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Reciprocity
Selected AbstractsINDIRECT GENETIC EFFECTS INFLUENCE ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR IN GUPPIES: ESTIMATES OF THE COEFFICIENT OF INTERACTION PSI AND THE INHERITANCE OF RECIPROCITYEVOLUTION, Issue 7 2009Bronwyn H. Bleakley How and why cooperation evolves, particularly among nonrelatives, remains a major paradox for evolutionary biologists and behavioral ecologists. Although much attention has focused on fitness consequences associated with cooperating, relatively little is known about the second component of evolutionary change, the inheritance of cooperation or reciprocity. The genetics of behaviors that can only be expressed in the context of interactions are particularly difficult to describe because the relevant genes reside in multiple social partners. Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) describe the influence of genes carried in social partners on the phenotype of a focal individual and thus provide a novel approach to quantifying the genetics underlying interactions such as reciprocal cooperation. We used inbred lines of guppies and a novel application of IGE theory to describe the dual genetic control of predator inspection and social behavior, both classic models of reciprocity. We identified effects of focal strain, social group strain, and interactions between focal and group strains on variation in focal behavior. We measured ,, the coefficient of the interaction, which describes the degree to which an individual's phenotype is influenced by the phenotype of its social partners. The genetic identity of social partners substantially influences inspection behavior, measures of threat assessment, and schooling and does so in positively reinforcing manner. We therefore demonstrate strong IGEs for antipredator behavior that represent the genetic variation necessary for the evolution of reciprocity. [source] ASSORTMENT AND THE EVOLUTION OF GENERALIZED RECIPROCITYEVOLUTION, Issue 7 2009Daniel J. Rankin Reciprocity is often invoked to explain cooperation. Reciprocity is cognitively demanding, and both direct and indirect reciprocity require that individuals store information about the propensity of their partners to cooperate. By contrast, generalized reciprocity, wherein individuals help on the condition that they received help previously, only relies on whether an individual received help in a previous encounter. Such anonymous information makes generalized reciprocity hard to evolve in a well-mixed population, as the strategy will lose out to pure defectors. Here we analyze a model for the evolution of generalized reciprocity, incorporating assortment of encounters, to investigate the conditions under which it will evolve. We show that, in a well-mixed population, generalized reciprocity cannot evolve. However, incorporating assortment of encounters can favor the evolution of generalized reciprocity in which indiscriminate cooperation and defection are both unstable. We show that generalized reciprocity can evolve under both the prisoner's dilemma and the snowdrift game. [source] ON GRACE AND RECIPROCITY A FRESH APPROACH TO CONTEXTUALIZATION WITH REFERENCE TO CHRISTIANITY IN MELANESIAINTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MISSION, Issue 355 2000Theodor Ahrens First page of article [source] Individual differences and social norms: the distinction between reciprocators and prosocialsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue S1 2001Marco Perugini Reciprocity is in this contribution compared with cooperation, hostility, and prosociality, in order to distinguish its peculiar theoretical and empirical characteristics. Two studies are presented. Study 1 (n,=,166) is based on the distinction between the mechanism of reciprocity and the consequent behaviour that this mechanism produces. It is shown that participants have a clear implicit theory of the personality traits underlying reciprocal behaviour, and these traits are well differentiated with respect to traits underlying cooperation and hostility. Study 2 (n,=,134) is based on the distinction between reciprocity as a goal and reciprocity as a strategy to achieve equality. Results show that individuals with high internalization of the norm of reciprocity allocate payoffs as a function of the valence of other's past behaviour, whereas this feature is irrelevant for individuals with high prosocial orientation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] ASSORTMENT AND THE EVOLUTION OF GENERALIZED RECIPROCITYEVOLUTION, Issue 7 2009Daniel J. Rankin Reciprocity is often invoked to explain cooperation. Reciprocity is cognitively demanding, and both direct and indirect reciprocity require that individuals store information about the propensity of their partners to cooperate. By contrast, generalized reciprocity, wherein individuals help on the condition that they received help previously, only relies on whether an individual received help in a previous encounter. Such anonymous information makes generalized reciprocity hard to evolve in a well-mixed population, as the strategy will lose out to pure defectors. Here we analyze a model for the evolution of generalized