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Relative Extent (relative + extent)
Selected AbstractsExtemporaneous product use in paediatric patients: a systematic reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 1 2008Ms Jennifer A Giam pharmacist, postgraduate student Objective To identify the relative extent of extemporaneous product use reported in the paediatric population and the implications for pharmacy practice. Method A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify the prevalence of extemporaneous product use in paediatric patients including those studies examining both ,off-label' and unlicensed medicine use from which extemporaneous products were separately identified and compared to licensed drug use. Key findings Twenty studies were identified and evaluated in which extemporaneous products prepared by a pharmacy or licensed manufacturer could be identified. Although prescribing of unlicensed drugs and licensed drugs used ,off-label' occurs more frequently in younger children and for more serious conditions, the use of extemporaneous products is consistent across all age groups and therapeutic areas. Studies using pharmacy dispensing records identified details of extemporaneous products more accurately than studies using prescribing records. Despite efforts to improve the availability of suitable licensed medicine products for children, extemporaneously prepared products are still needed to ensure that optimal drug therapy is available to children in accurate and effective doses and dosage forms. Conclusions Paediatric patients have a continuing need for extemporaneously prepared medicines when suitable dose forms are unavailable from manufacturers. Pharmacists require access to stability, compatibility and formulation information, as well as appropriate training to ensure patients are supplied with high-quality, safe and effective preparations. [source] Peptoid residues and ,-turn formationJOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE, Issue 6 2002Mario Rainaldi Abstract A set of terminally protected tripeptoids containing a residue of either N -methylglycine or N - isobutylglycine in position i + 1/i + 2 were synthesized and tested for intramolecularly H-bonded ,-turn formation. By exploiting FT-IR absorption and 1H NMR techniques, their folding tendencies were compared with those of a variety of reference peptides. The amount of ,-turn induction and the relative extent of the various types of intramolecularly H-bonded ,-turn conformers were determined in chloroform solution. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Development of letter position processing: effects of age and orthographic transparencyJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN READING, Issue 2 2009Maria Ktori This study investigated the relative extent to which developing readers (6- and 9-year-olds) of English (deep) or Greek (transparent) orthography exhibit serial and exterior letter effects in letter position encoding. Participants were given a visual search task that required detection of a pre-specified target letter within a random five-letter string. Stimuli comprised letters either specific to English or Greek, or shared by both orthographies. For native letters, all readers showed significant initial-letter facilitation. In contrast, final-letter facilitation was shown only by English children. Furthermore, Greek 9-year-olds showed significantly more left-to-right facilitation than English 9-year-olds. These results suggest that letter position encoding is adaptive to the nature of the orthography acquired during reading development. [source] A new relative skill measure for games with chance elementsMANAGERIAL AND DECISION ECONOMICS, Issue 5 2004Marcel Dreef An interesting aspect of games is the relative extent to which a player can positively influence his results by making appropriate strategic choices. This question is closely related to the issue of how to distinguish between games of skill and games of chance. The distinction between these two types of games is definitely interesting from a juridical point of view. In this paper we present a modification of an existing measure of the skill level of a game, which has served as a juridical tool for the classification of games. The main difference is that this new definition does not automatically classify incomplete information games without chance moves as games of skill. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] APOE,4 influences the pathological phenotype of Alzheimer's disease by favouring cerebrovascular over parenchymal accumulation of A, proteinNEUROPATHOLOGY & APPLIED NEUROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003K. Chalmers The relative amounts of amyloid ,-protein (A,) in cerebral blood vessels and parenchyma vary considerably amongst patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this variability, the underlying genetic and environmental determinants are still unclear, as are the functional consequences. Polymorphisms in APOE, the gene for apolipoprotein E (ApoE), influence the risk of developing AD and of deposition of A, within the brain. We examined the relationship between the APOE genotype and the