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Redistribution
Kinds of Redistribution Terms modified by Redistribution Selected AbstractsINEQUALITY, REDISTRIBUTION, AND RENT-SEEKINGECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 3 2004Francisco Rodríguez This paper presents a non-median voter model of redistribution in which greater inequality leads to lower redistribution. Bargaining between interest groups and politicians over exemptions implies that individuals with sufficiently high income will not pay taxes in equilibrium. Therefore, voters will set tax rates low enough so as to control the incentives for rent-seeking. An increase in inequality, by putting more income in the hands of individuals that can buy exemptions, will lead to lower equilibrium redistribution. The model can be used to account for a negative relationship between inequality and growth and provides a new explanation of why the poor do not expropriate the rich in democracies. [source] POLICY UNCERTAINTY, ELECTORAL SECURITIES, AND REDISTRIBUTION,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 1 2010Andrea Mattozzi This article investigates how uncertainty about the adoption of a redistribution policy affects political support for redistribution when individuals can trade policy-contingent securities in the stock market. In equilibrium the support for redistribution is smaller than where no "policy-insurance market" is available. This implies that in economies with well-developed financial markets redistribution decreases with the level of participation in these markets and with income inequality. Furthermore, the existence of a policy-insurance market may lead to a less equal distribution of income than where no insurance is available even if a majority of individuals are redistributing resources through private transfers. [source] VOTING, INEQUALITY AND REDISTRIBUTIONJOURNAL OF ECONOMIC SURVEYS, Issue 1 2007Rainald Borck Abstract This paper surveys models of voting on redistribution. Under reasonable assumptions, the baseline model produces an equilibrium with the extent of redistributive taxation chosen by the median income earner. If the median is poorer than average, redistribution is from rich to poor, and increasing inequality increases redistribution. However, under different assumptions about the economic environment, redistribution may not be simply rich to poor, and inequality need not increase redistribution. Several lines of argument are presented, in particular, political participation, public provision of private goods, public pensions, and tax avoidance or evasion. [source] TAXING TIMES: STATE-LED INCOME REDISTRIBUTION IN NEW ZEALAND'S ,GOLDEN AGE'AUSTRALIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2006Article first published online: 20 OCT 200, James Reveley income redistribution; labour; net-tax; New Zealand Welfarism has been posited as central to how the state fostered the integration of the working class into the post-war economic order. However, analysis of national accounts data from 1949 to 1975 shows that New Zealand's welfare state redistributed income primarily from one fraction of the working class to another. That is, wage-earners financed their own collective consumption. This finding suggests that system integration effects of state welfare expenditure are predicated less on economic gains that accrue to labour, than they are on state-sponsored welfare discourse. Future research should therefore concentrate on both economic and discursive aspects of the welfare state. [source] Mapping the Feminist Imagination:From Redistribution to Recognition to RepresentationCONSTELLATIONS: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CRITICAL AND DEMOCRATIC THEORY, Issue 3 2005Nancy Fraser First page of article [source] Immigration to the Land of RedistributionECONOMICA, Issue 308 2010TITO BOERI Negative perceptions about migrants in Europe are driven by concerns that foreigners abuse welfare. Paradoxically, instruments of social inclusion are becoming weapons of mass exclusion. We compare evidence on welfare access and the net fiscal position of migrants with perceptions based on a largely unexploited database (EU-SILC). We find no evidence that legal migrants, notably skilled migrants, are net recipients of transfers from the state. However, there is evidence of ,residual dependency' on non-contributory transfers and self-selection of unskilled migrants in the countries with the most generous welfare states. Alternative strategies to unbundle migration from welfare access are discussed. [source] Strategic Political Participation and RedistributionECONOMICS & POLITICS, Issue 1 2002Toke Skovsgaard Aidt The purpose of this paper is to study formation of support and opposition to redistribution. We analyze a society with two groups of citizens and a government. The government distributes income from one group to the other in response to political pressure. The interaction between the groups is modeled as a two-stage game. In stage 1, the groups decide if they want to be politically active. In stage 2, the active group or groups seek influence on the direction and size of the transfer. We demonstrate that supporters of redistribution are always politically active but that opposition is often absent. Moreover, when opposition is absent there is a strong tendency for underdissipation of the transfer, while political competition typically leads to overdissipation. [source] Dynamics