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Reasons Underlying (reason + underlying)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	28%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	28%

Selected Abstracts

Replacing ineffective early alcohol/drug education in the United States with age-appropriate adolescent programmes and assistance to problematic users

DRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 6 2007
Professor, RODNEY SKAGER PhD
Abstract Issues. Despite more than a decade of federal sponsorship of ,evidence-based' alcohol/drug education, there has been no consistent downward trend in overall prevalence among youth over the past 15 years. Reasons underlying this situation are examined. Approach. Published technical critiques of initial research supporting widely used evidence-based programs are reviewed along with replication studies conducted later by independent researchers not associated with initial program development. Social and institutional barriers in the US against changes in AOD policy and practice for young people are also suggested. Key Findings. Emerging use of diverted pharmaceuticals (now second to cannabis in prevalence) may underlie moderate recent decline in use of alcohol. Early federal certification standards for ,evidence based' prevention education have been seriously compromised. Technical critiques of initial evaluations and negative replication studies of these programs are consistent with lack of impact. Finally, fidelity of implementation in regular school settings is commonly flawed. Implications. Failure of these mainly pre-secondary educational programs may underlie recent federal support for forced random AOD testing of secondary school students. A new approach to drug education for adolescent students seems warranted as a positive alternative to personally intrusive surveillance. Conclusion. An interactive approach at the secondary school level that incorporates an age-appropriate educational process is proposed. While advising abstinence, this approach also facilitates identifying and assisting problematic AOD users. [source]

The Limits of Unilateral Migration Control: Deportation and Inter-state Cooperation1

GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION, Issue 2 2008
Antje Ellermann
Despite the recent proliferation of policy initiatives designed to curb illegal immigration, advanced industrialized states have made little headway towards the goal of effective migration control. Examining the case of deportation in Germany and the European Union, this article contends that one of the most fundamental reasons underlying this failure is a unilateral policy bias that fails to take into account two related conditions. First, policies of migration control directly and substantially impinge upon the interests of foreign governments. Secondly, the cooperation of foreign officials is an essential condition for policy implementation. To the extent that they disregard these basic conditions, then, migration control policies are bound to fail. By examining the implementation of deportation policy, the article illustrates the limited efficacy of control measures that are dominated by the interests of advanced industrialized states to the exclusion of the concerns of foreign governments. [source]

A Certain Je Ne Sais Quoi

HUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005
Verbalization Bias in Evaluation
People's evaluations of stimuli may change when they verbally attempt to communicate the reasons underlying their judgments. The reported experiments demonstrate the interactive influence of expertise, verbalizability (i.e., the ease with which stimulus features can be linguistically encoded), and appraisal mode in the verbalization bias phenomenon. In Experiment 1, art novices and experts rated their liking of artworks with compositional features that were easy (e.g., figurative,naturalistic) or difficult (e.g., abstract) to verbalize. When asked to verbalize the reasons underlying their judgments, novices assigned lower ratings to abstract but not figurative works. Experts, in contrast, were not influenced by the verbalization manipulation. Experiment 2 explored the possibility that verbalization bias is attributable to a componential appraisal mode that verbalization induces, rather than the specific reasons that people articulate. We found that verbalizing reasons for liking or disliking one abstract work influenced art novices' judgments of a second work for which they did not attempt to verbalize reasons. Moreover, those who merely attempted to verbalize their perceptual experiences also exhibited this contamination effect. The results of both studies suggest that verbalizing the attributes of complex stimuli can significantly alter the way we evaluate these stimuli. [source]

The Materials Science of Functional Oxide Thin Films,

ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 38-39 2009
Mark G. Blamire
Abstract Research in the area of functional oxides has progressed from study of their basic chemistry and structure to the point at which an enormous range of desirable properties are being explored for potential applications. The primary limitation on exploitation is the difficulty of achieving sufficiently precise control of the properties because of the range of possible defects in such materials and the remarkably strong effect of such defects on the properties. This review outlines the reasons underlying this sensitivity and recent results that demonstrate the levels of control which are now possible. [source]

South Africa's Workplace Forum system: A Stillborn Experiment in the Democratisation of Work?

INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001
Geoffrey Wood
The 1995 South African Labour Relations Act introduced a system of Workplace Forums, a form of works council. Currently, Forums are only operational in a small minority of workplaces. This article explores the reasons underlying the apparent failure of this new system. [source]

Variation at 10 protein coding loci in the mbenzele pygmies from the central african republic and a comparison with microsatellite data

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2002
Valentina Coia
Ten protein coding loci (6-PGD, A1-AT, ACP1, CaII, ESD, GC, GPX1, Hb,, PGM1, and TF) were analyzed in the Mbenzele Pygmies from the Central African Republic. The frequency data were used to calculate the genetic distances between Mbenzele Pygmies and other African groups. In the principal coordinate plot of FST genetic distances, the Mbenzele cluster together with other Pygmies of the western cluster, the Biaka from C.A.R., Gielli from Cameroon, and Babinga from Congo. By contrast, they are considerably distanced from other Pygmy groups of the eastern cluster (Twa from Rwanda, Mbuti from Zaire). Genetic distances obtained using protein loci were compared with those based on microsatellite loci. The two distance matrices are insignificantly correlated (r = 0.268; one tail probability = 0.332), and the main difference is in the higher genetic affinity between the Mbenzele and Biaka Pygmies observed at the protein level. Although reasons underlying the discrepancy between inter-populational variation at protein and DNA loci are not established with certainty, the comparison suggests that the genetic distance between the Mbenzele and Biaka Pygmies at microsatellite loci could have been shaped by genetic drift. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 14:9,14, 2002.© 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

"You Can Enter but You Cannot Leave,": U.S. Securities Markets and Foreign Firms

THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, Issue 5 2008
ANDRÁS MAROSI
ABSTRACT Although a number of prior papers have argued the benefits to foreign firms of cross-listing their shares in the U.S., the number of foreign firms exiting U.S. capital markets has been increasing. This has occurred despite the difficulties foreign firms face in deregistering from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This paper examines the reasons underlying this trend. One of our main findings is that the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has reduced the net benefits of a U.S. listing and registration, particularly for smaller foreign firms with lower trading volume and stronger insider control. [source]