Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Related Products (relate + products)
Selected AbstractsDairy Fats and Related ProductsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009D D Muir No abstract is available for this article. [source] Mechanisms and modes for ignition of low-voltage, PVC-insulated electrotechnical productsFIRE AND MATERIALS, Issue 2 2006Vytenis BabrauskasArticle first published online: 1 AUG 200 Abstract PVC is the most common insulation material used for wiring in low-voltage (LV) service. ,Low-voltage', in the context of this paper, is taken to be 120,240 VAC. The electrotechnical products considered include insulated wires, cables and cords, and also appurtenant termination devices, e.g. male plugs or female taps. Well-known factors leading to the ignition of PVC-insulated wiring and related products include: (a) manufacturing defects; (b) grossly excessive current; (c) over-insulation, sometimes augmented by overcurrent; (d) localized heating due to strand breakage; (e) localized heating due to mechanical strand severing by staples or nails; and (f) localized heating due to failed terminations. Other failure modes are known but have received only limited study. These include (i) excessive force and creep; (ii) chemical interaction effects; and (iii) breakdown under voltage surge conditions. Additional research is needed in these areas. The proximate cause of ignition involved with many of the above mechanisms is arc tracking (arcing across a carbonized path). In turn, it is shown that PVC is especially susceptible to becoming charred, it requiring only approximately 160°C for the material to become semiconducting during short-term exposure (around 10 h), while longer-term exposure (around 1 month) may cause failures at temperatures as low as 110°C. Some limited data exist which suggest that standard UL and IEC temperature classifications are unduly optimistic, as applied to PVC. Fire can originate if wiring or equipment cannot withstand a powerline surge. Mains-connected electrical appliances need to be designed to resist 6000 V surge voltages, even though this is not mandated in most of the current UL and IEC standards. Data are presented showing that the IEC 60112 wet-tracking test gives especially misleading results for PVC and should be improved or abrogated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Environmental Impacts of Products: A Detailed Review of StudiesJOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, Issue 3 2006Arnold Tukker Summary Environmental effects of economic activities are ultimately driven by consumption, via impacts of the production, use, and waste management phases of products and services ultimately consumed. Integrated product policy (IPP) addressing the life-cycle impacts of products forms an innovative new generation of environmental policy. Yet this policy requires insight into the final consumption expenditures and related products that have the greatest life-cycle environmental impacts. This review article brings together the conclusions of 11 studies that analyze the life-cycle impacts of total societal consumption and the relative importance of different final consumption categories. This review addresses in general studies that were included in the project Environmental Impacts of Products (EIPRO) of the European Union (EU), which form the basis of this special issue. Unlike most studies done in the past 25 years on similar topics, the studies reviewed here covered a broad set of environmental impacts beyond just energy use or carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The studies differed greatly in basic approach (extrapolating LCA data to impacts of consumption categories versus approaches based on environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) tables), geographical region, disaggregation of final demand, data inventory used, and method of impact assessment. Nevertheless, across all studies a limited number of priorities emerged. The three main priorities, housing, transport, and food, are responsible for 70% of the environmental impacts in most categories, although covering only 55% of the final expenditure in the 25 countries that currently make up the EU. At a more detailed level, priorities are car and most probably air travel within transport, meat and dairy within food, and building structures, heating, and (electrical) energy-using products within housing. Expenditures on clothing, communication, health care, and education are considerably less important. Given the very different approaches followed in each of the sources reviewed, this result hence must be regarded as extremely robust. Recommendations are given to harmonize and improve the methodological approaches of such analyses, for instance, with regard to modeling of imports, inclusion of capital goods, and making an explicit distinction between household and government expenditure. [source] DETERMINING A SERIES OF WHOLE WHEAT DIFFERENCE THRESHOLDS FOR USE IN A GRADUAL ADJUSTMENT INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE CHILDREN'S LIKING OF WHOLE-WHEAT BREAD ROLLSJOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES, Issue 6 2007JOANNE DELK ABSTRACT The first objective of this research was to determine if elementary school-aged children preferred refined bread to whole-wheat bread. The second objective was to set a series of difference threshold steps that could be used for an intervention to gradually and undetectably increase whole-wheat flour content in a bread roll. We conducted a taste test with 103 elementary school children in which they rated their liking of bread rolls containing various levels of whole wheat. The rolls with lower levels of whole wheat were liked better than the rolls with higher levels. We established difference thresholds for whole-wheat flour in rolls over the range of 0,100% whole wheat using ascending forced-choice tests. From these thresholds, we established the following series of concentrations (%): 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 26, 32, 38, 47, 59, 72 and 91. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The series of whole wheat concentrations we determined can be used in an intervention to gradually increase the whole-wheat content of bread rolls. More broadly, they could be used by any foodservice operation, manufacturer or cook that wants to gradually increase the whole-wheat content of bread or related products and have that increase remain undetected by consumers. This strategy of gradually increasing whole-wheat content has the potential to markedly increase the consumption of whole grains, thus, improving health. [source] Simultaneous determination of 11 saponins in Panax notoginseng using HPLC-ELSD and pressurized liquid extractionJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 14 2006Jian-Bo Wan Abstract A new HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) method was developed for simultaneous determination of 11 major triterpene saponins, namely notoginsenoside R1 (1), ginsenosides Rg1 (2), Re (3), Rf (4), Rb1 (5), Rg2 (6), Rc (7), Rb2 (8), Rb3 (9), Rd (10), and Rg3 (11) in Panax notoginseng, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was employed for sample preparation, and the analysis was achieved using a Zorbax ODS C18 column eluted with gradient water-ACN in 60 min. The drift tube temperature of ELSD was set at 60°C, and nitrogen flowrate was at 1.4 L/min. The method provided good repeatability and sensitivity for quantification of 11 saponins with overall precision (including intra- and interday) and LOD of less than 2.9% (RSD) and 98 ng, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to quantify 11 saponins in 28 samples of P. notoginseng collected in different places, which is helpful to control the quality of P. notoginseng and its related products. [source] A Facile Route to Synthesize the Ti5NbO14 Nanosheets by Mechanical Cleavage ProcessJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 2 2010Na Zhang Layered and rod-like K3Ti5NbO14 was synthesized via the solid-state chemistry, and it was exfoliated into nanosheets through a novel mechanical cleavage technology. X-ray diffraction was utilized to determine the phase changes of all the specimen during the total process, and the microstructure of the samples was analyzed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The formation mechanism was also discussed in detail, the results indicated that the compression and shearing should play a main function in the crack and the cleavage of the aggregated layered compound. UV,vis absorption spectroscopy was used to monitor the consecutive buildup of the (PEI/Ti5NbO14)n film. The resulting quasi-linear increase at the top absorbance as a function of the sequential assembly number for the multilayer film indicated that the nanosheet had deposited uniformly in each dipping cycle. The photocatalytic activity of K3Ti5NbO14 -related products was examined. Compared with original layered compound, nanosheet precipitate had good property under irradiation of ultraviolet light. [source] Evaluation of PCR primers from putative transcriptional regulator genes for identification of Staphylococcus aureusLETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005D. Liu Abstract Aims:, To examine if PCR primers derived from putative transcriptional regulator genes can be useful for Staphylococcus aureus identification. Methods and Results:,Staphylococcus aureus gene sequences that encode transcriptional regulators were retrieved from GenBank and compared with other DNA sequences via BLAST searches. Two uniquely present, putative transcriptional regulator genes (i.e. Sa0836 and Sa0856) were selected as a consequence and PCR primers (Sa0836F/R and Sa0856F/R) were then designed from these genes for evaluation. A total of 84 bacterial strains/isolates including 23 Staph. aureus, 18 nonaureus Staphylococcus and 43 other common bacterial isolates were examined. The results indicated that PCR primers from Sa0836 and Sa0856 recognized genomic DNA from Staph. aureus only, but not from other non-aureus Staphylococcus or common bacteria. Conclusions:, PCR detection of the putative transcriptional regulator genes Sa0836 and Sa0856 represents a useful means of identifying Staph. aureus from other bacteria. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The existence of species,species transcriptional regulator genes may be a common phenomenon in bacteria. Besides their value as novel diagnostic markers, further investigation on the putative transcriptional regulator genes Sa0836 and Sa0856 and their related products may shed light on the molecular mechanisms of Staph. aureus adaptation and virulence. [source] Goat milk acceptance and promotion methods in Japan: The questionnaire survey to middle class householdsANIMAL SCIENCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2009Takeyuki OZAWA ABSTRACT A consumer questionnaire conducted with the purpose of ascertaining the acceptability of goat milk and related products in Japan was carried out on 345 guarantees of Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University in December 2006. 