reciprocity, incorporating assortment of encounters, to investigate the conditions under which it will evolve. We show that, in a well-mixed population, generalized reciprocity cannot evolve. However, incorporating assortment of encounters can favor the evolution of generalized reciprocity in which indiscriminate cooperation and defection are both unstable. We show that generalized reciprocity can evolve under both the prisoner's dilemma and the snowdrift game. [source] Networks of Empire: Linkage and Reciprocity in Nineteenth-Century Irish and Indian HistoryHISTORY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 3 2009Barry Crosbie Recent debates surrounding Ireland's historical relationship with the British empire have focused almost exclusively upon its constitutional and political ties with Britain. The question of Ireland's colonial status continues to be heavily debated in Irish historiography and has been a contributing factor in obscuring our wider understanding of the complexity of Ireland's involvement in empire. For over 200 years, Ireland and India were joined together by an intricate series of networks that were borne out of direct Irish involvement in British imperialism overseas. Whether as migrants, soldiers, administrators, doctors, missionaries or educators, the Irish played an important role in administering, governing and populating vast areas of Britain's eastern empire. This article discusses new approaches to the study of Ireland's imperial past that allow us to move beyond the old ,coloniser-colonised' debate, to address the key issue of whether Ireland or the varieties of Irishness of its imperial servants and settlers made a specific difference to the experience of empire. By highlighting the multiplicity of Irish connections within the context of the nineteenth-century British empire in India, this article describes how imperial networks were used by contemporaries (settlers, migrants and indigenous agents) as mechanisms for the exchange of a whole set of ideas, practices and goods between Ireland and India during the colonial era. [source] Basic Income, Self-Respect and ReciprocityJOURNAL OF APPLIED PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2003Catriona Mckinnon Why should I let the toad work Squat on my life? Can't I use my wit as a pitchfork And drive the brute off? Six days of the week it soils With its sickening poison , Just for paying a few bills! That's out of proportion. From Philip Larkin, ,Toads'. ABSTRACT This paper mounts a Rawlsian argument for unconditional basic income on the grounds that it maximins the distribution of income and wealth understood as a social basis of self-respect. The most important objection to this argument available to Rawlsians is that basic income violates the demands of reciprocity, where reciprocity in any scheme of distribution is a requirement of justice. The second half of the paper addresses this objection. It is argued there that even if the objection can be made successfully by Rawlsians (and this is not clear), it is not sufficient to divest them of a commitment to basic income, given some practical considerations about the implementation of alternatives to basic income. [source] Effect on Restaurant Tipping of Presenting Customers With an Interesting Task and of ReciprocityJOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 7 2001Bruce Rind Research has shown that servers can increase their tip percentages by positively influencing customers' mood and using the compliance technique of reciprocity. These factors were examined in the current study. An experiment was conducted in which a female server either did or did not present customers with a novel, interesting task that has been shown in previous research to stimulate interest and enhance mood. Additionally, sometimes she allowed customers to keep the task, in an attempt to elicit reciprocity. It was predicted that both of these manipulations would increase tip percentages. Presenting customers with the interesting task did increase tips, from about 18.5% to 22%, although the reciprocity manipulation had no effect. [source] Elders' perceptions of formal and informal care: aspects of getting and receiving help for their activities of daily livingJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 3 2001Brenda Roe PhD, FRSH ,,A purposive and convenience sample of 16 women and four men receiving informal and formal care for their activities of daily living either at home or institutions in Southeast Washington, USA was interviewed. ,,Qualitative findings related to asking for help, getting and receiving help, interpersonal aspects of receiving help, and met and unmet needs are reported. ,,Some seniors found it more difficult to ask for and accept help and there were gender differences, with men tending to adopt a more logical and pragmatic approach while women viewed receiving help as a loss of independence and an invasion of privacy. Intimacy and nudity were also threats for women. ,,Three styles of adjustment and acceptance were identified within the data and related to positive acceptance, resigned acceptance and passive acceptance. ,,There appeared to be a relationship between independence and control, with elders losing some