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Reduced Capacity (reduced + capacity)
Selected AbstractsAre clinical practical guidelines (CPGs) useful for health services and health workforce planning?DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 5 2010A critique of diabetes CPGs Diabet. Med. 27, 570,577 (2010) Abstract Aims, Chronic disease management is increasingly informed by clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). However, their implementation requires not only knowledge of guideline content by clinicians and practice processes that support implementation, but also a health workforce with the capacity to deliver care consistent with CPGs. This has a health services planning as well as a health workforce dimension. However, it is not known whether CPGs are described in a way that can inform health services and health workforce planning and potentially drive better quality care. This study aimed to ascertain whether CPGs are useful for health service and health workforce planning. Methods, This question was explored taking diabetes mellitus as a case study. A systematic search of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Scopus was carried out to identify all CPGs relating to the management of diabetes mellitus in the primary healthcare setting. The search was limited to guidelines published in the English language between 2003 and 2009. The quality of guidelines was assessed against a subset of criteria set by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) collaboration. Results, Seventy-five diabetes-related CPGs were identified, of which 27 met the inclusion criteria. In terms of quality, many guidelines adopted evidence-based recommendations for diabetes care (59%) and most were endorsed by national authorities (70%). With regards to coverage of 17 identified subpopulations, guidelines were generally selective in the populations they covered. Whilst many provided adequate coverage of common complications and comorbidities, approaches to management for those with reduced capacity for effective diabetes self-care were largely absent, except for indigenous populations. Conclusions, Clinical practice guidelines are potentially useful for health services and health workforce planning, but would be more valuable for this purpose if they contained more detail about care protocols and specific skills and competencies, especially for subpopulations who would be expected to have reduced capacity for effective self-care. If service planning ignores these subgroups that tend to require more resource-intensive management, underprovision of services is likely. [source] DNA damage and repair capacity in lymphocytes from obstructive sleep apnea patientsENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 9 2007Konstantina Kontogianni Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a respiratory disease that is linked to heart attacks and high blood pressure. In the present study, we used the Comet assay to compare basal DNA damage and DNA damage induction by hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, and ,-irradiation in lymphocytes from 35 OSA patients and 35 controls. We also measured the apoptosis and necrosis produced by these agents and the ability of the lymphocytes to repair the induced DNA damage. It was found that lymphocytes isolated from OSA patients had higher basal levels of DNA damage and were more sensitive to the effects of the DNA-damaging agents than lymphocytes from controls. OSA patients also had a reduced capacity to repair the DNA damage induced by the three agents, but apoptosis and necrosis were similar in OSA patients and the controls. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Impaired IL-4 production by CD8+ T,cells in NOD mice is related to a defect of c-Maf binding to the IL-4 promoterEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 5 2005Xiao-Ping Chen Abstract CD8+ T,cells play an important role in the induction of the autoimmune response in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Here we describe abnormalities in the control of cytokine production by NOD CD8+ T,cells. NOD CD8+ T,cells had an increased propensity to produce IFN-, upon TCR activation, in both adult and 2-week-old mice. NOD CD8+ T,cells had a reduced capacity to produce IL-4 in type,2 conditions compared to CD8+ T,cells from the diabetes-resistant strains BALB/c and C57BL/6. Both GATA-3 and c-Maf, two positive transactivators for IL-4 gene expression, were expressed in type,2 conditions at comparable levels in NOD CD8+ T,cells. The GATA-3 was functional since normal levels of IL-5 were produced and the IL-4 promoter was hyperacetylated in NOD CD8+ T,cells. In contrast, c-Maf failed to bind to its responsive element as determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. These results suggest that NOD CD8+ T,cells possess an increased propensity to produce IFN-, and impaired c-Maf-dependent DNA binding activities in vivo that lead to reduced IL-4 production following TCR activation. These defects may facilitate the development of the autoimmune response by inducing an overall type,1-biased immune response in NOD mice. [source] Differential generation of oligodendrocytes from human and rodent embryonic spinal cord neural precursorsGLIA, Issue 4 2004Siddharthan Chandran Abstract Human neural precursors are considered to have widespread therapeutic possibilities on account of their ability to provide large numbers of cells whilst retaining multipotentiality. Application to human demyelinating diseases requires improved understanding of the signalling requirements underlying the generation of human oligodendrocytes from immature cell populations. In this study, we compare and contrast the capacity of neural precursors derived from the developing human and rodent spinal cord to generate oligodendrocytes. We show that the developing human spinal cord (6,12 weeks of