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Recent Applications (recent + application)
Selected AbstractsRecent Applications of Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions in the Pharmaceutical, Agrochemical, and Fine Chemical IndustriesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 18 2009Christian Torborg Abstract Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have become a central tool for the synthesis of biologically active compounds both in academia and industry. Most of these transformations make use of easily available substrates and allow for a shorter and more selective preparation of substituted arenes and heteroarenes compared to non-catalytic pathways. Notably, molecular-defined palladium catalysts offer high chemoselectivity and broad functional group tolerance. Considering these advantages, it is not surprising that several palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions have been implemented in the last decade into the industrial manufacture of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In this review different examples from 2001,2008 are highlighted, which have been performed at least on a kilogram scale in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. [source] Proteomics: Recent Applications and New TechnologiesBASIC AND CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Mollisa M. Elrick Proteomic analyses have recently been conducted on tissues, biofluids, subcellular components and enzymatic pathways as well as various disease and toxicological states, in both animal models and man. In addition, several recent studies have attempted to integrate proteomics data with genomics and/or metabonomics data in a systems biology approach. The translation of proteomic technology and bioinformatics tools to clinical samples, such as in the areas of disease and toxicity biomarkers, represents one of the major opportunities and challenges facing this field. An ongoing challenge in proteomics continues to be the analysis of the serum proteome due to the vast number and complexity of proteins estimated to be present in this biofluid. Aside from the removal of the most abundant proteins, a number of interesting approaches have recently been suggested that may help reduce the overall complexity of serum analysis. In keeping with the increasing interest in applications of proteomics, the tools available for proteomic analyses continue to improve and expand. For example, enhanced tools (such as software and labeling procedures) continue to be developed for the analysis of 2D gels and protein quantification. In addition, activity-based probes are now being used to tag, enrich and isolate distinct sets of proteins based on enzymatic activity. One of the most active areas of development involves microarrays. Antibody-based microarrays have recently been released as commercial products while numerous additional capture agents (e.g. aptamers) and many additional types of microarrays are being explored. [source] Gene transfer into chicken embryos as an effective system of analysis in developmental biologyDEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION, Issue 3 2000Sadao Yasugi Chicken embryos have been used as a model animal in developmental biology since the time of comparative and experimental embryology. Recent application of gene transfer techniques to the chicken embryo increases their value as an experimental animal. Today, gene transfer into chicken cells is performed by three major systems, lipofection, electroporation and the virus-mediated method. Each system has its own features and applicability. In this overview and the associated four minireviews, the methods and application of each system will be presented. [source] EXTINCTION DURING EVOLUTIONARY RADIATIONS: RECONCILING THE FOSSIL RECORD WITH MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIESEVOLUTION, Issue 12 2009Tiago B. Quental Recent application of time-varying birth,death models to molecular phylogenies suggests that a decreasing diversification rate can only be observed if there was a decreasing speciation rate coupled with extremely low or no extinction. However, from a paleontological perspective, zero extinction rates during evolutionary radiations seem unlikely. Here, with a more comprehensive set of computer simulations, we show that substantial extinction can occur without erasing the signal of decreasing diversification rate in a molecular phylogeny. We also find, in agreement with the previous work, that a decrease in diversification rate cannot be observed in a molecular phylogeny with an increasing extinction rate alone. Further, we find that the ability to observe decreasing diversification rates in molecular phylogenies is controlled (in part) by the ratio of the initial speciation rate (Lambda) to the extinction rate (Mu) at equilibrium (the LiMe ratio), and not by their absolute values. Here we show in principle, how estimates of initial speciation rates may be calculated using both the fossil record and the shape of lineage through time plots derived from molecular phylogenies. This is important because the fossil record provides more reliable estimates of equilibrium extinction rates than initial speciation rates. [source] LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 INHIBITION IN VITRO BY LIPOSOME-ENCAPSULATED NISIN AND ETHYLENE DIAMINETETRAACETIC ACIDJOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY, Issue 2 2008T. MATTHEW TAYLOR ABSTRACT Encapsulation technologies that effectively reduce antimicrobial interaction with food components or protect antimicrobial compounds from food processing measures have the potential to improve the microbiological safety of ready-to-eat foods. Recent application of liposomes for the preservation of cheese has spurred research into their utility in other food matrices. To ascertain the feasibility of encapsulated antimicrobial for the control of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 growth in a model system, nisin (5.0 and 10.0 µg/mL) and the chelator ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid were entrapped in phospholipid liposomes. While phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes did not produce significant inhibition of target pathogens, PC/phosphatidylglycerol 8/2 and 6/4 (mol%) produced significant inhibition of pathogens. Near-complete inhibition of E. coli O157:H7 with liposomal antimicrobials at concentrations below those reported necessary for unencapsulated antimicrobial and chelator suggests that liposomes may represent a powerful technology for the encapsulation of antimicrobials and the control of foodborne pathogens. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The activity of many antimicrobials is abolished in many food products for a variety of reasons. Interference and cross-reactions of the antimicrobial and various food constituents, such as protein and fat, are difficult to overcome and often require large amounts of antimicrobial in order to gain significant reductions in the pathogen load in a product. Loss of solubility of some antimicrobials based on pH or ionic strength will negatively affect the antimicrobial potential of a compound like nisin. Liposome encapsulation technologies, such as that reported here, may allow for the maintenance of antimicrobial activity by protecting the antimicrobial against cross-reactions with food components. Additionally, the liposome core represents a microenvironment which can be manipulated by the manufacturer in order to preserve optimal antimicrobial solubility and stability conditions until the time of release. [source] Capillary and microchip electrophoresis in microdialysis: Recent applicationsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2010Elizabeth Guihen Abstract The theme of this review is to highlight the importance of microscale electrophoretic-based separation systems in microdialysis (,D). The ability of CE and MCE to yield very rapid and highly efficient separations using just nanolitre volumes of microdialysate samples will also be discussed. Recent advances in this area will be highlighted, by illustration of some exciting new applications while the need for further innovation will be covered. The first section briefly introduces the concept of ,D sampling coupled with electrophoresis-based separation and the inherent advantages of this approach. The following section highlights some specific applications of CE separations in the detection of important biomarkers such as low-molecular-weight neurotransmitters, amino acids, and other molecules that are frequently encountered in ,D. Various detection modes in CE are outlined and some of the advantages and drawbacks thereof are discussed. The last section introduces the concepts of micro-total analysis systems and the coupling of MCE and ,D. Some of the latest innovations will be illustrated. The concluding section reflects on the future of this important chemical alliance between ,D and CE/MCE. [source] On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006ERIC A. DAVIDSON Abstract Respiration, which is the second most important carbon flux in ecosystems following gross primary productivity, is typically represented in biogeochemical models by simple temperature dependence equations. These equations were established in the 19th century and have been modified very little since then. Recent applications of these equations to data on soil respiration have produced highly variable apparent temperature sensitivities. This paper searches for reasons for this variability, ranging from biochemical reactions to ecosystem-scale substrate supply. For a simple membrane-bound enzymatic system that follows Michaelis,Menten kinetics, the temperature sensitivities of maximum enzyme activity (Vmax) and the half-saturation constant that reflects the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (Km) can cancel each other to produce no net temperature dependence of the enzyme. Alternatively, when diffusion of substrates covaries with temperature, then the combined temperature sensitivity can be higher than that of each individual process. We also present examples to show that soluble carbon substrate supply is likely to be important at scales ranging from transport across membranes, diffusion through soil water films, allocation to aboveground and belowground plant tissues, phenological patterns of carbon allocation and growth, and intersite differences in productivity. Robust models of soil respiration will require that the direct effects of substrate supply, temperature, and desiccation stress be separated from the indirect effects of temperature and soil water content on substrate diffusion and availability. We speculate that apparent Q10 values of respiration that are significantly above about 2.5 probably indicate that some unidentified process of substrate supply is confounded with observed temperature variation. [source] Application of latent variable methods to process control and multivariate statistical process control in industryINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, Issue 4 2005Theodora Kourti Abstract Multivariate monitoring and control schemes based on latent variable methods have been receiving increasing attention by industrial practitioners in the last 15 years. Several companies have enthusiastically adopted the methods and have reported many success stories. Applications have been reported where multivariate statistical process control, fault detection and diagnosis is achieved by utilizing the latent variable space, for continuous and batch processes, as well as, for process transitions as for example start ups and re-starts. This paper gives an overview of the latest developments in multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) and its application for fault detection and isolation (FDI) in industrial processes. It provides a critical review of the methodology and describes how it is transferred to the industrial environment. Recent applications of latent variable methods to process control as well as to image analysis for monitoring and feedback control are discussed. Finally it is emphasized that the multivariate nature of the data should be preserved when data