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Regulatory Context (regulatory + context)
Selected AbstractsImplementation of the IPPC Directive and its economic impacts: evidence from the EU steel and glass industryENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE, Issue 3 2008Tilmann Rave Abstract This paper aims at assessing the likely economic impacts of different approaches to implementation of Directive 96/61/EC on integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC) by establishing a conceptual framework and by providing empirical evidence from case studies in the EU electric steel and domestic glass industry. The potential economic implications of the IPPC permitting process are analysed from the point of view of individual plants. Both plant- and sector-specific factors and the institutional and regulatory context of IPPC implementation in different member states are taken into account. The paper finds only limited evidence of any adverse competitiveness impacts arising from IPPC implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] Intra- and inter-allelic ordering of T cell receptor , chain gene assemblyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2005Bernard Khor Abstract Allelic exclusion at the TCR, locus mandates that gene assembly be regulated in a manner that permits feedback inhibition of further complete TCR, rearrangements upon pre-TCR expression. Here we show that assembly of TCR, chain genes from V,, D, and J, gene segments is intra-allelically ordered, proceeding primarily through DJ,, and not VD,, intermediates. This ensures that V, to DJ, rearrangement, which can be feedback inhibited, is the final step in the assembly process. A newly assembled VDJ, rearrangement must be tested to determine if it is in-frame before V, to DJ, rearrangement is permitted on the alternate allele. This inter-allelic ordering may occur through a general inefficiency of V, to DJ, rearrangement and/or through static differences in accessibility of the two TCR, alleles. However, we find that within the regulatory context of allelic exclusion, V, to DJ, rearrangement proceeds to completion on both alleles. Furthermore, all possible VDJ, rearrangements are not completed on one allele before V, to DJ, rearrangement is initiated on the alternate allele. Together, these data support a dynamic model of inter-allelic accessibility that permits the ordered and efficient assembly of complete variable region genes on both TCR, alleles during T cell development. [source] Prostitution: Collectives and the Politics of RegulationGENDER, WORK & ORGANISATION, Issue 2 2000Jackie West The regulation of prostitution is changing as rapidly as its organization and sex workers have had more influence on this than usually recognized in either theory or research on prostitutes' rights. Using examples from the UK, Australia, the Netherlands and New Zealand, the paper shows how elements of prohibition, legalization and decriminalization are variously adopted in response to specific interests and their political representation. With the focus on law reform, the impact of collectives is compared to that of other contemporary players in the politics of prostitution, including community groups, councils, the police and the sex industry itself. But attention is also paid to health and occupational initiatives, and the conditions promoting the self-regulation of sex work both by prostitutes and employers. The paper also argues that the role of collectives, together with changes in the wider regulatory context, reflect and reinforce increasing differentiation within prostitution. [source] If bone is the answer, then what is the question?JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 2 2000R. HUISKES In the 19th century, several scientists attempted to relate bone trabecular morphology to its mechanical, load-bearing function. It was suggested that bone architecture was an answer to requirements of optimal stress transfer, pairing maximal strength to minimal weight, according to particular mathematical design rules. Using contemporary methods of analysis, stress transfer in bones was studied and compared with anatomical specimens, from which it was hypothesised that trabecular architecture is associated with stress trajectories. Others focused on the biological processes by which trabecular architectures are formed and on the question of how bone could maintain the relationship between external load and architecture in a variable functional environment. Wilhelm Roux introduced the principle of functional adaptation as a self-organising process based in the tissues. Julius Wolff, anatomist and orthopaedic surgeon, entwined these 3 issues in his book The Law of Bone Remodeling (translation), which set the stage for biomechanical research goals in our day. ,Wolff's Law' is a question rather than a law, asking for the requirements of structural optimisation. In this article, based on finite element analysis (FEA) results of stress transfer in bones, it is argued that it was the wrong question, putting us on the wrong foot. The maximal strength/minimal weight principle does not provide a rationale for architectural formation or adaptation; the similarity between trabecular orientation and stress trajectories is circumstantial, not causal. Based on computer simulations of bone remodelling as a regulatory process, governed by mechanical usage and orchestrated by osteocyte mechanosensitivity, it is shown that Roux's paradigm, conversely, is a realistic proposition. Put in a quantitative regulatory context, it can predict both trabecular formation and