gestation) displays a comparable ventrodorsal gradient of oligodendrocyte differentiation potential to the embryonic rodent spinal cord. In contrast, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) expanded human neural precursors derived from both isolated ventral or dorsal cultures show a reduced capacity to generate oligodendrocytes, whereas comparable rodent cultures demonstrate a marked increase in oligodendrocyte formation following FGF-2 treatment. In addition, we provide evidence that candidate growth factors suggested from rodent studies, including FGF-2 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) do not stimulate proliferation of human oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Finally, we show that the in vivo environment of the acutely demyelinating adult rat spinal cord is insufficient to stimulate the differentiation of immature human spinal cord cells to oligodendrocytes. These results provide further evidence for inter-species difference in the capacity of neural precursors to generate oligodendrocytes. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Impact of aboriginal ethnicity on HCV core-induced IL-10 synthesis: Interaction with IL-10 gene polymorphismsHEPATOLOGY, Issue 3 2007Koko Bate Aborsangaya The host immune response is a critical determinant in viral infection outcome. Epidemiological studies indicate that North American indigenous peoples are more resistant to chronic HCV infection than other populations. Due to the prominence of IL-10 in chronic HCV infection, we investigated the genetic tendency to produce IL-10 in Caucasian (CA) and First Nation (FN) populations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from CA subjects had a greater tendency to produce IL-10 defined by allelic polymorphisms, as well as genotypes and haplotypes, at the -1082, -819, and -592 positions of the IL-10 promoter. More importantly, we directly evaluated the influence of ethnicity on the ability of HCV core protein to induce IL-10 synthesis and found significantly higher IL-10 production by PBMCs isolated from healthy CA subjects compared with FN subjects. Further examination of the underlying relationship between core-induced IL-10 with the high, intermediate, and low phenotypes at the -1082, -819, and -592 position revealed that spontaneous and core-induced IL-10 synthesis tended to interact negatively with defined polymorphisms. This was particularly evident for the FN cohort, in which the relationship was strengthened by a stronger interaction of core with the low,IL-10,producing phenotypes. As with previous studies, concanavalin A induced IL-10 synthesis from the CA cohort positively associated with defined genetic phenotypes. Conclusion: Cells from FN subjects had a reduced capacity to produce IL-10 in response to HCV core protein, suggesting that reduced susceptibility of FN immunity to virally induced IL-10 synthesis might contribute to epidemiological observations of enhanced HCV clearance. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:623,630.) [source] The acute-phase response impairs host defence against Enterococcus faecium peritonitisIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1pt2 2009Masja Leendertse Summary Enterococcus faecium is an emerging pathogen that causes infections in hospitalized patients with various co-morbid diseases. These underlying diseases are often associated with an acute-phase response that renders patients vulnerable to nosocomial infections. To study the influence of the acute-phase response induced by sterile tissue injury on host defence against E. faecium, mice were injected subcutaneously with either turpentine or casein 1 day before intraperitoneal infection with E. faecium. Control mice were subcutaneously injected with saline or sodium bicarbonate, respectively. Turpentine and casein induced an acute-phase response as reflected by increases in the plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, serum amyloid P and C3. A pre-existent acute-phase response in mice was associated with a strongly reduced capacity to clear E. faecium, resulting in prolonged bacteraemia for several days. The inflammatory response to E. faecium was impaired in mice with an acute-phase response, as shown by reduced capacity to mount a neutrophilic leucocytosis in peripheral blood and by decreased local cytokine concentrations. These data indicate that the acute-phase response impairs host defence against E. faecium, suggesting that this condition may contribute to the increased vulnerability of critically ill patients to enterococcal infections. [source] Paradoxical effects of interleukin-10 on the maturation of murine myeloid dendritic cellsIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 2 2003Dianne L. Commeren Summary The immunoregulatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), has been shown to inhibit the maturation of human myeloid dendritic cells (DC). In the present study, we demonstrate that IL-10 has paradoxical effects on the maturation of murine myeloid bone marrow-derived DC. On the one hand, IL-10 inhibits the maturation of murine myeloid DC. The addition of IL-10 to granulocyte,macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-supported murine BM-derived DC cultures reduced the frequency of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIbright cells. These IL-10-pretreated DC have a reduced capacity to stimulate T cells in an allogeneic mixed leucocyte reaction. On the other hand, however, and in contrast to the effects of IL-10 on human DC, we found that the addition of IL-10 from the initiation of the culture onwards induced an up-regulation of the expression of the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86 on murine myeloid DC, as compared to DC generated with GM-CSF only. Moreover, a subpopulation of IL-10-pretreated MHC class IIdim DC lacked the capacity to take up dextran-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), a