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Restoration Procedures (restoration + procedure)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Chemistry	42%

Selected Abstracts

Service restoration method considering simultaneous disconnection of distributed generators by one-bank fault of distribution system

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN, Issue 8 2008
Hirotaka Takano
Abstract Distributed generators (DGs) such as fuel cells and solar cells are going to be installed in the demand side of distribution systems. The DGs can reduce distribution loss by appropriate allocation. However, there are several problems installing DGs such as service restoration of distribution system with DGs and so on. When one bank fault of distribution substation occurs in distribution system, since DGs are simultaneously disconnected from the system, it is not easy to restore isolated load by one bank switching in distribution substation. Therefore, a service restoration method to determine restoration configuration and restoration procedures (switching procedure from normal configuration to restoration configuration) taking into account simultaneous disconnection of DGs is needed. In this paper, the authors propose a computation method to determine the optimal restoration configuration and the restoration procedure considering simultaneous disconnection of DGs by one bank fault of distribution system. In the proposed algorithm, after all of the restoration configuration candidates are effectively enumerated under the operational constraints, the optimal configuration to restore the isolated load is selected among enumerated configuration candidates. After determining the optimal restoration configuration, the optimal restoration procedures are obtained by greedy algorithm. Numerical simulations are carried out for a real scale system model with 237 sectionalizing switches (configuration candidates are 2237) and 21 DGs (total output is 5250 kW which is 3% of total load) in order to examine the validity of the proposed algorithm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(8): 44,55, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10133 [source]

X-ray fluorescence holography: a novel treatment for crystal structure determination

ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION A, Issue 2 2003
F. N. Chukhovskii
It is shown that it is possible to use a linear regression algorithm direct method to solve crystal structures from X-ray fluorescence holography (XFH) data. It is found that, in contrast to conventional X-ray structure determination methods, which do not always work unambiguously, the sustainable method utilizing the XFH data generally provides the unique phase-retrieval structure solution and is able, in many cases, to replace the above for determining both the absolute values (moduli) and phases of structure factors. The XFH scan with a fluorescing Cu atom from a spherical cluster of a Cu3Au single crystal, at an energy of 10,keV for the incident unpolarized plane-wave X-radiation, is numerically simulated to test the performance of the method in finding a unique solution for the structure factors involved in the restoration procedure using the linear regression algorithm. [source]

Service restoration method considering simultaneous disconnection of distributed generators by one-bank fault of distribution system

Tensile bond strengths of four different dentin adhesives on irradiated and non-irradiated human dentin in vitro

JOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 9 2001
C. R. Gernhardt
This study evaluated the influence of irradiation on dentin bond strength. Sixty irradiated and 60 non-irradiated human third molars were used. The irradiation dose of 60 Gy was fractionally applied over 6 weeks (2 Gy day,1, 5 days week,1). All teeth were prepared in a special manner allowing the simulation of intra-pulpal pressure and dentin perfusion. Dentin specimens with a thickness of 2·0 mm were obtained under standardized conditions. The specimens were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Tensile bond strength of four different dentin bonding agents (ScotchbondÔ 1, Solobond Plus®, Prime&BondÔ 2·1 and Syntac®) was evaluated using an Instron Universal testing machine. Pairwise comparison did not show any significant differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated groups. The influence of the different dentin adhesives was significant (P=0·0001; ANOVA). Compared with Solobond Plus® and Prime&BondÔ 2·1, the use of ScotchbondÔ 1 resulted in a significantly higher tensile bond strength in non-irradiated specimen (P< 0·05; closed test procedure based on Kruskal,Wallis test). Within the limitations of an in vitro study, it can be concluded that adhesive restoration procedures can be successfully used in patients irradiated for cancer of the head and neck. [source]

Analysis of degraded papers by non-destructive spectroscopic techniques

JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 10 2006
Marina Bicchieri
Abstract Scientific approach to cultural heritage conservation is very important for cultural reasons and also in order to avoid mistakes in restoration work. Acidity and oxidation play a very important role in paper conservation. Deacidification is a widely used method to remove acidity on aged papers, but if a large amount of carbonyl groups is present in the paper, a strong deacidification can promote an alkali-catalysed ,-alkoxy elimination, leading to the breaking of the anhydroglucose ring in the cellulose chain. In this case, and also in the case of non-acidic but oxidised papers, a reduction treatment is necessary. Because of the high costs of restoration procedures, it is essential to determine whether the reduction treatment is a primary need. In this work we report a study, based on micron-scale space resolved Raman microscopy, infrared reflectance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, of differently degraded samples of paper. Non-treated and oxidised samples were investigated, as well as original ancient documents. The aim of this work is to achieve a better understanding of the degradation pattern of historical samples in order to be able to choose the most appropriate restoration treatment using non-destructive spectroscopic techniques. Analysis of the samples demonstrates that degradation processes occur mainly on fibrils and on the fibre wall, as shown also by atomic force microscopy measurements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a tool for fast identification of protein binders in color layers of paintings

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, Issue 17 2004
Radovan Hynek
Identification of materials in color layers of paintings is necessary for correct decisions concerning restoration procedures as well as proving the authenticity of the painting. The proteins are usually important components of the painting layers. In this paper it has been demonstrated that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) can be used for fast and reliable identification of proteins in color layers even in old, highly aged matrices. The digestion can be easily performed directly on silica wafers which are routinely used for infrared analysis. The amount of material necessary for such an analysis is extremely small. Peptide mass mapping using digestion with trypsin followed by MALDI-TOFMS and identification of the protein was successfully used for determination of the binder from a painting of the 19th century. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]