Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Retention Signal (retention + signal)
Kinds of Retention Signal Selected AbstractsIntracellular site of ,-secretase cleavage for A,42 generation in Neuro 2a cells harbouring a presenilin 1 mutationFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 7 2000Shinji Sudoh Previously, we reported that mutations in presenilin 1 (PS1) increased the intracellular levels of amyloid ,-protein (A,)42. However, it is still not known at which cellular site or how PS1 mutations exert their effect of enhancing A,42,,-secretase cleavage. In this study, to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying this enhancement of A,42,,-secretase cleavage, we focused on determining the intracellular site of the cleavage. To address this issue, we used APP,C100 encoding the C-terminal ,-amyloid precursor protein (APP) fragment truncated at the N terminus of A, (C100); C100 requires only ,-secretase cleavage to yield A,. Mutated PS1 (M146L)-induced Neuro 2a cells showed enhanced A,1,42 generation from transiently expressed C100 as well as from full-length APP, whereas the generation of A,1,40 was not increased. The intracellular generation of A,1,42 from transiently expressed C100 in both mutated PS1 -induced and wild-type Neuro 2a cells was inhibited by brefeldin A. Moreover, the generation of A,1,42 and A,1,40 from a C100 mutant containing a di-lysine endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was greatly decreased, indicating that the major intracellular site of ,-secretase cleavage is not the endoplasmic reticulum. The intracellular generation of A,1,42/40 from C100 was not influenced by monensin treatment, and the level of A,1,42/40 generated from C100 carrying a sorting signal for the trans -Golgi network was higher than that generated from wild-type C100. These results using PS1 -mutation-harbouring and wild-type Neuro 2a cells suggest that A,42/40,,-secretase cleavages occur in the Golgi compartment and the trans -Golgi network, and that the PS1 mutation does not alter the intracelluar site of A,42,,-secretase cleavage in the normal APP proteolytic processing pathway. [source] Assembly and cell surface expression of KA-2 subunit-containing kainate receptorsJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2003Ferenc Gallyas Jr Abstract Kainate receptors (KARs) modulate synaptic transmission at both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic sites. The overlap in the distribution of KA-2 and GluR6/7 subunits in several brain regions suggests the co-assembly of these subunits in native KARs. The molecular mechanisms that control the assembly and surface expression of KARs are unknown. Unlike GluR5,7, the KA-2 subunit is unable to form functional homomeric KAR channels. We expressed the KA-2 subunit alone or in combination with other KAR subunits in HEK-293 cells. The cell surface expression of the KAR subunit homo- and heteromers were analysed using biotinylation and agonist-stimulated cobalt uptake. While GluR6 or GluR7 homomers were expressed on the cell surface, KA-2 alone was retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. We found that the cell surface expression of KA-2 was dramatically increased by co-expression with either of the low-affinity KAR subunits GluR5,7. However, co-expression with other related ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1 and NR1) does not facilitate the cell surface expression of KA-2. The analysis of subcellular fractions of neocortex revealed that synaptic KARs have a relatively high KA-2 content compared to microsomal ones. Thus, KA-2 is likely to contain an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal that is shielded on assembly with other KAR subunits. [source] Novel alternatively spliced endoplasmic reticulum retention signal in the cytoplasmic loop of Proteolipid Protein-1JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 3 2007Cherie Southwood Abstract Increased awareness about the importance of protein folding and trafficking to the etiology of gain-of-function diseases has driven extensive efforts to understand the cell and molecular biology underlying the life cycle of normal secretory pathway proteins and the detrimental effects of abnormal proteins. In this regard, the quality-control machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a major mechanism by which cells ensure that secreted and transmembrane proteins either adopt stable secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures or are retained in the ER and degraded. Here we examine cellular and molecular aspects of ER retention in transfected fibroblasts expressing missense mutations in the Proteolipid Protein-1 (PLP1) gene that cause mild or severe forms of neurodegenerative disease in humans. Mild mutations cause protein retention in the ER that is partially dependent on the presence of a cytoplasmically exposed heptapeptide, KGRGSRG. In contrast, retention associated with severe mutations occurs independently of this peptide. Accordingly, the function of this novel heptapeptide has a significant impact on pathogenesis and provides new insight into the functions of the two splice isoforms encoded by the PLP1 gene, PLP1 and DM-20. