniques are used. Our analysis indicates a reflector at a depth of ,200 km beneath the northwestern Pacific. This reflector shows strong topography of some tens of kilometres on length scales of several hundred kilometres, complicating the detection of this reflector in global or regional stacks of seismograms. Different models for the impedance jump across the reflector, the thickness and the possible fine structure of the reflector are modelled using synthetic seismograms and are compared with the data. The thickness of the reflector has to be less than 7 km and the P wave impedance contrast has to be larger than 5.0,6.5 per cent to be detected by this study. This corresponds to a P -velocity jump of ,4 per cent assuming the PREM density model. [source] Rim versus sagittal mandibulectomy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma: Two types of mandibular preservationHEAD & NECK: JOURNAL FOR THE SCIENCES & SPECIALTIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK, Issue 12 2003Mario Fernando Muñoz Guerra MD Abstract Background. The role of conservative mandibulectomy for patients with bone invasion from squamous cell carcinoma remains poorly defined. However, marginal mandibular resection is biomechanically secure in its design while maintaining the mandibular continuity. This procedure has proven to be a successful method of treating squamous cell carcinoma with limited mandibular involvement. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to analyze our results after the use of a marginal technique for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer and to compare two types of mandibular conservative procedures: rim resection versus sagittal inner mandibulectomy. Methods. A retrospective review of a cohort of 50 patients (global group) who underwent mandibular conservative resection for previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma was performed. Two subgroups were considered: rim group (n = 37) and sagittal group (n = 13). Clinical evaluation and preoperative radiologic studies were the means used to evaluate bony invasion and to decide on the extent of mandibulectomy. The treatment outcome after these two types of mandibular resection was calculated and compared using analysis by the Pearson ,2 test, logistic regression model for multivariate analysis, and the Kaplan-Meier method to determine survival. Results. In the sagittal group, specimens from 2 patients (11.7%) demonstrated tumor invasion on decalcified histologic examination, whereas the rim group showed 11 cases (29.7%) with bone invasion. Local recurrence was observed in the follow-up of 10 patients. No statistical relationship was found between the presence of histologic bone invasion and the risk of local recurrence. The size of bone resection >4 cm (p = .002) and tumor invasion of surgical margins (p = .039) were found to be associated with increased local recurrence rates. In multivariate analysis, lymph node affectation significantly correlated with histologic mandibular involvement (p = .02). In the global group, the 5-year observed survival rate was 56.97%. Overall survival and rate of recurrence were comparable in both groups. In the global group, tumor infiltration beyond the surgical margin was statistically related with poor survival (p = .01). Conclusions. Analysis of this series disclosed that marginal mandibulectomy is effective in the control of squamous cell carcinomas that are close to or involving the mandible. In carefully selected patients, sagittal bone resection seems to be as appropriate as rim resection in the local control of these tumors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head and Neck 25: 000,000, 2003 [source] Migration and Transnational Families in Fiji: Comparing Two Ethnic GroupsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 4 2008Carmen Voigt-Graf In the past two decades, international migration patterns out of Fiji have undergone changes with important implications for the formation of transnational families. The focus of this paper is on a comparison between the formation of Indo-Fijian transnational extended families and indigenous Fijian transnational nuclear families. These are discussed within the framework of "transnational corporations of kin." For several decades, Indo-Fijians have permanently migrated to the Pacific Rim as a consequence of the economic and political situation in Fiji. They have resettled in complete nuclear family units and have subsequently attempted to sponsor the migration of their extended family members. Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of indigenous Fijians migrating temporarily for work. In contrast to Indo-Fijians, indigenous Fijian migrate as individuals, leaving their spouses and children behind in Fiji. Women migrate autonomously as caregivers and nurses while men find employment as soldiers and security officers. The main purpose of their mostly temporary migration is to send remittances. However, these economic benefits have to be contrasted with the social and psychological costs associated with the separation of nuclear families. The paper also discusses policy implications arising from the comparative analysis, especially in the light of the current situation in Fiji which is characterised by a lack of policies addressing the implications of migration. Migration et familles transnationales à Fidji: comparaison de deux groupes ethniques Durant ces vingt dernières années, les tendances migratoires internationales au départ de Fidji ont subi des changements qui ont eu d'importantes conséquences sur la constitution de familles transnationales. Le thème central de cette publication porte sur une comparaison entre la constitution de familles transnationales indo-fidjiennes élargies et les familles transnationales fidjiennes indigènes nucléaires. Celles-ci sont examinées dans le cadre de ce que l'on appelle les sociétés familiales transnationales. Depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années, les Indo-Fidjiens migrent à demeure vers la ceinture du Pacifique en raison de la situation économique et politique de Fidji. A partir de là, ils reprennent le schéma de la famille nucléaire complète et tentent ensuite de financer la migration des membres de leur famille élargie. Les dernières années ont mis en évidence une tendance croissante des Fidjiens indigènes àémigrer temporairement en quête de travail. A la différence des Indo-Fidjiens, les Fidjiens indigènes émigrent seuls, en laissant derrière eux femmes et enfants. Les femmes émigrent de façon autonome en quête d'un emploi d'aidante ou d'infirmière tandis que les hommes se font embaucher comme soldats ou agents de sécurité. L'objectif principal de leur migration le plus souvent temporaire est de rapatrier des fonds. Cependant, ces avantages économiques doivent être rapportés aux conséquences sociales et psychologiques découlant de la séparation des familles nucléaires. L'article examine également les répercussions politiques résultant de l'analyse comparative, surtout à la lumière de la situation actuelle à Fidji, laquelle dénote l'absence de politiques appropriées pour faire face aux conséquences de la migration. La migración y las familias transnacionales en Fiji: Comparación de dos grupos étnicos En los últimos veinte años, los patrones de migración internacional desde Fiji han sufrido cambios que han repercutido notablemente en la conformación de familias transnacionales. En este artículo, se establece una comparación entre la conformación de familias indo-fiyianas transnacionales amplias y las familias indígenas fiyianas transnacionales nucleares. Ambas se debaten en el marco de "corporaciones transnacionales de parentesco". Durante varias décadas, los indo-fiyianos emigraron con carácter permanente a la costa del Pacífico a raíz de la situación económica y política prevaleciente en Fiji. Se reasentaron en unidades familiares nucleares completas y, ulteriormente, intentaron patrocinar la migración de sus familiares. En los últimos años, se ha observado un creciente número de fiyianos indígenas que emigran temporalmente por motivos laborales. A diferencia de los indo-fiyianos, los fiyianos indígenas emigran a título individual, dejando atrás a cónyuges e hijos. Las mujeres emigran de manera autónoma para trabajar al cuidado de personas o como enfermeras, mientras que los hombres encuentran trabajo como soldados o guardias. Su migración es mayormente de carácter temporal y tiene por finalidad el envío de remesas. Ahora bien, estos beneficios económicos tienen que examinarse a la luz de los costos sociales y sicológicos asociados con la separación del núcleo familiar. En este artículo también se debaten las consecuencias políticas resultantes del análisis comparativo, especialmente habida cuenta de la situación reinante en Fiji, que se caracteriza por la falta de políticas que encaren las repercusiones que trae consigo la migración. [source] The Languages of SiberiaLINGUISTICS & LANGUAGE COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009Edward J. Vajda Although Russian today is the dominant language in virtually every corner of North Asia, Siberia and the Northern Pacific Rim of Asia remain home to over three dozen mutually unintelligible indigenous language varieties. Except for Tuvan, Buryat, and Yakut, most are rapidly losing ground to Russian if