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Putative Periodontal Pathogens (putative + periodontal_pathogen)

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Medical Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

The host cytokine response to Porphyromonas gingivalis is modified by gingipains

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2009
P. G. Stathopoulou
Background/aims:, Clinical studies indicate that primary proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, (IL-1,) are elevated in the gingival crevice around teeth with periodontitis but the secondary cytokines and chemokines, IL-6 and IL-8, are not. The human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) lining the gingival sulcus respond to perturbation by microbes of dental plaque by releasing a wide range of cytokines. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a putative periodontal pathogen, possesses numerous virulence factors some of which directly impact on the host response. In the present study, we sought to determine how P. gingivalis influences the inflammatory cytokine responses. Methods:, HGECs were challenged with P. gingivalis and other putative periodontal pathogens, and the resultant production of IL-1,, IL-6, and IL-8 was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Culture supernatants and recombinant human cytokines were challenged with live P. gingivalis wild-type and gingipain-deficient strains and the resultant cytokine profile was assessed by ELISA and Western blot. Results:, We show here that primary HGECs challenged with live P. gingivalis result in high levels of IL-1, but not the related secondary cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. We further demonstrate that cytokine response differences are the result of the action of P. gingivalis proteases, with lysine gingipain being the most effective. Conclusion:, We conclude that P. gingivalis, through lysine gingipain, can subvert the protective host proinflammatory response by direct cytokine degradation. Changes in the crevicular cytokine profile have consequences in periodontal disease pathogenesis that should be considered in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. [source]

Quadrant root planing versus same-day full-mouth root planing

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 3 2004
III. Dynamics of the immune response
Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether same-day full-mouth scaling and root planing (FM-SRP) and quadrant scaling and root planing (Q-SRP) resulted in variations in the systemic humoral immune response dynamics (antibody titres and avidity) during active treatment and 3 and 6 months post-therapy. Material and Methods: Forty patients with chronic periodontitis were recruited into this study. Subjects were randomised into two groups and received either scaling and root planing quadrant by quadrant at 2-weekly intervals (Q-SRP group) or same-day full-mouth scaling and root planing (FM-SRP group). Clinical measurements and serum samples were obtained at baseline and approximately 6 weeks after the last clinical intervention (R1) and 6 months after the initiation of therapy (R2). Furthermore, serum samples were obtained from each patient undergoing therapy (Q-SRP and FM-SRP) at 3 bi-weekly instances so as to determine the short-term effects of each session of scaling and root planing on the dynamics of the humoral immune response. Serum antibody titre was assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and antibody avidity was measured by thiocyanate dissociation against five putative periodontal pathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis; Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans; Prevotella intermedia; Treponema denticola and Bacteroides forsythus. Results: Both therapies resulted in similar antibody titre reductions against the majority of the organisms tested and although there was a distinct trend for antibody avidity to increase following therapy, this was not found to be statistically significant, reflecting marked inter-individual variation. In addition, no evidence emerged from this study to support increased antibody titres following the active phases of both treatment approaches due to an inoculation effect. Nevertheless, significant short-term increases in antibody avidity to most test bacteria were noted for both treatment strategies. Conclusion: Both therapies were associated with a reduction in antibody titres and an increase in the binding ability or avidity of antibodies, but there was a marked inter-subject variability and statistical significance was reached for only some of the test bacteria. No significant differences in the humoral antibody dynamics were found between the two treatment approaches. [source]

Quadrant root planing versus same-day full-mouth root planing

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 2 2004
II. Microbiological findings
Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that over a period of 6 months, same-day full-mouth scaling and root planing (FM-SRP) resulted in greater reductions in the detection frequency of five putative periodontal pathogens compared with quadrant scaling and root planing (Q-SRP) in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were recruited into this study. Subjects were randomised into two groups. The FM-SRP group received full-mouth scaling and root planing completed within the same day, while the Q-SRP group received quadrant root planing at 2-weekly intervals over four consecutive sessions. Selected-site analyses were performed on the deepest site in each quadrant before and after therapy, at approximately 3 and 6 months from baseline (R1 and R2) and clinical indices were recorded with an electronic pressure-sensitive probe. In addition, subgingival plaque samples were collected from these sites at baseline (BAS), at reassessment 1 (R1), approximately 6 weeks after the completion of therapy and at reassessment 2 (R2), 6 months from baseline. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Bacteroides forsythus in plaque. Results: Both therapies resulted in significant improvements in all clinical indices both at R1 and R2. A marked reduction in the presence of all candidate periodontal pathogens was noted after both treatment modalities, reaching statistical significance for the majority of the test organisms. These improvements were maintained over a period of 6 months. When the two treatment groups were compared, a significantly higher percentage of Q-SRP patients was positive for P. intermedia at R1 compared with FM-SRP patients (p<0.05). In addition, a greater reduction in the patient prevalence for T. denticola was found for the FM-SRP group than the Q-SRP group at R1 and R2 from baseline (p<0.005), but the significance of this is questionable given the skewed detection frequency of this organism at baseline between the two treatments (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study failed to confirm that same-day FM-SRP resulted in greater microbiological improvements compared with Q-SRP at 2-weekly intervals over a 6-month period, as determined by PCR. [source]