adaptation. Hence, trabecular architecture is not an answer to Wolff's question, in the sense of this article's title. There are no mathematical optimisation rules for bone architecture; there is just a biological regulatory process, producing a structure adapted to mechanical demands by the nature of its characteristics, adequate for evolutionary endurance. It is predicted that computer simulation of this process can help us to unravel its secrets. [source] Veterinary pharmacovigilance: between regulation and scienceJOURNAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2001G. Keck Veterinary pharmacovigilance has shown a remarkable development in recent years. After presenting briefly the regulatory context, this paper considers the scope of veterinary pharmacovigilance, causality assessment of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs), the systems existing in different countries and the evolution for the coming years. The involvement of veterinary research and teaching institutions should certainly become more important in this cross-road activity. [source] Precautionary Maybe, but What's the Principle?JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIETY, Issue 3 2005The Precautionary Principle, the Public Domain, the Regulation of Risk The ,precautionary principle', originating in the field of environmental protection but now widely applied, is a major point for discussion in the regulation of risk. Though promising proactive and pre-emptive intervention to prevent potentially irreversible harm, its precise meaning remains somewhat unclear. Legal systems tend to view it as procedural rather than substantive, and debates abound regarding its ,stronger' or ,weaker' versions and, indeed, the very concept of ,risk'. It is also necessary to discuss how the principle operates in varying administrative and constitutional contexts but the key task is to clarify the principle's fundamental value base. If its essentially collective orientation is highlighted, it may better ensure that democratic and non-pecuniary interests are given due prominence in regulatory contexts otherwise dominated by economic interests and technological imperatives, and it may then play an important role in reasserting the values of the public domain in the face of powerful private interests. [source] Regulation of Technology Transfer to Developing Countries: The Relevance of Institutional Capacity,LAW & POLICY, Issue 1 2005KEVIN E. DAVIS This article revisits the debate over appropriate approaches to the regulation of technology transfer to developing countries. It begins by contrasting two stylized approaches, labeled for convenience the "New International Economic Order" model and the "Globalization" model, which have historically struggled for acceptance. It then explores the implications for the choice between these or alternative models of the fact that many developing countries presently lack the institutional capacity required to provide optimal regulation of technology transfer. Existing discussions appear either to assume that developing countries possess sufficient institutional capacity to design and implement sophisticated regulatory regimes, or to take the opposite approach and assume a drastic shortage of institutional capacity. Both approaches ignore the intermediate category of countries that do face constraints upon institutional capacity but are striving to overcome them. The analysis here is intended to demonstrate the general point that a country's present and future institutional capacity ought to be considered highly relevant to the design of central aspects of the regime that it uses to regulate technology transfer. The analysis is also designed to highlight the specific need for attention to the distinctive questions of regulatory design which arise in countries that are in the process of enhancing their institutional capacity in this and other regulatory contexts. [source] Different strokes: regulatory styles and environmental strategy in the North-American oil and gas industryBUSINESS STRATEGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, Issue 6 2001Sanjay Sharma The environmental management and policy literature presents competing arguments for and against different styles of environmental regulations , command-and-control versus flexible regulations that enable voluntary actions. On the one hand, it is argued that firms will not adopt minimum environmental standards without command-and-control regulations and that such regulations may actually result in competitive benefits for first movers. On the other hand, the literature argues that command-and-control regulations stifle innovation and that flexible regulations encourage proactive environmental strategies that lead to competitive benefits for organizations. This study compared the environmental strategies and competitiveness of oil and gas firms in two different regulatory contexts , the command-and-control based US environmental regulations and the flexible collaborative Canadian context. The study found no significant differences in the degree to which firms within the two contexts were more or less proactive in their environmental strategies or in the extent of competitiveness associated with corporate environmental strategies. Follow-up interviews with 12 Canadian and US companies indicated that regulations appeared to be more important drivers of corporate environmental practices at initial stages and eventually other external and internal drivers became more important influences on corporate environmental strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [source] | ||||||||||||||||