independence but retaining control through choice, payment and involvement in decision making. ,,Reciprocity was found to bring added value to relationships between care providers and elders, with a rhythm and symmetry developing in relationships where needs were known, anticipated and met. ,,Seniors should be encouraged to plan for their future and to find out about local help and services available to them in advance of their requiring any assistance. [source] The Nut in Screw TheoryJOURNAL OF FIELD ROBOTICS (FORMERLY JOURNAL OF ROBOTIC SYSTEMS), Issue 8 2003Michael Griffis This study in projective geometry reveals that the principle of duality applies to the screw. Here, the screw is demonstrated to be an element of a projective three-dimensional space (P3), right alongside the line. Dual elements for the screw and line are also revealed (the nut and spline). Reciprocity is demonstrated for a pair of screws, and incidence is demonstrated for screw and its dual element. Reciprocity and incidence are invariant for projective transformations of P3, but only incidence is invariant for the more general linear transformations of screws. This latter transformation is analogous to a projective transformation of a projective five-dimensional space (P5), which is shown to induce a contact transformation of the original P3, where some points lying on a Kummer surface are directly mapped. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Quality Meets Structure: Generalized Reciprocity and Firm-Level Advantage in Strategic NetworksJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 4 2010Joakim Wincent abstract In this paper we extend previous research by combining network structural and network process approaches. Specifically, in a six-year, three-wave study of 41 firms in two strategic networks, we found that the interaction between generalized reciprocity among a focal firm's partners and network tie intensity and betweenness centrality improved firm performance. No influences were observed for the interaction involving degree centrality and generalized reciprocity. Our research suggests that managers in strategic networks may need to consider the balance between relationship-extensive and relationship-intensive strategies. [source] What Leads to Romantic Attraction: Similarity, Reciprocity, Security, or Beauty?JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 4 2009Evidence From a Speed-Dating Study ABSTRACT Years of attraction research have established several "principles" of attraction with robust evidence. However, a major limitation of previous attraction studies is that they have almost exclusively relied on well-controlled experiments, which are often criticized for lacking ecological validity. The current research was designed to examine initial attraction in a real-life setting,speed-dating. Social Relations Model analyses demonstrated that initial attraction was a function of the actor, the partner, and the unique dyadic relationship between these two. Meta-analyses showed intriguing sex differences and similarities. Self characteristics better predicted women's attraction than they did for men, whereas partner characteristics predicted men's attraction far better than they did for women. The strongest predictor of attraction for both sexes was partners' physical attractiveness. Finally, there was some support for the reciprocity principle but no evidence for the similarity principle. [source] Socioeconomic Status and Patterns of Parent,Adolescent InteractionsJOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 1 2006Edith Chen This study investigated reciprocity in parent,adolescent interactions among 102 families from lower or higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Negative behaviors between parents and adolescents were more reciprocal (strongly correlated) in higher SES than lower SES families, and this reciprocity correlated with higher family relationship quality. Lower SES families exhibited reciprocity related to withdrawn behaviors. Reciprocity of these behaviors also correlated with higher relationship quality. Results suggest that SES differences provide insights into a more complex understanding of family relationships within contexts, and importantly, suggest that different types of reciprocity may each have its own adaptive value in families from different SES backgrounds. [source] Reciprocity in Parent,Child Exchange and Life Satisfaction among the Elderly: A Cross-National PerspectiveJOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, Issue 4 2007Ariela Lowenstein This study explores the role of intergenerational exchange relationships in the life satisfaction of a cross-national sample of older people. Specifically, it replicates and extends the study by Lee, Netzer, and Coward (1995), which examined the effects of aid exchanged between generations,older parents and their adult children. Social exchange and equity theories serve as the theoretical frameworks for the present research. The current research is based on data collected in the OASIS cross-national five countries project from 1,703 respondents (75+) living in urban settings. The main results are that the capacity to be an active provider in exchange