Generalized cervical root resorption associated with periodontal disease

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2001
Wouter Beertsen
Abstract Background and description of case: The etiology and pathogenesis of generalized cervical root resorptions is not well understood. In the present report, a case of severe cervical root resorption involving 24 anterior and posterior teeth is presented. The lesions developed within a period of 2 years after the patient had changed to an acid-enriched diet. They extended far into the coronal dentin and were associated with gingival inflammation and crestal bone resorption. However, no generalized clinical attachment loss had occurred. Culturing of subgingival plaque revealed the presence of several putative periodontal pathogens among which Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Treatment consisted of mechanical debridement supported by systemic antibiotics (amoxycillin plus metronidazole) and dietary advice. Results: Within 1 year after the onset of treatment, all resorptive lesions had repaired by ingrowth of a radio-opaque mineralized tissue. The crestal areas showed radiological evidence of bone repair. 3 years after the onset of therapy, one premolar was extracted and examined histologically. It appeared that irregularly-shaped masses of woven bone-like tissue had invaded into the domain of the resorbed coronal dentin and were bordered by thin layers of acellular cementum. Conclusion: It is concluded that, in this patient, the cervical resorptions were likely the result of an osteoclastic response extending into the roots because the root-protective role of the junctional epithelium did not develop. We hypothesize that this was due to the combined effects of a periodontopathogenic microflora and a dietary confounding factor. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund und Beschreibung des Falls: Die Ätiologie und die Pathogenese der generalisierten Wurzelresorptionen ist nicht besonders bekannt. In der vorliegenden Fallpräsentation wird ein schwerer Fall von Wurzelresorption gezeigt, die 24 anteriore und posteriore Zähne einbezog. Die Läsionen entwickelten sich innerhalb einer Periode von 2 Jahren, nachdem der Patient zu einer Säure-angereicherten Diät gewechselt hatte. Die Läsionen dehnten sich in das koronale Dentin aus und waren mit gingivaler Entzündung und krestaler Knochenresorption verbunden. Jedoch wurde kein generalisierter Attachmentverlust beobachtet. Die Kultur der subgingivalen Plaque erbrachte das Vorhandensein von verschiedenen putativen parodontalen Pathogenen, unter ihnen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans und Porphyromonas gingivalis. Die Behandlung bestand in der mechanischen Reinigung unterstützt mit systemischen Antibiotika (Amoxicillin und Metronidazol) und Diätanweisungen. Ergebnisse: Innerhalb eines Jahres nach dem Beginn der Therapie waren alle Resorptionsläsionen repariert durch das Einwachsen von röntgenopakem mineralisierten Gewebe. Die krestalen Regionen zeigten radiologisch nachgewiesene Knochenreparatur. 3 Jahre nach Therapiebeginn wurde ein Prämolar extrahiert und histologisch untersucht. Es schien, daß irreguläre geformte Massen von verflochtenem knochen-ähnlichen Gewebe in den Hauptteil des resorbierten koronalen Dentins hineingelangt sind und von dünnen Schichten azellulären Zementes begrenzt wurden. Zusammenfassung: Es wird geschlußfolgert, daß bei diesem Patient die zervikalen Resorptionen wahrscheinlich das Ergebnis einer osteoklastischen Reaktion waren, bis in die Wurzeln ausgedehnt, weil sich die wurzelschützende Rolle des Verbindungsepithels nich entwickelt hatte. Wir nehmen an, daß dies in der Folge eines kombinierten Effektes von parodontopathogenen Keimen und eines verwirrenden diätetischen Faktors geschah. Résumé Origine: L'étiologie et la pathogenèse des résorptions radiculaires cervicales généralisées ne sont pas suffisamment connues. Dans le rapport présent, un cas de résorption radiculaire cervicale sévère se rapportant à 24 dents antérieures et postérieures est présenté. Les lésions s'étaint développées durant les 2 années qui ont suivi le changement de régime alimentaire du patient vers un régime plus acide. Elles s'étendaient profondément dans la dentine coronaire et étaient associées à une inflammation gingivale et une résorption osseuse crestale. Cependant, aucune perte d'attache clinique généralisée n'est apparue. La culture de la plaque dentaire sous-gingivale a révélé la présence de plusieurs pathogènes parodontaux putatifs parmi lesquels l'Actinobaccilus actinomycetemcomitans et le Porphyromonas gingivalis. Le traitement a consisté en un nettoyage mécanique associéà l'utilisation d'antibiotiques par voie systémique (amoxycilline + métronidazole) et un conseil diététique. Résultats. Dans l'année qui a suivi ce traitement, toutes les lésions de résorption ont été guéries par la croissance d'un tissu minéralisé radio-opaque. Les zones crestales montraient une évidence radiologique de réparation osseuse. 3 ans après le démarrage de ce traitement, une prémolaire a été avulsée et examinée histologiquement. Il est apparu que des masses de formes irrégulières de tissus ressemblant à de l'os ouaté avaient envahi le domaine de dentine coronaire résorbé et étaient entourées par de fines couches de cément acellulaire. Conclusions: Chez ce patient, les résorptions cervicales étaient vraisemblablement dûes à une réponse ostéoclastique s'étendant dans les racines parce que le rôle de protection radiculaire de l'épithélium de jonction ne s'étaient pas développé. Cette situation était vraisemblablement dûe à des effets combinés de la microflore parodonto-pathogène et d'un facteur diététique. [source]