not already critically endangered. Several more have already become extinct in the four centuries since the area's incorporation into the Russian state. From an ethnographic perspective, Siberian languages merit attention for their interplay of pastoral and hunter,gatherer influences and also for the fact that Siberia represents the staging ground for prehistoric migrations into the Americas. North Asia contains several autochthonous microfamilies and isolates not found outside this region , the so-called ,Paleo-Asiatic' (or ,Paleosiberian') languages Ket, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and the Chukotko-Kamchatkan microfamily, which includes Chukchi, Koryak, and Itelmen. Ainu, formerly spoken on Sakhalin and the Kuriles as well as in Hokkaido, and the three varieties of Eskimoan spoken in historic times on the Russian side of Bering Strait, likewise belong to the earlier, non-food producing layers of ethnolinguistic diversity in North Asia. All of these languages, aside from Eskimoan, are entirely autochthonous to the northern half of Asia. Siberian languages spoken by pastoral groups, on the other hand, belong to families represented more prominently elsewhere. Families, such as Uralic, Turkic, Mongolic, and especially Tungusic (the northern branch of the Tungus-Manchu family), became dominant in Siberia long before the coming of the Russians. As an extension of pastoral Inner Eurasia, Siberia displays many traits characteristic of a linguistic area: suffixal agglutination, widespread dependent marking typology, a fairly elaborate system of spatial case markers, and the use of case suffixes or postpositions to signal syntactic subordination. There are also notable idiosyncratic features, particularly among the so-called Paleo-Siberian languages. These include the areally atypical feature of possessive prefixes and verb-internal subject/object prefixes in Ket, the unique verb-internal focus markers of Yukaghir, the extensive numeral allomorphs that serve as nominal classifiers in Nivkh, and the reduplicative stem augmentation used by Chukchi nouns to express the absolutive singular (in contrast to plurals and oblique case forms, where the stem is simple). While North Asia has long been the preserve of linguists writing in Russian or German (including many Finns and Hungarians), since the collapse of the Soviet Union the number of English-language treatments of Siberian languages is increasing. [source] QUANTIFICATION OF TERRESTRIAL HAUL-OUT AND ROOKERY CHARACTERISTICS OF STELLER SEA LIONSMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007Stephen Ban Abstract Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) are known to have occupied the same terrestrial haul-out and rookery sites across the North Pacific Rim for centuries, but it is not known why they choose and stay at these locations, or what defines their preferred habitat. Classifying and comparing the shoreline type of haul-outs and rookeries against sites not used by Steller sea lions showed that they preferentially locate their haul-outs and rookeries on exposed rocky shorelines and wave-cut platforms. However, no preference was found for selecting rookeries on sheltered shore types. Shoreline types used less frequently by sea lions included fine-to-medium-grained sand beaches, mixed sand and gravel beaches, gravel beaches, and sheltered rocky shores. Quantifying the shoreline types used by sea lions confirms anecdotal reports of habitat preferences and may prove useful in identifying and protecting sea lion terrestrial habitat, or in forecasting how climate change might affect the distribution of sea lions. [source] Inferring ancient Agave cultivation practices from contemporary genetic patternsMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 8 2010KATHLEEN C. PARKER Abstract Several Agave species have played an important ethnobotanical role since prehistory in Mesoamerica and semiarid areas to the north, including central Arizona. We examined genetic variation in relict Agave parryi populations northeast of the Mogollon Rim in Arizona, remnants from anthropogenic manipulation over 600 years ago. We used both allozymes and microsatellites to compare genetic variability and structure in anthropogenically manipulated populations with putative wild populations, to assess whether they were actively cultivated or the result of inadvertent manipulation, and to determine probable source locations for anthropogenic populations. Wild populations were more genetically diverse than anthropogenic populations, with greater expected heterozygosity, polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles and allelic richness. Anthropogenic