compression and data preprocessing is applied. It is shown that univariate data compression and reconstruction may hinder the validity of multivariate analysis by introducing spurious correlations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The interpretation, assessment and conservation of ecological communitiesECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION, Issue 2009David A. Keith Summary Ecological communities are assemblages of species that occur together in space and time. Their properties include composition, structure, habitat, distribution, biological interactions and ecosystem functions. The community concept has a central role in conservation planning, and is a key approach for biodiversity conservation above the species level. The relatively recent application of risk assessment and regulatory systems to conservation of ecological communities has highlighted a number of challenges related to intrinsic uncertainties in the definition, diagnosis and assessment of ecological communities. In this review, I aim to elucidate some key conceptual issues essential to the interpretation of communities. Effective description, diagnosis and assessment of communities rests on an understanding of community theory in relation to environmental gradients and ecosystem dynamics. Continuum and discrete models can both contribute to interpretation of communities for conservation. Different sources of uncertainty are inherent in the key properties that characterize communities. Although some of these are reducible, remaining uncertainty must be incorporated into assessments and decision-making processes for conservation. Protocols for assessing extinction risks of communities address rates of decline in distribution, size of distribution and rates of decline in ecological functions. Some protocols assess these factors in a manner that may be inconsistent with equivalent methods for assessing species. Communities may be viewed in a framework that distinguishes thematic, spatial and temporal scales. These scales influence the outcomes of risk assessment, the benefits and limitations of maps and how well communities perform their function in conservation planning. When applied effectively, ecological communities can be powerful tools for delivering cost-effective outcomes for land-use planning and biodiversity conservation. [source] Family-focused treatment for bipolar disorder in adults and youthJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2007Chad D. Morris Levels of familial expressed emotion during an acute episode are consistently associated with rates of recurrence among bipolar patients. This article briefly reviews the evidence for expressed emotion (EE) as a prognostic indicator and then illustrates family-focused treatment (FFT) with adults and adolescents suffering from bipolar disorder. FFT is a time-limited, modularized treatment consisting of psychoeducation, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills. Controlled trials indicate that FFT is an efficacious adjunct to pharmacotherapy for patients with bipolar disorder. We describe its recent application to early onset bipolar patients and include a clinical vignette. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 63: 433,445, 2007. [source] Glaucoma induced by periorbital topical steroid use , a rare complicationCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2004D. Sahni Summary Eye complications arising during systemic and ophthalmic steroid use are well known. In contrast, there is little highlighting the similar risks associated with topical steroid use around the eyelids. We now describe a 29-year-old lady who used topical steroids in prolonged fashion throughout most of her life for severe eczema, with the recent application of large quantities of potent steroid continuously for one month, including to the periorbital region. Soon after, she presented to her ophthalmologist with severe bilateral glaucoma and irreversible visual loss attributed to the steroid use. Here we emphasise the possible risks of periorbital topical steroid use, as well as the importance of patient education and ophthalmological follow-up. [source] Computational Aspects of Risk-Based Inspection PlanningCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 3 2006Daniel Straub In this article, a computationally efficient method for the calculation of risk-based inspection (RBI) plans is presented, which overcomes the problem through the use of a generic approach. After an introduction in RBI planning, focus is set on the computational aspects of the methodology. The derivation of inspection plans through interpolation in databases with predefined generic inspection plans is demonstrated and the accuracy of the methodology is investigated. Finally, an overview is given on some recent applications of the generic approach in practice, including the implementation in efficient software tools. [source] Sensitive chiral analysis by capillary electrophoresisELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 1 2006Carmen Garcķa-Ruiz Abstract In this review, an updated view of the different strategies used up to now to enhance the sensitivity of detection in chiral analysis by CE will be provided to the readers. With this aim, it will include a brief description of the fundamentals and most of the recent applications performed in sensitive chiral analysis by CE using offline and online sample treatment techniques (SPE, liquid,liquid extraction, microdialysis, etc.), on-column preconcentration techniques based on electrophoretic principles (ITP, stacking, and sweeping), and alternative detection systems (spectroscopic, spectrometric, and electrochemical) to the widely used UV-Vis absorption detection. [source] Structure, reactivity and spectroscopic properties of minerals from lateritic soils: insights from ab initio calculationsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2007E. Balan Summary We review here some recent applications of ab initio calculations to the modelling of spectroscopic and energetic properties of minerals, which are key components of lateritic soils