of metal subcellular distribution and its relationship with metal uptake in marine musselsENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 9 2005Tania Y-T. Abstract We examined the dynamics of subcellular distribution of metals (Cd, Ag, and Zn) in the marine green mussel Perna viridis by partitioning the metals into the insoluble fraction (IF), heat-sensitive proteins (HSP), and metallothionein-like proteins (MTLP) during metal uptake and elimination. Variations in metal uptake and elimination then were correlated with the subcellular distributions of these metals. The IF and HSP were the first ligands to bind with the metals during the dissolved exposure, and more metals were found in the HSP when the metal influx rate was higher. However, to minimize toxicity, metals were redistributed from HSP to MTLP afterwards. The subcellular distribution of metals was dependent of the exposure route in the mussels. During dietary metal exposure, the metals attained equilibrium before they were assimilated and the metal assimilation efficiency was independent of the metal partitioning in different subcellular fractions. During the efflux, metals in the soluble fraction mediated depuration, whereas metals in the insoluble fraction acted as a final storage pool. Redistribution also may occur between the metal-sensitive and inactive pools without significant depuration as a secondary protective mechanism. We further demonstrated that the higher efflux rate of Ag and Cd was related to a higher partitioning in the MTLP and a lower partitioning in the IF. Our study shows that subcellular pools other than MTLP were involved in immediate metal handling in the bivalves. The wide dynamics of subcellular metal distribution suggests that the relevance of individual subcellular fractions is dependent on the exposure pathway. [source] Redistribution of small GTP-binding protein, Rab27B, in rat parotid acinar cells after stimulation with isoproterenolEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2009Akane Imai Small GTP-binding protein, Rab27, has been implicated in the regulation of different types of membrane trafficking, including melanosome transport in melanocytes and regulated secretion events in a wide variety of secretory cells. We have previously shown that Rab27 is involved in the control of isoproterenol (IPR)-induced amylase release from rat parotid acinar cells. Although Rab27 is predominantly localized on secretory granules under resting conditions, changes to its intracellular localization after ,-stimulation have never been elucidated. The present study investigated IPR-induced redistribution of Rab27B in the parotid acinar cells, revealing translocation from secretory granules to the subapical region after 5 min of IPR treatment and then diffusion into the cytosol after 30 min of IPR treatment. Dissociation of Rab27B from the apical plasma membrane is probably mediated through the Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) in the cytosol extracting GDP-bound Rab protein from membranes, as a dramatic increase in the amount of the Rab27B,GDI complex in the cytosol was observed 30 min after stimulation with IPR. These results indicate that, in parotid acinar cells, Rab27B is translocated, in a time-dependent manner, from secretory granules into the apical plasma membrane as a result of exposure to IPR, and then into the cytosol through binding with the GDI. [source] Recognition, Redistribution, and Democracy: Dilemmas of Honneth's Critical Social TheoryEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2005Christopher F. Zurn First page of article [source] Analysis of Tin Diffusion in Zircaloy-4 and Tin Redistribution after Steam Oxidation by Means of X-ray Fluorescence Measurements,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 6 2009Mirco Grosse The temperature dependence of tin diffusion coefficients in the nuclear fuel rod cladding tube material Zircaloy-4 is determined in the range of 1,000,1,400,°C by means of X-ray fluorescence measurements. During oxidation at these temperatures, tin is redistributed, as shown in the figure. Due to tin diffusion in zirconium being much slower than the growing of the oxide layer, tin is segregated inside the oxide layer and at phase boundaries. [source] Redistribution of archaeological assemblages in plowzonesGEOARCHAEOLOGY: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Marta Navazo Archaeological surface surveys have located open-air sites on cropland in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). To what degree agricultural disturbances have impacted archaeological site integrity is poorly defined and may greatly affect interpretations of prehistoric land use. This paper presents the results of three experiments concerned with the effects of tillage on artifact distribution, focusing specifically on lateral and vertical artifact displacement. We demonstrate highly variable horizontal displacement of artifacts by plowing and overall downward movement of lithic materials within the soil. This results in an expansion of site boundaries and reduction of surface artifact density, yielding a biased and unrepresentative picture of past human activity. More experimental studies are needed to better define agricultural disturbances to surface archaeological assemblages. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Pareto-Improving Redistribution and Pure Public GoodsGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2000Richard Cornes In the pure public good model, the Nash equilibrium associated with one initial income distribution may Pareto dominate the equilibrium associated with another distribution of the same aggregate income. We explore this possibility and examine its implications for Pareto-improving policy intervention by undertaking a comparative static analysis of Pareto-improving tax-financed increases in pure public good provision. Under some circumstances, a government can engineer policies that raise public good provision while increasing the well-being of contributors and non-contributors. Crucial factors promoting this outcome involve a large number of non-contributors, a high marginal valuation for the public good by non-contributors and a large aggregate response of contributors to changes in their income. [source] Redistribution or horizontal equity in Hong Kong's mixed public,private health system: a policy conundrumHEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2009Gabriel M. Leung Abstract We examine the distributional characteristics of Hong Kong's mixed public,private health system to identify the net redistribution achieved through public spending on health care, compare the income-related inequality and inequity of public and private care and measure horizontal inequity in health-care delivery overall. Payments for public care are highly concentrated on the better-off whereas benefits are pro-poor. As a consequence, public health care effects significant net redistribution from the rich to the poor. Public care is skewed towards the poor in part not only because of allocation according to need but also because the rich opt out of the public sector and consume most of the private care. Overall, there is horizontal inequity favouring the rich in general outpatient care and (very marginally) inpatient care. Pro-rich bias in the distribution of private care outweighs the pro-poor bias of public care. A lesser role for private finance may improve horizontal equity of utilisation but would also reduce the degree of net redistribution through the public sector. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Redistribution of the sheep neonatal Fc receptor in the mammary gland around the time of parturition in ewes and its localization in the small intestine of neonatal lambsIMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2002Balázs Mayer Summary Maternal immunity is mediated exclusively by colostral immunoglobulins in ruminants. As the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is suggested to be involved in the transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the mammary gland, we cloned this receptor from sheep and analysed its expression in the mammary gland around the time of parturition and also in the small intestine from the newborn lamb. FcRn heavy-chain mRNA was detected (by using in situ hybridization) exclusively in the acinar and ductal epithelial cells in mammary gland biopsies both before and after parturition. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the acini and ducts in the mammary gland biopsies stained homogeneously before parturition. A remarkable difference was observed in the pattern after lambing, where the apical side of the cells was strongly stained. The presence of the FcRn in the acinar and ductal epithelial cells of the mammary gland, and the obvious change in distribution before and after parturition, indicate that the FcRn plays an important role in the transport of IgG during colostrum formation in ruminants. Immunohistochemical analysis detected a strong apical and a weak basal FcRn signal in the duodenal crypt cells of a neonatal lamb, which have been previously demonstrated to secrete IgG1 in newborn ruminants. The FcRn was not detected in the duodenal enterocytes, which absorb intact IgG from the colostrum in a non-specific manner. These data suggest that FcRn is involved in IgG1 secretion in ruminant epithelial cells. [source] Economic Development, Income Inequality, and Preferences for Redistribution,INTERNATIONAL STUDIES QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2010Michelle L. Dion Adopting a cross-regional and global perspective, this article critically evaluates one of the core assertions of political economy approaches to welfare,that support for redistribution is inversely related to income. We hypothesize that economic self-interest gives way to more uniform support for redistribution in the interest of ensuring that basic or relative needs are met in less developed and highly unequal societies. To test this hypothesis, we analyze individual-level surveys combined with country-level indicators for more than 50 countries between 1984 and 2004. Our analysis shows that individual-level income does not systematically explain support for redistribution in countries with low levels of economic development or high levels of income inequality. These findings challenge the universality of the assumption of economic self-interest in shaping preferences for redistribution that has been so pervasive in the literature. [source] Cyclosporin A prevents calpain activation despite increased intracellular calcium concentrations, as well as translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation in neurons exposed to transient hypoglycemiaJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2003Michel Ferrand-Drake Abstract Blockade of mitochondrial permeability transition protects against