populations exhibited many traits indicative of past active cultivation: fixed heterozygosity for several loci in all populations (nonexistent in wild populations); fewer multilocus genotypes, which differed by fewer alleles; and greater differentiation among populations than was characteristic of wild populations. Furthermore, manipulated populations date from a period when changes in the cultural context may have favoured active cultivation near dwellings. Patterns of genetic similarity among populations suggest a complex anthropogenic history. Anthropogenic populations were not simply derived from the closest wild A. parryi stock; instead they evidently came from more distant, often more diverse, wild populations, perhaps obtained through trade networks in existence at the time of cultivation. [source] Phylogeography of Kandelia candel in East Asiatic mangroves based on nucleotide variation of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAsMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 11 2001T. Y. Chiang Abstract Vivipary with precocious seedlings in mangrove plants was thought to be a hindrance to long-range dispersal. To examine the extent of seedling dispersal across oceans, we investigated the phylogeny and genetic structure among East Asiatic populations of Kandelia candel based on organelle DNAs. In total, three, 28 and seven haplotypes of the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) atpB- rbcL spacer, cpDNA trnL- trnF spacer, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were identified, respectively, from 202 individuals. Three data sets suggested consistent phylogenies recovering two differentiated lineages corresponding to geographical regions, i.e. northern South-China-Sea + East-China-Sea region and southern South-China-Sea region (Sarawak). Phylogenetically, the Sarawak population was closely related to the Ranong population of western Peninsula Malaysia instead of other South-China-Sea populations, indicating its possible origin from the Indian Ocean Rim. No geographical subdivision was detected within the northern geographical region. An analysis of molecular variance (amova) revealed low levels of genetic differentiation between and within mainland and island populations (,CT = 0.015, ,SC = 0.037), indicating conspicuous long-distance seedling dispersal across oceans. Significant linkage disequilibrium excluded the possibility of recurrent homoplasious mutations as the major force causing phylogenetic discrepancy between mtDNA and the trnL- trnF spacer within the northern region. Instead, relative ages of alleles contributed to nonrandom chlorotype,mitotype associations and tree inconsistency. Widespread distribution and random associations (,2 = 0.822, P = 0.189) of eight hypothetical ancestral cytotypes indicated the panmixis of populations of the northern geographical region as a whole. In contrast, rare and recently evolved alleles were restricted to marginal populations, revealing some preferential directional migration. [source] Community patterns generated by human harvesting on Chilean shores: a reviewAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 1 2001Carlos A. MorenoArticle first published online: 21 FEB 200 Abstract 1.,The Chilean rocky coast has been exploited for food by coastal gatherers for at least 8500 years BP and probably was an important factor in how prehistoric people were able to colonize the South Americas Pacific Rim. The main species targeted in the past were the same as those today except that now the gatherers are resident and the fishing activity is more intense and persistent. 2.,With many pertinent studies from around the world having been published on this topic, mostly conducted in Marine Reserves, this review tries to identify the main patterns that can help us recognize, in the Chilean intertidal, the degree of exploitation on wave exposed and wave protected rocky shore habitats. 3.,Three clear patterns were identified depending on the trophic level adopted by the human gatherers in the food chain of the intertidal zone. First, when the humans act as herbivores, collecting the large laminarian Durvillaea antarctica, adult plants disappear from the accessible sites, especially the midlittoral, semi-exposed and exposed habitats. 4.,Second, when humans harvest the ecologically important herbivorous archeogastropoda Fissurella spp., this results in the red alga Mazzaella laminarioides covering almost 100% of the midlittoral rocks. Third, when humans become top predators by collecting the muricid carnivore Concholepas concholepas, then bivalves, mainly Perumytilus purpuratus, cover the rocks in multiple layers. 