275 effective responses (79%) representing middle class urban households were returned. The results revealed that (1) 30% of respondents have experienced drinking goat milk and only 10% are aware of the current retail situation of goat milk and related products; (2) over 70% of goat milk drinkers raised goats by hand at some point in their past and their first experience drinking goat milk was in infancy; (3) those with experience in drinking goat milk expressed a vague evaluation and minimal understanding of drinking goat milk; (4) respondents who were inexperienced goat milk drinkers expressed a strong desire to taste and a weak desire to purchase goat milk; (5) respondents expressed low recognition regarding retailed goat milk products, but those who had already purchased goat milk products expressed a high evaluation and strong desire to purchase these products again; and (6) recognition of goat milk characteristics is low, but those with high recognition also rate goat milk highly. Goats are perceived as being ,mild and familiar.' It is necessary for those who manage goat husbandry to present goat milk and related product tasting opportunities to consumers. The key point is to make the functional differences between cow and goat milk clear and present the advantages of goat milk at the fore of this promotion. Goat milk should not be promoted merely as a drink that is similar to cow milk, but must be positioned as a functional drink or health food in order to expand the Japanese goat milk market. [source] Innovation zur Bestimmung der Erdstoff-Geokunststoff-Wechselwirkung , Pullout-, Scher- und ReibungsversucheBAUTECHNIK, Issue 9 2004Taner Aydogmus Dipl.-Ing. Der Einsatz des ökonomischen und ökologischen Baumaterials "Geokunststoff" hat sich in den letzten Jahren in der Geotechnik für das Bauwesen, den Bergbau und den Umweltschutz stark verbreitet. In Form von Geotextilien, Geogittern, Geomembranen und verwandten Produkten ermöglichen sie technisch einfache, preisgünstige alternative Lösungsmöglichkeiten. Für die Berechnung der Standsicherheit von Konstruktionen mit Geokunststoffen, die für Bewehrungszwecke verwendet werden, ist die Ermittlung der "Reibungseigenschaften" in den Schichtgrenzen zwischen verschiedenen Geokunststoffen sowie zwischen Geokunststoffen und Erdstoffen unerläßlich. Zur Einschätzung der Hauptversagensmechanismen eines kunststoffbewehrten Erdkörpers werden üblicherweise Scher- und Reibungsversuche sowie nun auch verstärkt Pullout-Versuche durchgeführt. In diesem Beitrag wird ein neu entwickeltes und gebautes vollautomatisches Großrahmenschergerät mit integrierter Herausziehversuchseinrichtung vorgestellt, welches die Durchführung von vielfältigen innovativen Versuchen, mit leicht reproduzierbaren , den in-situ-Verhältnissen anpaßbaren , Randbedingungen, dem aktuellen Stand der Versuchstechnik entsprechend und nach den Vorgaben der neuen Normen (z. B. DIN 18137-3) ermöglicht. Innovation for the determination of the soil-geosynthetic interaction , pullout-, shear- and friction tests. The use of the economical and ecological construction material "geosynthetic" plays a rapidly increasing role in a variety of civil engineering, mining and environmental protection applications. Geosynthetics captured their own place as construction material due to their diversity and their specific characteristics. The applications of geosynthetics are many-sided. In the form of geotextiles, geogrids, geomembranes and related products, they make technically simple and low-priced alternative solution concepts possible. For the stability analysis of geosynthetic constructions knowledge of the friction behaviour in the geosynthetic interfaces is essential. For the assessment of the main failure mechanisms of a geosynthetic reinforced construction shear- and friction tests are usually performed as well as now also Pullout tests. In the following, a novel experimental apparatus for the examination of the interaction behaviour of soil-geosynthetic compound systems capable of performing both pullout and direct shear tests is described. In comparison with known geosynthetic testing practice, the novel testing apparatus offers the special advantage that a wide range of innovative shear and pullout test procedures can be carried out in the same device with negligible influence of test device configurations on friction test results. [source] Simple and rapid determination of 1-deoxynojirimycin in mulberry leavesBIOFACTORS, Issue 1-4 2004Toshiyuki Kimura Abstract A simple and rapid method for determining 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a potent glucosidase inihibitor present in mulberry leaves (Morus alba and Morus bombysis), by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) has been developed. DNJ was separated from extract of mulberry leaves on TSK gel Amide-80 column, which is a representative column for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. During post column detection, DNJ was detected by ELSD and concurrently identified by mass spectrometry. The detection limit was 100 ng. This method is sufficiently sensitive for determining DNJ in mulberry leaves and other related products. [source] | ||||||||||||||||