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Kinds of Questions Terms modified by Questions Selected AbstractsA CONCEPTUAL HISTORY OF EMPATHY AND A QUESTION IT RAISES FOR MORAL EDUCATIONEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2000Susan Verducci First page of article [source] TOPIRAMATE AND THE QUESTION OF DOSAGEADDICTION, Issue 10 2009ANDERS BERGMARK No abstract is available for this article. [source] TO EDUCATE OR NOT TO EDUCATE: IS THAT THE QUESTION?ADDICTION, Issue 9 2007KENNETH E. WARNER No abstract is available for this article. [source] SPLITTING LUMPS: TYPE B OR NOT TYPE B; THAT IS THE QUESTION: A COMMENT ON WINDLE & SCHEIDTADDICTION, Issue 12 2004SAMUEL A. BALL No abstract is available for this article. [source] Role of the Clinical Breast Examination in Breast Cancer ScreeningJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 7 2001Does This Patient Have Breast Cancer? QUESTION: The authors, in an article for the JAMA section on the rational clinical examination, consider the evidence on whether and how to use clinical breast examination as a cancer screening technique. BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a common disease, particularly in older women. The authors note that by age 70 the annual incidence of breast cancer is one in 200 women. Breast cancer survival is strongly influenced by the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. As a result, it is important to consider how best to screen for this disease. In recent years there has been considerable attention in the clinical literature and in the popular media paid to the screening strategies of breast self-examination and of screening mammography, but somewhat less to the potential role of the breast examination by the healthcare provider. In actual clinical practice, the same woman may be the recipient of any, none, or all of these screening modalities. The best way to combine these screening strategies, particularly in the case of the older woman, remains a subject of some uncertainty and controversy. DATA SOURCES: Data were obtained from a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature for 1966 through 1997 and additional articles as identified by the authors. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA: In their evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical breast examination, the authors included both controlled trials and case-controlled studies in which clinical breast examination was used as a component of the screening. Study of breast examination technique considered both clinical studies and studies using silicone breast models. DATA EXTRACTION: The combined data from the trials included information on approximately 200,000 women who received a breast cancer screening intervention (mammography and/or clinical breast examination). However, none of the studies made the direct comparison of a group receiving clinical breast examination as a sole intervention with a control group that did not receive any screening. Data on the utility of clinical breast examination were partially derived from studies where that screening modality was used in combination with mammography. MAIN RESULTS: A number of trials of cancer screening have demonstrated a reduction in mortality from the use of mammography and clinical breast examination as combined screening strategies compared with no screening, with the inference that the reduction in mortality comes from the earlier detection of breast cancer. The percentage of the detected cancers that are detected in the trials by clinical breast examination despite having been missed on mammography varies across the trials from a low of 3% of the detected cancers to a high of 45%. It is speculative whether the marginal contribution of clinical breast examination to the mortality reduction in these screening trials corresponds to the percentage of cancers detected by clinical breast examination alone. In most of the clinical trials, the technique of breast examination reportedly was not well described. It is unclear therefore how much the technique of breast examination used varied within and among the clinical trials. Data from studies using examinations of breast models made of silicone demonstrated that test performance accuracy correlated with a lengthier breast examination, better breast examination technique, and perhaps with examiner experience. The report includes data from six comparator studies and from two demonstration projects. Of the six comparator studies, four compared a screened population with an unscreened population and two compared different intensities of screening strategies. None of the eight clinical trials was directed to a geriatric population and in fact older women were excluded by upper age entry criteria from the six comparator studies. (The upper age limit for study entry in the six comparator studies varied from 49 to 64.) CONCLUSION: The authors drew on the pooled results of these eight studies to conclude that clinical breast examination has a sensitivity of 54% (95% confidence interval, 48.3,59.8) and a specificity of 94% (95% confidence interval, 90.2,96.9). The authors conclude that screening clinical breast examination should be done for women age older than 40. [source] FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: A MOLECULAR APPROACH TO AN ORGANISMAL QUESTIONJOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Colette Sacksteder No abstract is available for this article. [source] MODERN SOVEREIGNTY IN QUESTION: THEOLOGY, DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISMMODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 4 2010ADRIAN PABST This essay argues that modern