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Generation of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accumulating heterologous endo-xylanase or ferulic acid esterase in the endospermPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2010Jesper Harholt Summary Endo-xylanase (from Bacillus subtilis) or ferulic acid esterase (from Aspergillus niger) were expressed in wheat under the control of the endosperm-specific 1DX5 glutenin promoter. Constructs both with and without the endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu) KDEL were used. Transgenic plants were recovered in all four cases but no qualitative differences could be observed whether KDEL was added or not. Endo-xylanase activity in transgenic grains was increased between two and threefold relative to wild type. The grains were shrivelled and had a 25%,33% decrease in mass. Extensive analysis of the cell walls showed a 10%,15% increase in arabinose to xylose ratio, a 50% increase in the proportion of water-extractable arabinoxylan, and a shift in the MW of the water-extractable arabinoxylan from being mainly larger than 85 kD to being between 2 and 85 kD. Ferulic acid esterase-expressing grains were also shrivelled, and the seed weight was decreased by 20%,50%. No ferulic acid esterase activity could be detected in wild-type grains whereas ferulic acid esterase activity was detected in transgenic lines. The grain cell walls had 15%,40% increase in water-unextractable arabinoxylan and a decrease in monomeric ferulic acid between 13% and 34%. In all the plants, the observed changes are consistent with a plant response that serves to minimize the effect of the heterologously expressed enzymes by increasing arabinoxylan biosynthesis and cross-linking. [source] Biochemical and immunological characterization of the plant-derived candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mucosal vaccine CTB,MPR649,684PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Nobuyuki Matoba Summary Plants are potentially the most economical platforms for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Thus, plant-based expression of subunit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines provides an opportunity for their global use against the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome pandemic. CTB,MPR649,684[CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; MPR, membrane proximal (ectodomain) region of gp41] is an HIV-1 vaccine candidate that has been shown previously to induce antibodies that block a pathway of HIV-1 mucosal transmission. In this article, the molecular characterization of CTB,MPR649,684 expressed in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants is reported. Virtually all of the CTB,MPR649,684 proteins expressed in the selected line were shown to have assembled into pentameric, GM1 ganglioside-binding complexes. Detailed biochemical analyses on the purified protein revealed that it was N- glycosylated, predominantly with high-mannose-type glycans (more than 75%), as predicted from a consensus asparagine,X,serine/threonine (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) N- glycosylation sequon on the CTB domain and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal attached at the C-terminus of the fusion protein. Despite this modification, the plant-expressed protein retained the nanomolar affinity to GM1 ganglioside and the critical antigenicity of the MPR649,684 moiety. Furthermore, the protein induced mucosal and serum anti-MPR649,684 antibodies in mice after mucosal prime-systemic boost immunization. Our data indicate that plant-based expression can be a viable alternative for the production of this subunit HIV-1 vaccine candidate. [source] A leucine-rich repeat protein is required for growth promotion and enhanced seed production mediated by the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica in Arabidopsis thalianaTHE PLANT JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Bationa Shahollari Summary Piriformospora indica, a basidiomycete of the Sebacinaceae family, promotes the growth, development and seed production of a variety of plant species. Arabidopsis plants colonized with the fungus produce 22% more seeds than uncolonized plants. Deactivating the Arabidopsis single-copy gene DMI-1, which encodes an ion carrier required for mycorrihiza formation in legumes, does not affect the beneficial interaction between the two symbiotic partners. We used cellular and molecular responses initiated during the establishment of the interaction between P. indica and Arabidopsis roots to isolate mutants that fail to respond to the fungus. An ethylmethane sulfonate mutant (Piriformospora indica - insensitive-2; pii-2), and a corresponding insertion line, are impaired in a leucine-rich repeat protein (At1g13230). The protein pii-2, which contains a putative endoplasmic reticulum retention signal, is also found in Triton X-100-insoluble plasma membrane microdomains, suggesting that it is present in the endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane continuum in Arabidopsis roots. The microdomains also contain an atypical receptor protein (At5g16590) containing leucine-rich repeats, the message of which is transiently upregulated in Arabidopsis roots in response to P. indica. This response is not detectable in At1g13230 mutants, and the protein is not detectable in the At1g13230 mutant microdomains. Partial deactivation of a gene for a sphingosine kinase, which is required for the biosynthesis of sphingolipid found in plasma membrane microdomains, also affects the Arabidopsis/P. indica interaction. Thus, pii-2, and presumably also At5g16590, two proteins present in plasma membrane microdomains, appear to be involved in P. indica -induced growth promotion and enhanced seed production in Arabidopsis thaliana. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||