feature of DC maturation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the generation of murine myeloid DC in the presence of IL-10 results in a population of incompletely matured MHC class IIdim CD80+ CD86+ DC. These DC lack T-cell stimulatory capacity, suggesting a role for IL-10 in conferring tolerogenic properties on murine myeloid DC. [source] Stem Cell Review Series: Regulating highly potent stem cells in aging: environmental influences on plasticityAGING CELL, Issue 4 2008Jay M. Edelberg Summary Significant advances in the past decade have revealed that a large number of highly plastic stem cells are maintained in humans through adulthood and are present even in older adults. These findings are notable in light of the reduced capacity for repair and regeneration in older tissues. The apparent dichotomy can be reconciled through an appreciation of the age-associated changes in the microenvironmental pathways that govern adult stem cell plasticity and differentiation patterns. Specifically, the recent identification of the age-related loss of the local platelet-derived growth factor signals that promote the induction of cardiac myocytes from Oct-3/4+ bone marrow stem cells, rather than impairment in the stem cells themselves, provides a template for understanding and targeting the environmental pathways underlying the regenerative capacity of older tissues and organs. It is projected that this paradigm extends to the overall regulation of adult stem cell biology, shifting the balance from tissue generation during development and maturation to the prevention of untoward stem cell differentiation with aging. [source] An In Vivo Study of the Host Response to Starch-Based Polymers and Composites Subcutaneously Implanted in RatsMACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE, Issue 8 2005Alexandra P. Marques Abstract Summary: Implant failure is one of the major concerns in the biomaterials field. Several factors have been related to the fail but in general these biomaterials do not exhibit comparable physical, chemical or biological properties to natural tissues and ultimately, these devices can lead to chronic inflammation and foreign-body reactions. Starch-based biodegradable materials and composites have shown promising properties for a wide range of biomedical applications as well as a reduced capacity to elicit a strong reaction from immune system cells in vitro. In this work, blends of corn starch with ethylene vinyl alcohol (SEVA-C), cellulose acetate (SCA) and polycaprolactone (SPCL), as well as hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforced starch-based composites, were investigated in vivo. The aim of the work was to assess the host response evoked for starch-based biomaterials, identifying the presence of key cell types. The tissues surrounding the implant were harvested together with the material and processed histologically for evaluation using immunohistochemistry. At implant retrieval there was no cellular exudate around the implants and no macroscopic signs of an inflammatory reaction in any of the animals. The histological analysis of the sectioned interface tissue after immunohistochemical staining using ED1, ED2, CD54, MHC class II and ,/, antibodies showed positively stained cells for all antibodies, except for ,/, for all the implantation periods, where it was different for the various polymers and for the period of implantation. SPCL and SCA composites were the materials that stimulated the greatest cellular tissue responses, but generally biodegradable starch-based materials did not induce a severe reaction for the studied implantation times, which contrasts with other types of degradable polymeric biomaterials. [source] Monounsaturated Fat and Cardiovascular RiskNUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 2006Jose López-Miranda MD On the basis of the information discussed in this review, we can conclude that the effects of a high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) from olive oil include a wide range of healthy benefits beyond improvement in cholesterol levels, suggesting that this type of diet has great potential in preventing cardiovascular disease. MUFA-enriched diets reduce insulin requirements and decrease plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in type 2 diabetic patients, unlike high-saturated fatty acid and low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets. Moreover, some data show that this dietary model could have a hypotensive effect. There is also substantial evidence that oleic-enriched low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is more resistant to oxidative modifications and that dietary MUFA may influence various components and functions related to the endothelium. These include endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and a reduced capacity of oleicenriched LDL to promote the adhesion and chemotaxis of monocytes. On the other hand, a MUFA diet decreases the prothrombotic environment, modifying platelet adhesion, coagulation, and fibrinolysis. Its reducing effect on PAI-1 plasma levels is of particular relevance. This wide range of anti-atherogenic effects could explain the low rate of cardiovascular mortality found in Mediterranean countries, where there is a moderate to high supply of dietary MUFA. Future studies need to focus on uncovering the mechanisms by which the Mediterranean diet exerts its beneficial effects [source] Skin Barrier, Hydration, and pH of the Skin of Infants Under 2 Years of AgePEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Francesca Giusti M.D. A total of 70 infants, 45 girls and 25 boys, ages 8,24 months, and 30 healthy women were studied by means of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance, and pH measurements at two different skin sites, the volar forearm and the buttocks. No significant differences in TEWL were found between infants