5.,These patterns contribute to the evaluation of the state of conservation of the Chilean rocky intertidal shores, especially because the north and the south are beginning to be connected by a new coastal road. Thus it is necessary to evaluate urgently, on a large spatial scale, the state of conservation of these communities, in order to help select the appropriate places for establishing Marine Reserves. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Resources, population and migration in the Pacific: Connecting islands and rimASIA PACIFIC VIEWPOINT, Issue 3 2009Brian Opeskin Abstract This article examines international migration in the Pacific and argues that there should be still greater opportunities for the people of Pacific countries to migrate between their home states and the developed states of the Pacific Rim. The case for borders that are more permeable to human migration is based in part on the common Pacific predicament of poor resource endowments, rapidly growing populations, depletion and degradation of existing resources, and threats posed by anthropogenic climate change. Coupled with this is a history of colonisation that has left some Pacific peoples with liberal access to economic opportunities in developed states by virtue of their citizenship or preferential visa status, while others have no such opportunities. Both New Zealand and the United States have been reasonably generous in facilitating migration from Polynesia and Micronesia. It is Australia that stands out as the Pacific neighbour with the greatest capacity to develop new migration streams. The seasonal worker scheme announced by the Australian Government in August 2008 takes a cautious but valuable step along this path, yet there is scope for further expanding Pacific access by broadening the geographical, temporal and material scope of existing migration arrangements. [source] Financial Sector Development in the Pacific Rim , Edited by Takatoshi Ito and Andrew K. RoseASIAN-PACIFIC ECONOMIC LITERATURE, Issue 1 2010Ron Duncan No abstract is available for this article. [source] Living without psychiatrists in the Andes: Plight and resilience of the Quichua (Inca) PeopleASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 3 2010Mario Incayawar MD MSc DESS Abstract There is an estimated 30 million indigenous peoples in South America. Most of them live in the Andes. Regional states and governments neglect their health care needs and exclude them from the conventional Western health services in general and mental health care in particular. This review first describes this population's current situation of social exclusion, poverty and poor health. The problem of mental health care inequities in the region is illustrated through the case of the Quichua people. Indeed, for the population of over 5 million Quichua people in Ecuador, there are no psychiatric services. There are no culturally sensitive services offered in the Quichua language. The doctor,Quichua patient communication is poor and interactions are loaded with prejudice. The review provides a rationale for the Quichuas' reluctance to seek medical doctors in Ecuador. Finally, traditional healers' contribution to the mental health care of indigenous peoples is stressed, as well as their preference for a form of medical pluralism, mainly combining both traditional Quichua medicine and Western medicine. Woeful inequalities and inaccessibility to psychological and biomedical psychiatric care still widely affect the children of the sun in the Pacific Rim. [source] Culture and mental health education: Implications for mental health resources in the Pacific RimASIA-PACIFIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 2 2009P.C. Tor [source] Calix[6]arene Derivatives Selectively Functionalized at Alternate Sites on the Smaller Rim with 2-Phenylpyridine and 2-Fluorenylpyridine Substituents to Provide Deep Cavities.CHEMINFORM, Issue 14 2007Xianshun Zeng Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New Schiff Base p-tert-Butyl-calix[4]arene with Imine Units Spanning 1,3-Distal Positions on the Lower Rim.CHEMINFORM, Issue 36 2002Manoj Kumar Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Melt,wall rock interaction in the mantle shown by silicate melt inclusions in peridotite xenoliths from the central Pannonian Basin (western Hungary)ISLAND ARC, Issue 2 2009Csaba Szabó Abstract In this paper we present a detailed textural and geochemical study of two equigranular textured amphibole-bearing spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Szigliget, Bakony,Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF, western Hungary) containing abundant primary silicate melt inclusions (SMIs) in