Change in subgingival microbial profiles in adult periodontitis subjects receiving either systemically-administered amoxicillin or metronidazole

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2001
M. Feres
Abstract Aim: The current investigation evaluated changes in levels and proportions of 40 bacterial species in subgingival plaque samples during, immediately after and up to 1 year after metronidazole or amoxicillin therapy combined with SRP. Method: After baseline clinical and microbiological monitoring, 17 adult periodontitis subjects received full mouth SRP and 14 days systemic administration of either metronidazole (250 mg, TID, n=8) or amoxicillin (500 mg, TID, n=9). Clinical measurements including % of sites with plaque, gingival redness, bleeding on probing and suppuration, pocket depth (PD) and attachment level (AL) were made at baseline, 90, 180 and 360 days. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesial surface of all teeth in each subject at baseline, 90, 180 and 360 days and from 2 randomly selected posterior teeth at 3, 7, and 14 days during and after antibiotic administration. Counts of 40 subgingival species were determined using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Significance of differences over time was determined using the Quade test and between groups using ANCOVA. Results: Mean PD was reduced from 3.22±0.12 at baseline to 2.81±0.16 (p<0.01) at 360 days and from 3.38±0.23 mm to 2.80±0.14 mm (p<0.01) in the amoxicillin and metronidazole treated subjects respectively. Corresponding values for mean AL were 3.21±0.30 to 2.76±0.32 (p<0.05) and 3.23±0.28 mm to 2.94±0.23 mm (p<0.01). Levels and proportions of Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola were markedly reduced during antibiotic administration and were lower than baseline levels at 360 days. Counts (×105, ±SEM) of B. forsythus fell from baseline levels of 0.66±0.16 to 0.04±0.02, 0.13±0.04, 0.10±0.03 and 0.42±0.19 in the amoxicillin group at 14, 90, 180 and 360 days respectively (p<0.001). Corresponding values for metronidazole treated subjects were: 1.69±0.28 to 0.02±0.01, 0.20±0.08, 0.22±0.06 and 0.22±0.08 (p<0.001). Counts of Campylobacter species, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies, F. periodonticum and Prevotella nigrescens were also detected at lower mean levels during and immediately after therapy, but gradually increased after withdrawal of the antibiotics. Members of the genera Actinomyces, Streptococcus and Capnocytophaga were minimally affected by metronidazole. However, amoxicillin decreased the counts and proportions of Actinomyces species during and after therapy. Conclusions: The data suggest that metronidazole and amoxicillin are useful in rapidly lowering counts of putative periodontal pathogens, but must be accompanied by other procedures to bring about periodontal stability. Zusammenfassung Ziel: Die gegenwärtige Untersuchung evaluiert die Veränderungen in den Niveaus und Proportionen von 40 bakteriellen Spezies in subgingivalen Plaqueproben während, sofort nach und bis zu 1 Jahr nach Metronidazol- oder Amoxicillintherapie in Kombination mit SRP. Methoden: Nach der klinischen und mikrobiologischen Basisuntersuchung erhielten 17 erwachsene Personen mit Parodontitis eine vollständige SRP und 14 Tage eine systemische Gabe von entweder Metronidazol (250 mg, TID, n=8) oder Amoxicillin (500 mg, TID, n=9). Die klinischen Messungen schlossen die Prozentwerte der Flächen mit Plaque, der gingivalen Rötung, der Provokationsblutung und Suppuration, der Sondierungstiefe (PD) und des Stützgewebeniveaus (AL) ein. Die Messungen wurden zur Basis, am 90., am 180. und 360. Tag gemacht. Die subgingivalen Plaqueproben wurden von der mesialen Oberfläche aller Zähne zur Basis, zum 90., zum 180. und 360. Tag von jedem Probanden genommen sowie von 2 zufällig ausgesuchten posterioren Zähnen am Tag 3, 7 und 