sovereignty is not simply a legal or political concept that is coterminous with the modern nation-state. Rather, at the theoretical level modern sovereign power is inscribed into a wider theological dialectic between "the one" and "the many". Modernity fuses juridical-constitutional models of supreme state authority with a new, "biopolitical" account of power whereby natural life and the living body of the individual are the object of politics and are subject to state control (section 1). The origins of this dialectic go back to changes within Christian theology in the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. In particular, these changes can be traced to Ockham's denial of the universal Good in things, Suárez's priority of the political community over the ecclesial body and Hobbes's "biopolitical" definition of power as state dominion over life (section 2). At the practical level, modern sovereignty has involved both the national state and the transnational market. The "revolutions in sovereignty" that gave rise to the modern state and the modern market were to some considerable extent shaped by theological concepts and changes in religious institutions and practices: first, the supremacy of the modern national state over the transnational papacy and national churches; second, the increasing priority of individuality over collectivity; third, a growing focus on contractual proprietary relations at the expense of covenantal ties and communal bonds (section 3). By subjecting both people and property to uniform standards of formal natural rights and abstract monetary value, financial capitalism and liberal secular democracy are part of the "biopolitical" logic that subordinates the sanctity of life and land to the secular sacrality of the state and the market. In Pope Benedict's theology, we can find the contours of a post-secular political economy that challenges the monopoly of modern sovereignty (sections 4,5). [source] EUROPE IN CRISIS: A QUESTION OF BELIEF OR UNBELIEF?MODERN THEOLOGY, Issue 2 2007PERSPECTIVES FROM THE VATICAN For Joseph Ratzinger, elected Pope Benedict XVI in 2005, modernity has transformed Europe into a continent without God. As a result, Europe's self-understanding is flawed. This outcome puts serious doubts on the Church's resolution, expressed in Gaudium et spes, to dialogue with the modern world. Moreover, the present pope was among the first to warn both church and society against the erosion of modernity. Also more recently, e.g. in his Values in a Time of Upheaval, he argued that only a Europe firmly rooted in Christian faith can survive the nihilism and moral crisis with which it is confronted. As a creative minority Christians should help Europe win back the best of its heritage and use it to the service of all humanity. In this contribution Boeve presents the evolution and primary features of Joseph Ratzinger's thought in this regard and concludes with a number of critical observations. [source] THE SPECIAL COMPOSITION QUESTION IN ACTIONPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 4 2006SARA RACHEL CHANT In the material objects literature, this question is known as the "special composition question," and I take it that there is a similar question to be asked of collections of actions. I will call that question the "special composition question in action," and argue that the correct answer to this question depends on a particular kind of consequence produced by the individual constituent actions. [source] THOMAS REID ON MOLYNEUX'S QUESTIONPACIFIC PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2005ROBERT HOPKINS The first version is used to address whether there are any properties originally perceived in both touch and vision. Although it is tempting to think the second discussion serves the same purpose, this would render pointless various novel features of the question Reid then frames. Instead, I suggest, Reid's second question provides the acid test of one of his central claims against the Ideal system, that the blind can form a conception of visible figure. The issue is not the cross-modality of perceptual representations, but the amodality of a central concept, as befits the Inquiry's central argumentative ambitions. [source] The Art of PrescribingPERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHIATRIC CARE, Issue 2 2006Antidepressants in Late-Life Depression: Prescribing Principles QUESTION. , Ms. Antai-Otong, I am a psychiatric nurse practitioner currently employed in a large primary care clinic. My greatest challenge with older adults suspected of being depressed is their hesitancy to admit they are depressed or unwillingness to take antidepressants. I have started some of these patients on antidepressants and had mixed results. Please provide some guidelines for treating depression in older adults with coexisting medical conditions. ANSWER., Depression is a common companion of chronic medical illnesses and frequently goes unrecognized and untreated, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Depression is unrecognized and underdiagnosed in approximately 16% of older patients seen in primary care settings (Unutzer, 2002). Typically, older adults deny being depressed, minimize symptom severity, fail to recognize common subjective experiences, such as anhedonia, fatigue, and concentration difficulties associated with this disorder, and hesitate to accept their illness due to social stigma and effects of stoicism. Cultural and generational influences also impact how older adults perceive mental health services. Due to the growing number of individuals 65 and older with coexisting medical and psychiatric conditions, particularly depression, seeking