hypoglycemic brain damage. To study the mechanisms downstream from mitochondria that may cause neuronal death, we investigated the effects of cyclosporin A on subcellular localization of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c, activation of the cysteine proteases calpain and caspase-3, as well as its effect on brain extracellular calcium concentrations. Redistribution of cytochrome c occurred at 30 min of iso-electricity, whereas translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to nuclei occurred at 30 min of recovery following 30 min of iso-electricity. Active caspase-3 and calpain-induced fodrin breakdown products were barely detectable in the dentate gyrus and CA1 region of the hippocampus of rat brain exposed to 30 or 60 min of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. However, 30 min or 3 h after recovery of blood glucose levels, fodrin breakdown products and active caspase-3 markedly increased, concomitant with a twofold increase in caspase-3-like enzymatic activity. When rats were treated with neuroprotective doses of cyclosporin A, but not with FK 506, the redistribution of apoptosis-inducing factor and cytochrome c was reduced and fodrin breakdown products and active caspase-3 immuno-reactivity was diminished whereas the extracellular calcium concentration was unaffected. We conclude that hypoglycemia leads to mitochondrial permeability transition which, upon recovery of energy metabolism, mediates the activation of caspase-3 and calpains, promoting cell death. [source] Optimal Redistribution with Heterogeneous Preferences for LeisureJOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 4 2002Robin Boadway This paper examines the properties of the optimal nonlinear income tax when preferences are quasi,linear in leisure and individuals differ in their ability and their preferences for leisure. The government seeks to redistribute income. It can perfectly observe the level of endogenous income but cannot observe either ability or preferences. The heterogeneity of preferences leads to problems of comparability between individual utilities which challenge the design of redistributive schemes. We analyze the consequences of adopting a utilitarian social welfare function where the government is allowed to give different weights to individuals with different preferences. Under this particular social objective and given the quasi,linearity of preferences, we are able to obtain closed,form solutions for the marginal tax rates and to examine the progressivity of the tax system according to the weights used. [source] Redistribution and Insurance: Mandatory Annuitization With Mortality HeterogeneityJOURNAL OF RISK AND INSURANCE, Issue 1 2003Jeffrey R. Brown This article examines the distributional implications of mandatory longevity insurance when mortality heterogeneity exists in the population. Previous research has demonstrated the significant financial redistribution that occurs under alternative annuity programs in the presence of differential mortality across groups. This article embeds that analysis into a life-cycle framework that allows for an examination of distributional effects on a utility-adjusted basis. It finds that the degree of redistribution that occurs from the introduction of a mandatory annuity program is substantially lower on a utility-adjusted basis than when evaluated on a purely financial basis. In a simple life-cycle model with no bequests, complete annuitization is welfare enhancing even for those with higher-than-average expected mortality rates, so long as administrative costs are sufficiently low. These findings have implications for policy toward annuitization, particularly as part of a reformed Social Security system. [source] Particle Redistribution During Dendritic Solidification of Particle SuspensionsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 8 2006Noah O. Shanti Solidification of the liquid medium in ceramic suspensions containing less than a critical volume fraction powder leads to the formation of particle-free dendrites of the frozen medium. These particle-free dendrites create, after sublimation of the frozen vehicle, large dendrite pores. We define the conditions under which particle-free dendrites form, and relate the size and volume fraction of the dendrites to the volume fraction powder and the solidification rate. [source] Relative fatigue life estimation of cylindrical hollow rollers in general pure rolling contactLUBRICATION SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008Wisam M. Abu Jadayil Solid and hollow cylindrical rollers in pure rolling contact have been modelled. The two rollers are subjected to a combined normal and tangential loading. The tangential loading is one-third of the normal loading value. The finite element package, ABAQUS, is used to study the stress distribution and the resulting deformations in the bodies of the rollers. Then the Ioannides,Harris fatigue life model for rolling bearings is applied on the ABAQUS numerical results to investigate the fatigue life of the solid and hollow rollers. Using the fatigue life of the solid rollers as the reference fatigue life, the relative fatigue lives of hollow rollers are determined. Four main different hollowness percentages are been studied: 20, 40, 60 and 80%. The hollowness percentage is the ratio of the diameter of the hole to the outer diameter of the cylinder. For each of those hollowness percentages, two cases are studied , when