or govern their geochemical properties. Quantum mechanical ab initio calculations are based on density functional theory and density functional perturbation theory. Among the minerals investigated, zircon is a typical resistant primary mineral. Its resistance to weathering is at the origin of the peculiar geochemical behaviour of Zr, an element often used in mass balance calculations of continental weathering. Numerical modelling gives a unique picture of the origin of the chemical durability and radiation-induced amorphization of zircon. We also present several applications of ab initio calculations to the description of properties of secondary minerals, such as kaolinite-group minerals and gibbsite. Special attention is given to the calculation of infrared and Raman spectra. Surface properties and particle shape are major properties of finely-divided materials such as clay minerals. We show how theoretical modelling of infrared spectroscopic data provides information on natural samples at both the microscopic (atomic structure) and macroscopic (particle shape) length-scale. The systematic comparison of experimental and theoretical data significantly improves our understanding of mineral transformations during soil formation and evolution in lateritic environments. [source] Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of Precipitation,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 12 2006E. Clouet Abstract We present some recent applications of the atomistic diffusion model and of the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm to systems of industrial interest, i.e. Al-Zr-Sc and Fe-Nb-C alloys, or to model systems. These applications include study of homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation as well as of phase transformation under irradiation. The KMC simulations are also used to test the main assumptions and limitations of more simple models and classical theories used in the industry, e.g. the classical nucleation theory. [source] GIS Methods in Time-Geographic Research: Geocomputation and Geovisualization of Human Activity PatternsGEOGRAFISKA ANNALER SERIES B: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2004Mei-Po Kwan Abstract Over the past 40 years or so, human activities and movements in space-time have attracted considerable research interest in geography. One of the earliest analytical perspectives for the analysis of human activity patterns and movements in space-time is time geography. Despite the usefulness of time geography in many areas of geographical research, there are very few studies that actually implemented its constructs as analytical methods up to the mid-1990s. With increasing availability of geo-referenced individual-level data and improvement in the geo-computational capabilities of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), it is now more feasible than ever before to operationalize and implement time-geographic constructs. This paper discusses recent applications of GIS-based geo-computation and three-dimensional (3-D) geo-visualization methods in time-geographic research. The usefulness of these methods is illustrated through examples drawn from the author's recent studies. The paper attempts to show that GIS provides an effective environment for implementing time-geographic constructs and for the future development of operational methods in time-geographic research. [source] Regional Climate Models for Hydrological Impact Studies at the Catchment Scale: A Review of Recent Modeling StrategiesGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 7 2010Claudia Teutschbein This article reviews recent applications of regional climate model (RCM) output for hydrological impact studies. Traditionally, simulations of global climate models (GCMs) have been the basis of impact studies in hydrology. Progress in regional climate modeling has recently made the use of RCM data more attractive, although the application of RCM simulations is challenging due to often considerable biases. The main modeling strategies used in recent studies can be classified into (i) very simple constructed modeling chains with a single RCM (S-RCM approach) and (ii) highly complex and computing-power intensive model systems based on RCM ensembles (E-RCM approach). In the literature many examples for S-RCM can be found, while comprehensive E-RCM studies with consideration of several sources of uncertainties such as different greenhouse gas emission scenarios, GCMs, RCMs and hydrological models are less common. Based on a case study using control-run simulations of fourteen different RCMs for five Swedish catchments, the biases of and the variability between different RCMs are demonstrated. We provide a short overview of possible bias-correction methods and show that inter-RCM variability also has substantial consequences for hydrological impact studies in addition to other sources of uncertainties in the modeling chain. We propose that due to model bias and inter-model variability, the S-RCM approach is not advised and ensembles of RCM simulations (E-RCM) should be used. The application of bias-correction methods is recommended, although one should also be aware that the need for bias corrections adds significantly to uncertainties in modeling climate change impacts. [source] Ground Water Modeling Applications Using the Analytic Element MethodGROUND WATER, Issue 1 2006Randall J. Hunt Though powerful and easy to use, applications of the analytic element method are not as widespread as finite-difference or finite-element models due in part to their relative youth. Although reviews that focus primarily on the mathematical development of the method have appeared in the literature, a systematic review of applications of the method is not available. An overview of the general types of applications of analytic elements in ground water modeling is provided in this paper. While not fully encompassing, the applications described here cover areas where the method has been historically applied (regional, two-dimensional steady-state models, analyses of ground water,surface water interaction, quick analyses and