clinopyroxene rims and secondary SMIs in orthopyroxene (and rarely spinel) along healed fractures. The SMIs are dominantly composed of silicate glass and CO2 -rich bubbles. Clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene are zoned in both studied xenoliths, especially with respect to Fe, Mg, Na, and Al contents. Cores of clinopyroxenes in both xenoliths show trace element distribution close to primitive mantle. Rims of clinopyroxenes are enriched in Th, U, light rare earth elements (LREEs) and medium REEs (MREEs). Amphiboles in the Szg08 xenolith exhibit elevated Rb, Ba, Nb, Ta, LREE, and MREE contents. The composition of silicate glass in the SMIs covers a wide range from the basaltic trachyandesite and andesite to phonolitic compositions. The glasses are particularly rich in P2O5. Both primary and secondary SMIs are strongly enriched in incompatible trace elements (mostly U, Th, La, Zr) and display a slight negative Hf anomaly. The development of zoned pyroxenes, as well as the entrapment of primary SMIs in the clinopyroxene rims, happened after partial melting and subsequent crystallization of clinopyroxenes, most probably due to an interaction between hot volatile-bearing evolved melt and mantle wall-rocks. This silicate melt filled microfractures in orthopyroxenes (and rarely spinels) resulting in secondary SMIs. [source] Formation of eclogite, and reaction during exhumation to mid-crustal levels, Snowbird tectonic zone, western Canadian ShieldJOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 9 2007J. A. BALDWIN Abstract A re-evaluation of the P,T history of eclogite within the East Athabasca granulite terrane of the Snowbird tectonic zone, northern Saskatchewan, Canada was undertaken. Using calculated pseudosections in combination with new garnet,clinopyroxene and zircon and rutile trace element thermometry, peak metamorphic conditions are constrained to ,16 kbar and 750 °C, followed by near-isothermal decompression to ,10 kbar. Associated with the eclogite are two types of occurrences of sapphirine-bearing rocks preserving a rich variety of reaction textures that allow examination of the retrograde history below 10 kbar. The first occurs as a 1,2 m zone adjacent to the eclogite body with a peak assemblage of garnet,kyanite,quartz interpreted to have formed during the eclogite facies metamorphism. Rims of orthopyroxene and plagioclase developed around garnet, and sapphirine,plagioclase and spinel,plagioclase symplectites developed around kyanite. The second variety of sapphirine-bearing rocks occurs in kyanite veins within the eclogite. The veins involve orthopyroxene, garnet and plagioclase layers spatially organized around a central kyanite layer that are interpreted to have formed following the eclogite facies metamorphism. The layering has itself been modified, with, in particular, kyanite being replaced by sapphirine,plagioclase, spinel,plagioclase and corundum,plagioclase symplectites, as well as the kyanite being replaced by sillimanite. Petrological modelling in the CFMAS system examining chemical potential gradients between kyanite and surrounding quartz indicates that these vein textures probably formed during further essentially isothermal decompression, ultimately reaching ,7 kbar and 750 °C. These results indicate that the final reaction in these rocks occurred at mid-crustal levels at upper amphibolite facies conditions. Previous geochronological and thermochronological constraints bracket the time interval of decompression to <5,10 Myr, indicating that ,25 km of exhumation took place during this interval. This corresponds to minimum unroofing rates of ,2,5 mm year,1 following eclogite facies metamorphism, after which the rocks resided at mid-crustal levels for 80,100 Myr. [source] Diffusion-controlled growth of wollastonite rims between quartz and calcite: comparison between nature and experimentJOURNAL OF METAMORPHIC GEOLOGY, Issue 5 2002R. Milke Abstract Growth rates of wollastonite reaction rims between quartz and calcite were experimentally determined at 0.1 and 1 GPa and temperatures from 850 to 1200 °C. Rim growth follows a parabolic rate law indicating that this reaction is diffusion-controlled. From the rate constants, the D,,-values of the rate-limiting species were derived, i.e. the product of grain boundary diffusion coefficient D, and the effective grain boundary width, ,. In dry runs at 0.1 GPa, wollastonite grew exclusively on quartz surfaces. From volume considerations it is inferred that (D,CaO,)/(D,SiO2,),1.33, and that SiO2 diffusion controls rim growth. D,SiO2, increases from about 10,25 to 10,23 m3 s,1 as temperature increases from 850 to 1000 °C, yielding an apparent