and adults, either on the buttocks or on the volar forearm. On the contrary, capacitance values were higher in infants. Their skin also appeared less acid than that of adults, with high statistical significance. No TEWL, capacitance, or pH variations were observed in infants according to sex and age. On the basis of the above data, the skin of infants 8,24 months of age shows functional signs of immaturity. This may lead to an increased permeability and a reduced capacity for defense against chemical and microbial aggression. [source] Increased cysteine availability is essential for cadmium tolerance and accumulation in Arabidopsis thalianaPLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004José R. Domínguez-Solís Summary Employing genetic transformation using an Atcys-3A cDNA construct expressing the cytosolic O -acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL), we obtained two Arabidopsis lines with different capabilities for supplying cysteine under metal stress conditions. Lines 1-2 and 10-10, grown under standard conditions, showed similar levels of cysteine and glutathione (GSH) to those of the wild-type. However, in the presence of cadmium, line 10-10 showed significantly higher levels. The increased thiol content allowed line 10-10 to survive under severe heavy metal stress conditions (up to 400 µm of cadmium in the growth medium), and resulted in an accumulation of cadmium in the leaves to a level similar to that of metal hyperaccumulator plants. Investigation of the epidermal leaf surface clearly showed that most of the cadmium had accumulated in the trichomes. Furthermore, line 10-10 was able to accumulate more cadmium in its trichomes than the wild-type, whereas line 1-2 showed a reduced capacity for cadmium accumulation. Our results suggest that an increased rate of cysteine biosynthesis is responsible for the enhanced cadmium tolerance and accumulation in trichome leaves. Thus, molecular engineering of the cysteine biosynthesis pathway, together with modification of the number of leaf trichomes, may have considerable potential in increasing heavy metal accumulation for phytoremediation purposes. [source] The functional correlates of jaw-muscle fiber architecture in tree-gouging and nongouging callitrichid monkeysAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Andrea B. Taylor Abstract Common (Callithrix jacchus) and pygmy (Cebuella pygmaea) marmosets and cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) share broadly similar diets of fruits, insects, and tree exudates. Marmosets, however, differ from tamarins in actively gouging trees with their anterior dentition to elicit tree exudates flow. Tree gouging in common marmosets involves the generation of relatively wide jaw gapes, but not necessarily relatively large bite forces. We compared fiber architecture of the masseter and temporalis muscles in C. jacchus (N = 18), C. pygmaea (N = 5), and S. oedipus (N = 13). We tested the hypothesis that tree-gouging marmosets would exhibit relatively longer fibers and other architectural variables that facilitate muscle stretch. As an architectural trade-off between maximizing muscle excursion/contraction velocity and muscle force, we also tested the hypothesis that marmosets would exhibit relatively less pinnate fibers, smaller physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSA), and lower priority indices (I) for force. As predicted, marmosets display relatively longer-fibered muscles, a higher ratio of fiber length to muscle mass, and a relatively greater potential excursion of the distal tendon attachments, all of which favor muscle stretch. Marmosets further display relatively smaller PCSAs and other features that reflect a reduced capacity for force generation. The longer fibers and attendant higher contraction velocities likely facilitate the production of relatively wide jaw gapes and the capacity to generate more power from their jaw muscles during gouging. The observed functional trade-off between muscle excursion/contraction velocity and muscle force suggests that primate jaw-muscle architecture reflects evolutionary changes related to jaw movements as one of a number of functional demands imposed on the masticatory apparatus. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorderTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 7 2008Sabine C. Herpertz Background:, Boys with early onset of conduct disorder (CD), most of whom also meet diagnostic criteria of a comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), tend to exhibit high levels of aggression throughout development. While a number of functional neuroimaging studies on emotional processing have been performed in antisocial adults, little is known about how CD children process emotional information. Method:, Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed in 22 male adolescents aged 12 to 17 years with childhood-onset CD (16 of them with comorbid ADHD) compared to 22 age-matched male healthy controls. In order to consider the likely confounding of results through ADHD comorbidity, we performed a supplementary study including 13 adolescent subjects with pure ADHD who were compared with healthy controls. To challenge emotional processing of stimuli, a passive viewing task was applied, presenting pictures of negative, positive or neutral valence. Results:, When comparing CD/combined disorder patients with healthy controls, we found enhanced left-sided amygdala activation in response to negative pictures as compared to neutral pictures in the patient group. In addition, these boys exhibited no reduced activation in the orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate and insular cortices. By contrast, children with pure ADHD did not show any abnormalities in amygdala activation but showed decreased neural activity in the insula only in response to negative pictures. Conclusions:, Increased rather than reduced amygdala