the two rollers in contact are hollow and when one hollow roller is in contact with a solid roller. This study includes two main models: Model 1, where the two cylindrical rollers in contact are of the same size, and Model 2, where the two rollers in contact are not of the same size. The estimated relative fatigue lives of hollow rollers showed a great improvement of the fatigue life compared with solid rollers under the same loading conditions. This was a result of the redistribution of stresses in the contact zone in the case of hollow rollers. Redistribution of stresses over a larger volume of the roller body decreased the peak stress and reduced the volume under risk. Increasing the hollowness percentage from 20 to 60% increased the flexibility of the roller, and better stress distribution was achieved, which resulted in improving the fatigue life. Although 80% of hollowness rollers have more flexibility than 60% of hollowness rollers, the bending stresses (,b) on the inner surface of the rollers tend to decrease the fatigue life. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Two-part Pricing, Public Discriminating Monopoly and Redistribution: A NoteMETROECONOMICA, Issue 2 2002Philippe Bernard This note analyzes some properties of optional two-part pricing in a two-type economy. First, the optimal contracts along the Paretian frontier are described. Then, the duality relation between the Rawlsian program and the discriminating monopoly is demonstrated. Last, this property is used to build a mutualist mechanism implementing the constrained Pareto optima. [source] Optical properties of InGaN/GaN quantum wells on sapphire and bulk GaN substratePHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 6 2006M. Dworzak Abstract We investigated the recombination dynamics in InGaN quantum well (QW) structures, grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition on sapphire and bulk GaN crystals. We present the results of time-integrated and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy performed on single QWs with widths of 4.5 nm and 9.5 nm. The recombination mechanisms were studied at 5 K and elevated temperatures up to room temperature. Radiative and nonradiative life-times were determined. The luminescence properties are strongly influenced by the localization of excitons in a complex potential landscape with localization sites of varying depth. Redistribution of charges from shallow to deeper localization sites were observed. The band profile fluctuations influence the thermal stability of the luminescence. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] ,-Opioid Receptor Redistribution in the Locus Coeruleus Upon Precipitation of Withdrawal in Opiate-Dependent RatsTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Jillian L. Scavone Abstract Administration of ,-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists is known to produce adaptive changes within noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Alterations in the subcellular distribution of MOR have been shown to occur in the LC in response to full agonists and endogenous peptides; however, there is considerable debate in the literature whether trafficking of MOR occurs after chronic exposure to the partial-agonist morphine. In the present study, we examined adaptations in MOR after chronic opioid exposure using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy (EM), using receptor internalization as a functional endpoint. MOR trafficking in LC neurons was characterized in morphine-dependent rats that were given naltrexone at a dose known to precipitate withdrawal. After chronic morphine exposure, a subtle redistribution of MOR immunoreactivity from the membrane to the cytosol was detected within dendrites of LC neurons. Interestingly, an acute injection of naltrexone in rats exposed to chronic morphine produced a robust internalization of MOR, whereas administration of naltrexone failed to do so in naïve animals. These findings provide anatomical evidence for modified regulation of MOR trafficking after chronic morphine treatment in brain noradrenergic neurons. Adaptations in the MOR signaling pathways that regulate internalization may occur as a consequence of chronic treatment and precipitation of withdrawal. Mechanisms underlying this effect might include differential MOR regulation in the LC, or downstream effects of withdrawal-induced enkephalin (ENK) release from afferents to the LC. Anat Rec, 292:401,411, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Liver Perfusion in Sepsis, Septic Shock, and Multiorgan FailureTHE ANATOMICAL RECORD : ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 6 2008Herbert Spapen Abstract Sepsis causes significant alterations in the hepatic macro- and microcirculation. Diverging views exist on global hepatic blood flow during experimental sepsis because of the large variety in animal and sepsis models. Fluid-resuscitated clinical sepsis is characterized by ongoing liver ischemia due to a defective oxygen extraction despite enhanced perfusion. The effects of vasoactive agents on the hepatosplanchnic circulation are variable, mostly anecdotal, and depend on baseline perfusion, time of drug administration, and use of concomitant medication. Microvascular blood flow disturbances are thought to play a pivotal role in the development of sepsis-induced multiorgan failure. Redistribution of intrahepatic blood flow in concert with a complex interplay between