activation energy of 330±36 kJ mol,1. In runs at 1 GPa, performed in a piston-cylinder apparatus, there were always small amounts of water present. Here, wollastonite rims always overgrew calcite. Rims around calcite grains in quartz matrix are porous and their growth rates are controlled by a complex diffusion-advection mechanism. Rim growth on matrix calcite around quartz grains is controlled by grain boundary diffusion, but it is not clear whether CaO or SiO2 diffusion is rate-limiting. D,, increases from about 10,21 to 10,20 m3 s,1 as temperature increases from 1100 to 1200 °C. D,SiO2, or D,CaO, in rims on calcite is c. 10 times larger than D,SiO2, in dry rims at the same temperature. Growth structures of the experimentally produced rims are very similar to contact-metamorphic wollastonite rims between metachert bands and limestone in the Bufa del Diente aureole, Mexico, whereby noninfiltrated metacherts correspond to dry and brine-infiltrated metacherts to water-bearing experiments. However, the observed diffusivities were 4 to 5 orders of magnitude larger during contact-metamorphism as compared to our experimental results. [source] Dionaea muscipula (Venus Flytrap) Establishment, Release, and Response of Associated Species in Mowed Patches on the Rims of Carolina BaysRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005James O Luken Abstract Carolina bays are depression wetlands of high conservation value that occur across the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States. Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is one rare carnivorous plant that grows in open habitats on the rims of Carolina bays. Without frequent burning, vegetation on bay rims becomes dominated by evergreen shrubs and Venus flytrap populations decline. This project examined the utility of mechanical mowing, soil clearing, transplanting, and seeding as an approach to restoring populations of Venus flytraps when fire is precluded. Mowing of patches on bay rims produced open sites with little ground-layer vegetation. After two growing seasons, adult Venus flytraps transplanted to mowed patches showed high survivorship and relatively high leaf number/plant. Suppressed Venus flytraps existing on-site quickly initiated growth in response to mowing. These volunteers and the transplants had higher flowering percentages than plants in reference populations. Seeds of Venus flytraps were scattered in mowed and cleared plots. Seedling establishment was low, but seedlings persisted into the second growing season. Mowing created suitable habitat for growth and flowering of adult Venus flytraps and facilitated establishment of two other carnivorous species, Sundew (Drosera capillaris) and Bladderwort (Utricularia subulata). But, mowing and clearing also facilitated invasion by four species of grasses and rushes; evergreen shrubs resprouted quickly after mowing. Maintaining persistent openings by mowing the rims of Carolina bays will be an ongoing challenge due to availability of potential invaders and rapid regrowth of shrubs. [source] Lateral Wedge Resection: A Simple Technique for Repairing Involutional Lower Eyelid EntropionDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 9 2010IGAL LEIBOVITCH MD BACKGROUND Lower lid involutional entropion is a common eyelid pathology affecting the elderly population. Most of the reported surgical techniques are mainly based on a lateral tarsal strip anchored to the orbital rim. OBJECTIVES To report the surgical outcome using a simple single-stitch lateral wedge technique to repair involutional lower entropion. METHODS This single-surgeon, retrospective, noncomparative cases series included all patients with involutional lower eyelid entropion who were operated on using the lateral wedge technique. RESULTS Fifty-eight eyelids of 52 patients (46 unilateral, 6 bilateral; 27 men, 25 women; age, mean 67±10; range 50,85) underwent surgical repair. Immediate resolution of entropion and associated ocular symptoms was achieved in 55 eyelids (94.9%). One case had postoperative ectropion that completely resolved spontaneously after 4 weeks, and one had wound dehiscence that healed completely without any intervention. Another patient had residual entropion that resolved after an additional surgical repair. No other cases of recurrence were noted during a mean follow-up period of 16 months (range 6,24 months). CONCLUSION This minimally invasive single-stitch lateral wedge technique is a simple and effective procedure for repairing involutional lower eyelid entropion and is associated with low recurrence and complication rates. Igal Leibovitch, MD, has indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||