activation found in our study may indicate an enhanced response to environmental cues in adolescents with early-onset CD (most of whom also met the condition of ADHD), and is not consistent with the assumption of a reduced capacity to take note of affective information in the social environment. Further studies with an emphasis on developmental aspects of affect regulation are needed to clarify the relationship between CD and adult personality pathology associated with different modes of persistent antisocial behavior. [source] Pharmacogenetic characterization of indacaterol, a novel ,2 -adrenoceptor agonistBRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY, Issue 1 2009I Sayers Background and purpose: Indacaterol is a novel ,2 -adrenoceptor agonist in development for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative pharmacology of indacaterol in recombinant cells expressing the common polymorphic variants of the human ,2 -adrenoceptor and in human primary airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. Experimental approach: Chinese hamster ovarian-K1 cell lines expressing high and low levels of the common human ,2 -adrenoceptor variants were generated [Gly16-Glu27-Val34-Thr164(GEVT), RQVT, GQVT] and also the rare GQVI variant. Human primary ASM cells were isolated from explants of trachealis muscle. Adenosine-3,,5,-cyclic-monophosphate production was used as an outcome measure. Key results: In both the low- and high-expression recombinant GEVT ,wild type' cell lines indacaterol is a high-efficacy agonist. Salmeterol and formoterol were identified as low- and high-efficacy agonists, respectively, and showed similar potencies to indacaterol irrespective of the ,2 -adrenoceptor genotype. The I164 variant cell line was associated with a reduced capacity to generate adenosine-3,,5,-cyclic-monophosphate in response to ,2 -adrenoceptor agonist. In the human primary ASM cells indacaterol gave a maximal response intermediate between that of salmeterol and formoterol. Conclusions and implications: These data demonstrate that indacaterol is a high-efficacy agonist in recombinant cell systems but acts with lower efficacy in human primary ASM cells. No marked genotype-dependent effects were observed for common variants; however, changes in I164 receptor activity were identified, which were dependent on the level of expression of ,2 -adrenoceptors. [source] Candida albicans protein kinase CK2 governs virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasisCELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007Lisa Y. Chiang Summary To identify Candida albicans genes whose proteins are necessary for host cell interactions and virulence, a collection of C. albicans insertion mutants was screened for strains with reduced capacity to damage endothelial cells in vitro. This screen identified CKA2. CKA2 and its homologue CKA1 encode the catalytic subunits of the protein kinase CK2. cka2,/cka2, strains of C. albicans were constructed and found to have significantly reduced capacity to damage both endothelial cells and an oral epithelial cell line in vitro. Although these strains invaded endothelial cells similarly to the wild-type strain, they were defective in oral epithelial cell invasion. They were also hypersusceptible to hydrogen peroxide, but not to high salt or to cell wall damaging agents. A cka1,/cka1, mutant caused normal damage to both endothelial cells and oral epithelial cells, and it was not hypersusceptible to hydrogen peroxide. However, overexpression of CKA1 in a cka2,/cka2, strain restored wild-type phenotype. Although the cka2,/cka2, mutant had normal virulence in the mouse model of haematogenously disseminated candidiasis, it had significantly attenuated virulence in the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Therefore, Cka2p governs the interactions of C. albicans with endothelial and oral epithelial cells in vitro and virulence during oropharyngeal candidiasis. [source] 2232: Why are retinal pigment epithelial cells so resistant to oxidative stress?ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010U BRUNK Purpose The functional integrity of postmitotic retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is crucial for photoreceptor survival, and RPE malfunction is considered an important factor behind age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although RPE cells daily phagocytose large amounts of fatty acid-rich distal photoreceptor material, their lysosomal accumulation of lipofuscin (LF) is nevertheless slow. Only late in life do humans have LF-loaded RPE cells, which then not only have a reduced capacity to endocytose photoreceptor material but also are less capable of keeping up with normal autophagy. The latter activity is important for normal turnover of the cell's own components. Methods ARPE-19 cells in culture were evaluated with respect to lysosomal stability at oxidative stress. Redox-active iron, autophagic activity (evaluation of LC3-I and LC3-II protein), and anti-oxidative proteins were assayed using cytochemistry (Sulphide-Silver Method), electron spin resonance (ESR) and western blotting for a variety of stress proteins. Results The lysosomal compartment of the ARPE-19 cells was found remarkably resistant to oxidative stress. The SSM and ESR methods suggested low lysosomal amounts of redox-active iron and no enhanced autophagy following oxidative stress. The normal autophagy rate was higher than in other professional scavengers. Conclusion The found low amount of lysosomal redox-active iron explains the slow formation of lipofuscin over time and the remarkable stability that ARPE-19 cells and their lysosomes show even under severe oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon may be an unusual capacity to quickly export low mass iron from lysosomes to the cytosol and/or a high normal degree of autophagy of iron-binding stress proteins. [source] | |||||||||||||