relations enhances elders' life satisfaction. Being mainly a recipient of help from adult children is related to a lower level of life satisfaction. Filial norms are negatively related to life satisfaction. The study also underscores the importance of the emotional component in intergenerational family relations to the well-being of the older population. Intergenerational family bonds reflect a diversity of forms related to individual, familial, and social structural characteristics. The research highlights the importance of reciprocity in intergenerational relations between older parents and their adult children. [source] Coercion, Reciprocity, and Equality Beyond the StateJOURNAL OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3 2009Chris Armstrong First page of article [source] Erratum: Reciprocity of exposure time and irradiance on energy density during photoradiation on wound healing in a murine pressure ulcer model,LASERS IN SURGERY AND MEDICINE, Issue 10 2007FACS, Raymond J. Lanzafame MD In this original published article, Dr. Peter, Sr's name was misprinted. It should be Timothy A. Peter, Sr. [source] Scattering relations for point-source excitation in chiral mediaMATHEMATICAL METHODS IN THE APPLIED SCIENCES, Issue 1 2006Christodoulos Athanasiadis Abstract A spherical electromagnetic wave propagating in a chiral medium is scattered by a bounded chiral obstacle which can have any of the usual properties. Reciprocity and general scattering theorems, relating the scattered fields due to scattering of waves from a point source put in any two different locations are established. Applying the general scattering theorem for appropriate locations and polarizations of the point source we prove an associated forward scattering theorem. Mixed scattering relations, relating the scattered fields due to a plane wave and the far-field patterns due to a spherical wave, are also established. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The Soul of Reciprocity Part One: Reciprocity RefusedMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 3 2001John Milbank In this first of a two-part essay, Milbank contends that "Intersubjectivity poses itself both as a problem and as a solution only within the regime of representation that has prevailed since Descartes , although it was foreshadowed by post-Scottish scholasticism." The first part, then, is given over to a deconstruction of modern notions of the self in anticipation of the second part, which is a constructive proposal for a recovery of the soul. In the present essay, then, Milbank's intention is to show that "we should abandon the attempt to modify the regime of subjectivity with postmodern trans-humanism or else phenomenological intersubjectivity, or else again the neo-Kantian ethics of finitude, and instead attempt to recover the regime of the soul." [source] Reciprocity and Realpolitik: Image, Career, and Factional Genealogies in Provincial BoliviaAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 1 2001Robert Albro In this article, I analyze the persuasiveness of ritual libations in provincial Bolivia as populist spectacles. During an era of extensive national reform, these libations are prototypical definitional performances within a changing regional political arena. I argue for an approach to the contextualization of factional politics that resituates both performance based theories of rhetoric and ethnographic treatments of life histories in a more comprehensively synthetic public interpretive frame. I treat libations as part of a local political process attuned to the perceived truthfulness of personal indexical references in performative frames. The plausibility of sponsors' self-images turns on the potentially conflictual shadings of their public careers, shades often unintentionally generated by such spectacles, [political ritual, popular identity, life histories, indexicals, Bolivia] [source] Voluntary Association in Public Goods Experiments: Reciprocity, Mimicry and Efficiency,THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 506 2005Talbot Page We find that a process of voluntary association where individuals express a preference about whom they want to be associated with can create strong incentives to increase efficiency and contributions in provision of a public good. This process of endogenous group formation perfectly sorted contributions by the order of group formation. Comparison of middle and last period behaviour suggests that a majority of the subject population are conditional cooperators, with a minority of monetary payoff maximisers. The experiment illustrates that under favourable conditions, where the opportunities of entry and exit are symmetrically balanced, a process of voluntary association can mitigate the free-rider problem. [source] Some reflections on empathy and reciprocity in the use of countertransference between supervisor and superviseeTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2000James Astor Reciprocity refers in its general meaning to a mutual give and take. It is a background feature of all productive supervisory relationships. In this essay I want to bring it into the foreground. I will describe it by contrasting supervision and analysis. For, in