health care in vast practice settings, advanced practice psychiatric nurses must collaborate with primary care providers and develop holistic care that addresses coexisting chronic medical and psychiatric conditions. [source] A QUESTION OF ABSENCEBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 3 2010Jackie Gerrard abstract This paper was written in an effort to process rather extreme countertransference reactions to an ,absent' patient, i.e. one who attended her twice-weekly psychotherapy only sporadically. At times she did not come for up to several months and consequently a serious debt would accrue. However, it was not so much the amount owing but rather the constant cancellations, with seemingly ,rational' excuses about her non-attendance that would provoke an intense frustration accompanied, at times, by furious, almost sadistic countertransference feelings. The patient kept her therapist ,dangling in uncertainty' (Brenman Pick, 2002), which the author considered to be a reflection of the patient's inner sado-masochistic object world. The author attempts to make sense of her countertransference in the light of the patient's early relationships and subsequently forms a hypothesis that the absences have been necessary to convey, very powerfully, experiences that may not have been communicated by regular attendance. Finally, the author offers her ,Afterthoughts' in the light of developments since the patient has read the paper and given her permission for publication. [source] A QUESTION OF CONFIDENCE: PRIVACY UNDER PRESSUREBRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 2 2003Coline Covington No abstract is available for this article. [source] CLINICAL QUESTION: What is the best management strategy for patients with severe insulin resistance?CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Robert K. Semple Summary Management of severe insulin resistance (IR) is a major clinical challenge in many patients with obesity or lipodystrophy, and also in rarer patients with proven or suspected genetic defects in the insulin receptor or downstream signalling. The latter group can present at any time between birth and early adult life, with a variable clinical course broadly correlated with the severity of IR. Primary insulin signalling defects are usually associated with poor weight gain rather than obesity. Initially, extreme hyperinsulinaemia produces ovarian enlargement and hyperandrogenism in women, and often fasting or postprandial hypoglycaemia. However, any hypoglycaemia gradually evolves into insulin-resistant hyperglycaemia when beta cell function declines. Optimal management of these complex disorders depends on early diagnosis and appropriate targeting of both high and low glucose levels. In newborns, continuous nasogastric feeding may reduce harmful glycaemic fluctuations, and in older patients, acarbose may mitigate postprandial hypoglycaemia. Insulin sensitization, initially with metformin but later with trials of additional agents such as thiazolidinediones, is the mainstay of early therapy, but insulin replacement, eventually with very high doses, is required once diabetes has supervened. Preliminary data suggest that rhIGF-1 can improve survival in infants with the most severe insulin receptor defects and also improve beta cell function in older patients with milder receptoropathies. The utility of newer therapies such as glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors remains untested in this condition. Thus, management of these patients remains largely empirical, and there is a pressing need to collate data centrally to optimize treatment algorithms. [source] LIVING THE QUESTIONS: RILKE'S CHALLENGE TO OUR QUEST FOR CERTAINTYEDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 1 2007Mordechai Gordon The quest for certainty in education refers to our desire to gain a sense of psychological security and more control over a field that is fundamentally indeterminate. This quest implies an unwillingness to live with the inherent complexities and risks of education. After exploring the meaning and import of Rilke's challenge and comparing it to the position of Socrates, Gordon uses Rilke's insight to analyze a specific educational experience and then discusses some of its educational implications for teacher education. [source] CREATIVE CITIES: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES AND POLICY QUESTIONSJOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2006Allen J. Scott I seek to situate the concept of creative cities within the context of the so-called new economy and to trace out the connections of these phenomena to recent shifts in technologies, structures of production, labor markets, and the dynamics of locational agglomeration. I try to show, in particular, how the structures of the new economy unleash historically specific forms of economic and cultural innovation in modern cities. The argument is concerned passim with policy issues and, above all, with the general possibilities and limitations faced by policymakers in any attempt to build creative cities. The effects of globalization are discussed, with special reference to the prospective emergence of a worldwide network of creative cities bound together in relations of competition and cooperation. In the conclusion, I pinpoint some of the darker dimensions,both actual and potential,of creative cities. [source] III. DIARY STUDY OF CHILDREN'S QUESTIONSMONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2007Article first published online: 28 JUN 200 First page of article [source] COMPARISON OF SITUATIONAL AND BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION INTERVIEW QUESTIONS FOR