screening models, wellhead protection studies) as well as more recent applications (grid sensitivity analyses, estimating effective conductivity and dispersion in highly heterogeneous systems). The review of applications also illustrates areas where more method development is needed (three-dimensional and transient simulations). [source] Applications of Nanoparticles in Biology,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 22 2008Mrinmoy De Abstract The wide variety of core materials available, coupled with tunable surface properties, make nanoparticles an excellent platform for a broad range of biological and biomedical applications. This Review provides an introduction to nanoparticle,biomolecular interactions as well as recent applications of nanoparticles in biological sensing, delivery, and imaging of live cells and tissues. [source] Application of the envelope-transient method to the analysis and design of autonomous circuitsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RF AND MICROWAVE COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING, Issue 6 2005Almudena Suįrez Abstract The envelope transient enables a very efficient simulation of circuits with two different time scales, such as those that contain modulated signals (for example, amplifier or mixers), where an accurate prediction of intermodulation distortion is needed. The method has also been extended to oscillator analysis, where it requires additional techniques in order to avoid convergence to degenerate mathematical solutions, for which the circuit is not actually oscillating. It allows an efficient analysis of transients in these circuits and an accurate prediction of the phase-noise spectrum. This article presents an overview of the envelope-transient method and its most recent applications to the simulation of autonomous circuits, such as free and forced oscillators, frequency dividers, and phase-locked loops. Using this method, the operation bands of these circuits (which are delimited by qualitative stability changes or bifurcations) can be determined in a straightforward manner. This technique can also be applied to predict intermodulation distortion in self-oscillating mixers and to simulate the response of synchronized oscillators containing modulated signals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2005. [source] Synthetic Applications of Laccase in Green ChemistryADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 9 2009Suteera Witayakran Abstract Laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2), multi-copper-containing oxidoreductase enzymes, are able to catalyze the oxidation of various low-molecular weight compounds, specifically, phenols and anilines, while concomitantly reducing molecular oxygen to water. Because of their high stability, selectivity for phenolic substructures, and mild reaction conditions, laccases are attractive for fine chemical synthesis. This review provides a discussion of the recent applications of this interesting enzyme in synthetic chemistry, including laccase and laccase-mediator catalyzed reactions. In addition, the review also includes a brief discussion of the distribution of laccase in nature, enzyme structure, and the catalytic mechanism which are of relevance to their applications as biocatalysts. [source] Time-dependent density functional theory for nonadiabatic processesISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 1-2 2005Roi Baer Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) is a general and robust method allowing the study of electron dynamics whether induced by nuclear motion or by external fields. We give a brief overview of the theory and some numerical methods together with recent applications stressing the generality and wide applicability of the method. We also discuss recent attempts to extend the present TDDFT by incorporating memory terms into the exchange correlation potentials. [source] Quantum monte carlo methods for electronic structure of nanosystemsISRAEL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY, Issue 2-3 2002Lubos Mitas We provide a brief review of recent applications of quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) methods to the electronic structure of nanosystems. We report on calculations of carbon rings with second-order Jahn-Teller effect, energy ordering of silicon clusters, dissociation enthalpies of protonated hydrogen clusters, and other interesting challenges. We point out the QMC accuracy and outline a few ideas that characterize the current position of QMC among the electronic structure methods and its future development. [source] Use of ionic liquids as ,green' solvents for extractionsJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 10 2005Hua Zhao Abstract This review summarizes recent applications of ionic liquids (ILs) as ,green' solvents in extractions of a variety of substances, including metal ions, organic and bio-molecules, organosulfur from fuels, and gases. ILs could also be used along with another ,green' technology, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), for a more effective separation of products from ILs. In addition to their environmentally-benign feature, ILs have other favorable properties over organic solvents used for extraction, such as adjustable hydrophobicity, polarity and selectivity. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Process integration technology review: background and applications in the chemical process industryJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 9 2003Russell F Dunn Abstract Process integration is a holistic approach to process design and operation which emphasizes the unity of the process. Process integration design tools have been developed over the past two decades to achieve process improvement, productivity enhancement, conservation in mass and energy resources, and reductions in the operating and capital costs of chemical processes. The primary applications of these integrated tools have focused on resource conservation, pollution prevention and energy management. Specifically, the past two decades have seen the development and/or application of process integration design tools for heat exchange networks (HENs), wastewater reduction and water conservation networks, mass exchange networks (MENs), heat- and energy-induced separation networks (HISENs and EISENs), waste interception networks (WINs) and heat- and energy-induced waste minimization networks (HIWAMINs and EIWAMINs), to name a few. This paper provides an overview of some of these developments and outlines major driving forces and hurdles. The fundamental aspects of this approach along with their incorporation in an overall design methodology will be discussed. The paper also highlights several recent applications of process integration to industrial processes. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Recent pharmaceutical applications of raman and terahertz spectroscopiesJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 11 2008Cushla M. McGoverin Abstract This review outlines recent applications of Raman and terahertz spectroscopies within the field of pharmaceutical research. Of the two approaches, Raman is better established and more accessible, and is responsible for the majority of reviewed studies. Both techniques feature limitations, however, which are discussed in the context of methods used to circumvent apparent restrictions. Regardless, the diverse range of applications illustrates the flexibility of Raman and terahertz spectroscopies when characterizing pharmaceutical systems. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 97:4598,4621, 2008 [source] Near infrared spectroscopy in the development of solid dosage formsJOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY: AN INTERNATI ONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2007Eetu Räsänen The use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has rapidly grown partly due to demands of process analytical applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, newest regulatory guidelines have advanced the increase of the use of NIR technologies. The non-destructive and non-invasive nature of measurements makes NIR a powerful tool in characterization of pharmaceutical solids. These benefits among others often make NIR advantageous over traditional analytical methods. However, in addition to NIR, a wide variety of other tools are naturally also available for analysis in pharmaceutical development and manufacturing, and those can often be more suitable for a given application. The versatility and rapidness of NIR will ensure its contribution to increased process understanding, better process control and improved quality of drug products. This review concentrates on the use of NIR spectroscopy from a process research perspective and highlights recent applications in the field. [source] Kinetic studies of biological interactions by affinity chromatographyJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 10 2009John E. Schiel Abstract The rates at which biological interactions occur can provide important information on the mechanism and behavior of such processes in living systems. This paper will discuss how affinity chromatography can be used as a tool to examine the kinetics of biological interactions. This approach, referred to here as biointeraction chromatography, uses a column with an immobilized binding agent to examine the association or dissociation of this agent with other compounds. The use of HPLC-based affinity columns in kinetic studies has received particular attention in recent years. Advantages of using HPLC with affinity chromatography for this purpose include the ability to reuse the same ligand within a column for a large number of experiments, and the good precision and accuracy of this approach. A number of techniques are available for kinetic studies through the use of affinity columns and biointeraction chromatography. These approaches include plate height measurements, peak profiling, peak fitting, split-peak measurements, and peak decay analysis. The general principles for each of these methods are discussed in this paper and some recent applications of these techniques are presented. The advantages and potential limitations of each approach are also considered. [source] Determination of adsorption isotherms by means of HPLC: Adsorption mechanism elucidation and separation optimizationJOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 5-6 2009Nicola Marchetti Abstract The purpose of this review is to illustrate the most important techniques for isotherm determination by means of HPLC. Starting on the traditional Frontal Analysis approach, Frontal Analysis by Characteristic Point, Elution by Characteristic Point, Perturbation Method in its different applications will be considered to conclude with the most recent Inverse Method approach. Since many of these techniques are based on the fundamentals of nonlinear chromatography, a short overview of the theory of nonlinear chromatography is presented. Emphasis is given to the most recent applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical applications, characterization of binding mechanisms, bioaffinity studies, molecular and chiral recognition processes. [source] Important roles of the hyphenated HPLC-DAD-MS-SPE-NMR technique in metabonomicsMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY, Issue S1 2009Huiru Tang Abstract Metabolite identification is a key step for metabonomics study. A fully automated hyphenation of HPLC-diode-array detector (DAD) mass spectrometry (MS) solid phase extraction (SPE),NMR spectroscopy (HPLC-DAD-MS-SPE-NMR) is one of the most efficient methods to determine the structure of a given unknown metabolite in a complex mixture (metabonome) and hence represents one of the most important analytical techniques for the further development of metabonomics. In this review, some recent applications of this technique in identifying novel and trace metabolites in plant extracts and drug metabolism have been discussed. Modification of this hyphenated technique, enabling multiple trappings of strong polar metabolites for biofluids, needs further development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||