my view, that is exactly what reciprocity is in the supervisory relationship: it is an attitude of mind in which the supervisor performs the task of differentiating internally the supervisory from the analytic vertex, in the context of the asymmetry of the supervisory relationship. [source] The Social Construction of Talent: A Defence of Justice as ReciprocityTHE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, Issue 1 2001Steven R. Smith Debates concerning principles of justice need to be attentive to various types of social process. One concerns the distribution of resources between groups defined as talented and untalented. Another concerns the social mechanisms by which people come to be categorised as talented and untalented. Political philosophers have paid considerable attention to the former issues, much less to the latter. That, I shall argue, represents a significant oversight. [source] Trips Principles, Reciprocity and the Creation of Sw'-Genens-Type Intellectual Property Rights for New Forms of TechnologyTHE JOURNAL OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, Issue 6 2003Guido Westkamp First page of article [source] Responsibility and Reciprocity: Social Organization of Mazahua Learning PracticesANTHROPOLOGY & EDUCATION QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2009Ruth Paradise This article describes Mazahua children's participation in learning interactions that take place when they collaborate with more knowledgeable others in everyday activities in family and community settings. During these interactions they coordinate their actions with those of other participants, switching between the roles of "knowledgeable performer" and "observing helper." It is argued that experience with this way of interacting implies readiness to take on responsibility for carrying out important family and community activities, and an understanding of and capacity for reciprocity. Observations in a sixth-grade classroom with a Mazahua teacher and children show that children continued to interact in ways that allowed for collaborative task-oriented organization of classroom learning activities.,[Indigenous education, family and community learning, interactional practices, Mazahua learning] [source] Reciprocity within biochemistry and biology service-learningBIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, Issue 3 2009Amy J. Santas Abstract Service-learning has become a popular pedagogy because of its numerous and far-reaching benefits (e.g. student interest, engagement, and retention). In part, the benefits are a result of the student learning while providing a service that reflects a true need,not simply an exercise. Although service-learning projects have been developed in the areas of Biochemistry and Biology, many do not require reciprocity between the student and those being served. A reciprocal relationship enables a depth in learning as students synthesize and integrate their knowledge while confronting a real-life need. A novel reciprocal service-learning project within a three-semester undergraduate research course in the areas of Biochemistry and Biology is presented. The goal of the project was agreed upon through joint meetings with the partner institution (The Wilds) to develop an in-house competitive ELISA pregnane diol assay. Student progress and achievements were followed through the use of rubrics and progress-meetings with The Wilds. A portfolio provided a visual of progress as it contained both the written assignments as well as the rubric. The article describes a specific reciprocal biochemistry and biology service-learning project and provides recommendations on how to adapt this service-learning design for use in other research courses. [source] 9.,Human Rights: Historical Learning in the Shadow of ViolenceAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009Article first published online: 18 FEB 200, Richard T. Peterson This paper emphasizes the historical dimension of human rights understood as a social ethic. Rather than timeless principles, human rights and the universality proper to them emerge in a process of suffering, conflict, political assertion, and institutional change. We can understand them as historical yet also universal by seeing that human rights arise in processes of social learning that take place in an increasingly globalized world. Such learning often has advanced in the face of dramatic violence, for example, the bombing of Hiroshima. But the demands on a global social ethic today are not only a matter of responding to threats and acts of dramatic violence in isolation. Attention to the example of Hiroshima suggests that the problem of violence is bound up with other questions about the regulation of emerging technical powers in a context of inequality and social conflict. To what extent can an ethic centered on human rights provide an ethics that can inform effective responses to these problems? To consider the promise of human rights, we look more closely at the kind of social learning they involve and explore in particular the role of social movements in forging new identities and reciprocities along with normative claims proper to a global public sphere (the anti-apartheid movement