sinusoidal endothelial cells, liver macrophages, and passing leukocytes lead to a decreased perfusion and blood flow velocity in the liver sinusoids. Activation and dysfunction of the endothelial cell barrier with subsequent invasion of neutrophils and formation of microthrombi further enhance liver tissue ischemia and damage. Substances that regulate (micro)vascular tone, such as nitric oxide, endothelin-1, and carbon monoxide, are highly active during sepsis. Possible interactions between these mediators are not well understood, and their therapeutic manipulation produces equivocal or disappointing results. Whether and how standard resuscitation therapy influences the hepatic microvascular response to sepsis is unknown. Indirect evidence supports the concept that improving the microcirculation may prevent or ameliorate sepsis-induced organ failure. Anat Rec, 291:714,720, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Pareto-Improving Redistribution in a MonopolyTHE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2003Jacques Thépot This paper discusses the impact of income transfers between consumers of a monopoly. In this context, redistributing the incomes could induce an increase of the demand elasticity which leads to a lower monopoly price, beneficial to any consumer. Under mild assumptions on the demand function, we prove the existence of a transfer maximizing the market coverage which remains advantageous for any contributing consumer. It is proved that the producer is also better off. Then the transfer is Pareto-improving. In the linear demand case, analytical results are found. Extensions to Cournot oligopoly and natural monopoly pricing are considered. JEL Classification Numbers: D31, D64, H2, L13 [source] New Labour and the Redistribution of TimeTHE POLITICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2006MARY CAMPBELL First page of article [source] Zur Momentenumlagerung in Elementdecken mit GitterträgernBETON- UND STAHLBETONBAU, Issue 12 2006Rüdiger Beutel Dr.-Ing. Elementdecken aus vorgefertigten Stahlbetonplatten mit Gitterträgern und aufbetonierter Ortbetonschicht werden bei einem zusätzlichen Nachweis der Verbundfuge wie Ortbetondecken bemessen. Während nichtlineare und plastische Bemessungsverfahren in bauaufsichtlichen Zulassungen für Gitterträger derzeit aufgrund mangelnder Erfahrung ausgeschlossen sind, ist eine lineare Schnittgrößenermittlung mit nachträglicher begrenzter Momentenumlagerung wie bei Ortbetondecken möglich. Für Momentenumlagerungen von 30% muß nach DIN 1045-1 hochduktiler Betonstahl für die Biegezugbewehrung verwendet werden. Wenngleich DIN 1045-1 hierbei normalduktilen Betonstahl für Gitterträger nicht ausschließt, ist die notwendige Rotationsfähigkeit sicherzustellen. Vier Versuche am Institut für Massivbau der RWTH Aachen haben gezeigt, daß auch mit Gitterträgern aus normalduktilem Betonstahl große plastische Rotationen möglich sind, ohne daß eine Reduktion der Querkrafttragfähigkeit festzustellen war. Moment Redistribution in Precast Plates with Lattice Girders Semi precast slabs consist of precast plates with lattice girders and an in-situ concrete topping. The structural behaviour is nearly equivalent to monolithic slabs. However, the shear capacity at the interface between precast element and concrete topping has to design thoroughly. Although technical approvals of lattice girders do not allow non-linear analysis due to insufficient experience, a linear elastic analysis with limited moment redistribution is permitted. For a moment redistribution of 30% the use of class B (high ductility) reinforcement is required according to DIN 1045-1. Hereby, a sufficient rotation capacity has to be ensured for both bending reinforcement and lattice girder, too. Beam tests with lattice girders of class A (normal ductility) reinforcing steel have performed at the institute of structural concrete at RWTH Aachen University revealed high plastic rotations without reducing the shear capacity. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Halide Redistribution in Pd-Catalyzed 1,6-Diene Cycloisomerization.CHEMINFORM, Issue 19 2001Katharine L. Bray Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Femtosecond Time-Resolved Geometry Relaxation and Ultrafast Intramolecular Energy Redistribution in Ag2AuCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 2 2005Thorsten M. Bernhardt Dr. Abstract The ultrafast dynamics of the bimetallic cluster Ag2Au is investigated by pump,probe negative ion-to-neutral-to-positive ion (NeNePo) spectroscopy. Preparation of the neutral cluster in a highly nonequilibrium state by electron detachment from the mass-selected anion, and subsequent probing of the neutral nuclear dynamics through two-photon ionization to the cationic state, leads to strongly probe-energy-dependent transient cation-abundance signals. The origin of this pronounced time and wavelength dependence of the ionization probability on the femtosecond scale is revealed by ab initio theoretical simulations of the transient spectra. Based on the analysis of underlying dynamics, two fundamental processes involving geometry relaxation from linear to triangular structure followed by ultrafast intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) have been identified and for the first time experimentally observed in the frame of NeNePo spectroscopy under conditions close to zero electron kinetic energy. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||