relative extent of accumulation of A, as plaques within the cerebral parenchyma and in cortical blood vessels in the form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in autopsy brain tissue from 125 AD cases and from 53 elderly, neurologically normal controls of which 19 had CAA without other neuropathological features of AD. In the AD cases, we also assessed whether the severity of CAA was related to the age of onset and duration of dementia, risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease, and histologically demonstrable cerebral in-farcts or foci of haemorrhage. The APOE genotype was determined by a standard polymerase chain reaction-based method. Paraffin sections of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes were immunolabelled for A, and the parenchymal A, load (total A, minus vessel-associated A,) was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis. CAA severity was scored for cortical and leptomeningeal vessels. The relevant clinical data were obtained from the database of the South West Brain Bank. In AD, we found the severity of CAA to be strongly associated with the number of ,4 alleles (P < 0.0001) but the parenchymal A, load to be independent of APOE genotype. Cases with severe CAA had a lower parenchymal A, load than had those with moderate CAA (P = 0.003). Neither the severity of CAA nor the parenchymal A, load correlated with age of onset, duration of disease or age at death, and the severity of CAA also did not correlate with the presence of cerebral infarcts or foci of haemorrhage. These findings indicate that possession of the APOE,4 allele favours vascular over parenchymal accumulation of A, in AD. This may influence the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in ,4-associated AD. [source] Variability and size in mammals and birdsBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 4 2000BENEDIKT HALLGRÍMSSON Body size, its variability, and their ecological correlates have long been important topics in evolutionary biology. Yet, the question of whether there is a general relationship between size and size-relative variability has not previously been addressed. Through an analysis of body-mass and length measurements from 65 074 individuals from 351 mammalian species, we show that size-relative variability increases significantly with mean species body size. Analysis of mean body mass and standard deviations for 237 species of birds revealed the same pattern. We present three plausible alternatives explanations and eliminate several others. Of these, the hypothesis that the increase in size-relative variability with mean body mass is related to the scaling of body mass components is most strongly supported. In effect, larger mammals and birds are more variable because their body mass is composed to greater relative degree of components with higher intrinsic variability (bone, fat, and muscle). In contrast, smaller mammals and birds have lower body mass variability because they are composed to a greater relative extent of components (viscera and nervous system) in which size variation is more highly constrained by energetic and functional factors. [source] Role of UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28 and ABCG2 c.421C>A polymorphisms in irinotecan-induced neutropenia in Asian cancer patientsCANCER SCIENCE, Issue 9 2007Srinivasa Rao Jada The objectives of the present study were (i) to study the pharmacogenetics of UGT1A1*6, UGT1A1*28 and ABCG2 c.421C>A in three distinct healthy Asian populations (Chinese, Malays and Indians), and (ii) to investigate the polygenic influence of these polymorphic variants in irinotecan-induced neutropenia in Asian cancer patients. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic analyses were done after administration of irinotecan as a 90-min intravenous infusion of 375 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks (n = 45). Genotypic,phenotypic correlates showed a non-significant influence of UGT1A1*28 and ABCG2 c.421C>A polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of SN-38 (P > 0.05), as well as severity of neutropenia (P > 0.05). Significantly higher exposure levels to SN-38 (P = 0.018), lower relative extent of glucuronidation (REG; P = 0.006) and higher biliary index (BI; P = 0.003) were found in cancer patients homozygous for the UGT1A1*6 allele compared with patients harboring the reference genotype. The mean absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was 85% lower and the prevalence of grade 4 neutropenia (ANC , 500/µL) was 27% in patients homozygous for UGT1A1*6 compared with the reference group. Furthermore, the presence of the UGT1A1*6 allele was associated with an approximately 3-fold increased risk of developing severe grade 4 neutropenia compared with patients harboring the reference genotype. These exploratory findings suggest that homozygosity for UGT1A1*6 allele may be associated with altered SN-38 disposition and may increase the risk of severe neutropenia in Asian cancer patients, particularly in the Chinese cancer patients who comprised 80% (n = 36) of the patient population in the present study. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1461,1467) [source] | ||||||||||