provides an example). We go on to see that these political experiences can inform interpretations of historical experience that can inform a widened sense of historical possibilities, both those missed in the past and those that confront us today. While this argument may thicken our sense of the promise of a human rights ethic, it remains speculative, not least because of the limited effectiveness of these norms in practice today. We close with the suggestion that nonetheless a coherent ethical response is possible, one that in the wealthy parts of the globe might take the form of an ethic of democratic responsibility. This would both represent a distinctive kind of learning and perhaps contribute to a wider advance of human rights. [source] Interpersonal perceptions and metaperceptions of relationship closeness, satisfaction and popularity: A relational and directional analysisASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2009David Y. F. Ho Relationship closeness, satisfaction in interaction, and popularity in mainland China was investigated using a methodological relational approach, which stresses the bidirectional nature of perceptions and metaperceptions. Two studies were conducted: one involving 164 dyads and the other 20 five-member groups; participants were college students of both sexes who were well acquainted with one another. Major results are: (i) liking perceptions and metaperceptions are predominately relational in nature; (ii) assumed reciprocities are not consistently larger than actual reciprocities; and (iii) directional congruence is modest for closeness, but high for satisfaction and popularity. These results are discussed in terms of methodological relationalism, particularly the construct of directionality. [source] IN AND OUT OF HARM'S WAY: VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION AND THE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF FICTIVE STREET FAMILIES,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2002BILL McCARTHY Homeless youth establish a variety of relationships with people they meet on the street. These associations generate different levels of the intangible resources of trust, commitment, and reciprocity that contribute to a person's social capital. We argue that the relationships homeless youth describe as "street families" resemble the fictive kin common among people who have limited resources, and that these relationships are a greater source of social capital than are other associations. Social capital may improve access to many valued outcomes, including protections. Regression analyses of violent victimization support our argument, demonstrating that fictive street families keep youth out of harm's way more than do other street associations. [source] Predicting competition coefficients for plant mixtures: reciprocity, transitivity and correlations with life-history traitsECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 4 2001R.P. Freckleton There are few empirical or theoretical predictions of how per capita or per individual competition coefficients for pairs of plant species should relate to each other. In contrast, there are a considerable number of general hypotheses that predict competitive ability as a function of a range of ecological traits, together with a suite of increasingly sophisticated models for competitive interactions between plant species. We re-analyse a data set on competition between all pairwise combinations of seven species and show that competition coefficients relate strongly to differences between the maximum sizes, root allocation, emergence time and seed size of species. Regressions suggest that the best predictor of competition coefficients is the difference in the maximum size of species and that correlations of the other traits with the competition coefficients occur through effects on the maximum size. We also explore the patterns of association between coefficients across the competition matrix. We find significant evidence for coefficient reciprocity (inverse relationships between the interspecific coefficients for species pairs) and transitivity (numerically predictable hierarchies of competition between species) across competition matrices. These results therefore suggest simple null models for plant community structure when there is competition for resources. [source] THE EFFECT OF REWARDS AND SANCTIONS IN PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODSECONOMIC INQUIRY, Issue 4 2007MARTIN SEFTON A growing number of field and experimental studies focus on the institutional arrangements by which individuals are able to solve collective action problems. Important in this research is the role of reciprocity and institutions that facilitate cooperation via opportunities for monitoring, sanctioning, and rewarding others. Sanctions represent a cost to both the participant imposing the sanction and the individual receiving the sanction. Rewards represent a zero-sum transfer from participants giving to those receiving rewards. We contrast reward and sanction institutions in regard to their impact on cooperation and efficiency in the context of a public goods experiment. (JEL C92) [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||