HIGHER-LEVEL POSITIONSPERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2001ALLEN I. HUFFCUTT Based on a study of federal investigative agents, Pulakos and Schmitt (1995) hypothesized that situational interviews are less effective for higher-level positions than behavior description interviews. To evaluate their hypothesis we analyzed data from 2 new structured interview studies. Both of these studies involved higher-level positions, a military officer and a district manager respectively, and had matching SI and BDI questions written to assess the same job characteristics. Results confirmed that situational interviews are much less predictive of performance in these types of positions. Moreover, results indicated very little correspondence between situational and behavior description questions written to assess the same job characteristic, and a link between BDI ratings and the personality trait Extroversion. Possible reasons for the lower situational interview effectiveness are discussed. [source] ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE ATTRIBUTIONSTHE PHILOSOPHICAL QUARTERLY, Issue 238 2010Maria Aloni We discuss the ,problem of convergent knowledge', an argument presented by J. Schaffer in favour of contextualism about knowledge attributions, and against the idea that knowledge- wh can be simply reduced to knowledge of the proposition answering the question. Schaffer's argument centrally involves alternative questions of the form ,whether A or B'. We propose an analysis of these on which the problem of convergent knowledge does not arise. While alternative questions can contextually restrict the possibilities relevant for knowledge attributions, what Schaffer's puzzle reveals is a pragmatic ambiguity in what ,knowing the answer' means: in his problematic cases, the subject knows only a partial answer to the question. This partial knowledge can be counted as adequate only on externalist grounds. [source] ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS: COMMUNITY-BASED STRATEGIES TO COMBAT HUNGERANNALS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE, Issue 1 2009Miriam S. Chaiken Anthropologists have long recognized the value of community participation in development planning and project implementation, and this paper discusses a new strategy to engage communities to monitor conditions of food insecurity and vulnerability, and to develop strategies for mitigation against shocks. Community based early warning programs (CEWS) complement existing hunger early warning systems that rely on satellite and agroclimatic data by collecting and monitoring data in rural communities. These strategies build on existing community awareness of local conditions, provide support for locally identified mitigation activities, and foster community participation. Examples from programs in Mozambique illustrate the potential of the CEWS strategies for effecting sustainable change and combating chronic food insecurity and vulnerability. [source] TIN ISOTOPY,A NEW METHOD FOR SOLVING OLD QUESTIONSARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 5 2010M. HAUSTEIN Tin was a vital commodity in times past. In central Europe, the earliest finds of tin-bronze date to about 2200 bc, while in Greece they are c. 400,500 years earlier. While there is evidence for prehistoric copper mining,for example, in the Alps or mainland Greece, among other places,the provenance of the contemporary tin is still an unsolved problem. This work deals with a new approach for tracing the ancient tin via tin isotope signatures. The tin isotope ratios of 50 tin ores from the Erzgebirge region (D) and 30 tin ores from Cornwall (GB) were measured by MC,ICP,MS. Most ore deposits were found to be quite homogeneous regarding their tin isotope composition, but significant differences were observed between several deposits. This fact may be used to distinguish different tin deposits and thus form the basis for the investigation of the provenance of ancient tin that has been sought for more than a century. Furthermore, the tin-isotope ratio of the ,Himmelsscheibe von Nebra' will be presented: the value fits well with the bulk of investigated tin ores from Cornwall. [source] The Effect of National Governance Codes on Firm Disclosure Practices: Evidence from Analyst Earnings ForecastsCORPORATE GOVERNANCE, Issue 6 2008John Nowland ABSTRACT Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question: This study examines whether voluntary national governance codes have a significant effect on company disclosure practices. Two direct effects of the codes are expected: 1) an overall improvement in company disclosure practices, which is greater when the codes have a greater emphasis on disclosure; and 2) a leveling out of disclosure practices across companies (i.e., larger improvements in companies that were previously poorer disclosers) due to the codes new comply-or-explain requirements. The codes are also expected to have an indirect effect on disclosure practices through their effect on company governance practices. Research Findings/Results: The results show that the introduction of the codes in eight East Asian countries has been associated with lower analyst forecast error and a leveling out of disclosure practices across companies. The codes are also found to have an indirect effect on company disclosure practices through their effect on board independence. Practical Implications: This study shows that a regulatory approach to improving disclosure practices is not always necessary. Voluntary national governance codes are found to have both a significant direct effect and a significant indirect effect on company disclosure practices. In addition, the results indicate that analysts in Asia do react to changes in disclosure practices, so there is an incentive for small companies and family-owned companies to further improve their disclosure practices. [source] Single Question about Drunkenness to Detect College Students at Risk for InjuryACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 6 2006Mary Claire O'Brien MD Abstract Objectives: To examine the frequency of injuries reported by college students who replied affirmatively to the question, "In a typical week, how many days do you get drunk?" Methods: In Fall 2003, a Web-based survey was administered to a stratified random sample of 3,909 college students from ten North Carolina (NC) universities. Students answered questions regarding alcohol use and its consequences. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, controlling for within-school clustering of drinking behaviors and adjusting for other significant covariates. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for significant predictors (p < 0.05). Results: Two thousand four hundred eighty-eight students reported that they are current drinkers; 1,353 (54.4%) reported getting drunk at least once in a typical week. Compared with students who did not report getting drunk at least once a week, these students had higher odds of being hurt or injured at least once as a result of their own drinking (AOR = 4.97; 95% CI = 3.47 to 7.09), experiencing a fall from a height that required medical treatment (AOR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.36 to 3.43), and being taken advantage of sexually as a result of another's drinking (AOR = 2.59; 95% CI = 1.72 to 3.89). Students who reported getting drunk at least one day in a typical week also were more likely to cause an injury requiring medical treatment to someone else. They had higher odds of causing injury in an automobile crash (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.40), of causing a burn that required medical treatment (AOR = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.51 to 5.39), and of causing a fall from a height that required medical treatment (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.01 to 4.04). Getting drunk was a better indicator of "self-experienced injury" and of "injury caused to someone else" than was binge drinking, for all outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The single question, "In a typical week, how many days do you get drunk?" identifies college students who are at higher than normal risk of injury as a result of their own drinking and the drinking of others. Future research should assess this question's effectiveness as a screening tool in campus health centers and in emergency departments. [source] Re-Framing the Question: How Can We Construct a Theology of Religions?DIALOG, Issue 4 2007Ted Peters Abstract:, The existing framework,the typology of exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism,seems inadequate for resolving the dilemma Lutheran theologians confront: how to show respect for believers of the world's religions while still retaining the Christian commitment to mission. A substitute typology is proffered that distinguishes confessional exclusivism, confessional universalism, and supra-confessional universalism. The option of confessional universalism provides a path for affirming a specific religious commitment,that in Jesus Christ God has been revealed as gracious,that is universally applicable; yet, holders of this position can demonstrate respect for, and cooperate with, members of other religious traditions who see matters differently. [source] The Desert Fox, Memory Diplomacy, and the German Question in Early Cold War America*DIPLOMATIC HISTORY, Issue 2 2008Brian C. Etheridge First page of article [source] The Politics of Alcohol: A History of the Drink Question in EnglandDRUG AND ALCOHOL REVIEW, Issue 3 2010Robin Room No abstract is available for this article. [source] What is the Question for which Hegel's Theory of Recognition is the Answer?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHY, Issue 2 2000Robert B. Pippin First page of article [source] A Question of IntegrityGERMAN RESEARCH, Issue 2 2008Ulrike Beisiegel Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. The DFG's recommendations for ensuring good scientific practice are still current, even ten years after they were published , and yet they have still not really arrived in everyday science [source] The Unemployed and the Question of SolidarityGERMAN RESEARCH, Issue 2 2003Silke Hamann Dipl. Rampant mass unemployment and the discussion about the future of social security raises many questions. A study examines to what extent social welfare benefits are accepted amongst the population [source] The Life and Death of Public Organizations: A Question of Institutional Design?GOVERNANCE, Issue 3 2010ARJEN BOIN Why do some public organizations grow old and others die young? Since Herbert Kaufman first posed this question, considerable research has been devoted to answering it. The findings of that research suggest that the design of new public organizations affects, to a significant degree, their survival chances. In this article, we test whether and how "design factors" affected the durability of the so-called New Deal organizations initiated under FDR's first term. Our findings confirm that design factors do matter, but their effects change over time. We draw out some potential implications for institutional design and sketch a renewed research agenda to determine why some public organizations survive environmental pressure whereas others succumb to it. 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