14 während und nach der Antibiotikaverordnung. Die Mengen von 40 subgingivalen Spezies wurden unter Nutzung einer checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridisation bestimmt. Die Signifikanzen der Differenzen über die Zeit wurden mit dem Quade-Test und zwischen den Gruppen mit der ANCOVA überprüft. Ergebnisse: Die mittleren PD reduzierten sich von 3.22±0.12 mm zur Basis zu 2.81±0.16 mm (p<0.01) zum 360. Tag und von 3.38±0.23 mm zu 2.80±0.14 mm (p<0.01) bei den mit Amoxicillin bzw. mit Metronidazol behandelten Patienten. Korrespondierende Werte für die mittleren AL waren 3.21±0.30 zu 2.76±0.32 (p<0.05) und 3.23±0.28 mm zu 2.94±0.23 mm (p<0.01). Die Niveaus und die Verteilung von Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis und Treponema denticola wurden während der Antibiotikabehandlung deutlich reduziert und waren am 360. Tag niedriger als zur Basis. Die Mengen (×105, ±SEM) von B. forsythus fielen von der Basis von 0.66±0.16 auf 0.04±0.02, 0.13±0.04, 0.10±0.03 und 0.42±0.19 in der Amoxicillin Gruppe an den Tagen 14, 90, 180 und 360 (p<0.001). Korrespondierende Werte für die mit Metronidazol behandelten Personen waren: 1.69±0.28 zu 0.02±0.01, 0.20±0.08, 0.22±0.06 und 0.22±0.08 (p<0.001). Die Mengen von Campylobacter sp., Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies, F. peridonticum und Prevotella nigrescens waren in den mittleren Niveaus während und sofort nach der Therapie auch niedriger, aber graduell erhöht nach Absetzen der Antibiotika. Mitglieder der Klassen Actinomyces, Streptococcus und Capnocytophaga wurden durch Metronidazol minimal beeinflußt. Jedoch verringerte Amoxicillin die Mengen und Verhältnisse von Actinomyces sp. während und nach der Therapie. Zusammenfassung: Die Daten suggerieren, daß Metronidazol und Amoxicillin in der schnellen Verringerung der Mengen von putativen parodontalen Pathogenen nützlich sind, daß dies aber durch andere Prozeduren begleitet wurden muß, um parodontale Stabilität zu erbringen. Résumé But: La présente recherche a évalué les modifications de niveaux et de proportions de 40 espèces bactériennes dans des prélèvements de plaque sous gingivale pendant, immédiatement après, et jusqu'à un an après un traitement par métronidazole ou amoxicilline associè avec le détartrage/surfaçage radiculaire. Méthode: Après avoir relevé les paramètres cliniques et microbiologiques initiaux, 17 sujets atteints de parodontite de l'adulte ont subi un détartrage/surfaçage radiculaire de toute la bouche et l'administration systémique pendant 14 jours de métronidazole (250 mg, 3× fois par jour, n=8) ou d'amoxicilline (500 mg, 3× par jour, n=9). Les mesures cliniques relevées initialement, à 90 jours, à 180 jours, et à 360 jours, étaient: le % de sites avec de la plaque, la rougeur gingivale, le saignement au sondage et la suppuration, la profondeur de poche (PD) et le niveau d'attache (AL). Des échantillons de plaque sous gingivale étaient prélevés sur la surface mésiale de toutes les dents, chez chaque sujet, initialement, à 90 jours, à 180 jours, et á 360 jours, et sur 2 dents postérieures choisies au hasard à 3, 7, et 14 jours pendant et après l'administration d'antibiotique. Le comptage de 40 expèces sous gingivales fut déterminé par la technique de l'hybridisation en damier DNA-DNA. La signification des différences au cours du temps fut déterminée par le test de Quade et entre les groupes par ANCOVA. Résultats: La profondeur moyenne des poches a étê réduite de 3.22±0.12 mm initialement à 2.81±0.16 mm (p<0.01) à 360 jours et de 3.38±0.28 mm à 2.80±0.14 mm (p<0.01) dans les groupes amoxicilline et metronidazole, respectivement. Les valeurs correspondantes pour AL étaient 3.21±0.30 à 2.76±0.32 (p<0.05) et 3.23±0.28 à 2.94±0.23 (p<0.01). Les niveau de B. forsythus, P. gingivalis et T. denticola, étaient fortement réduits pendant l'administration d'antibiotique et restaient plus bas à 360 jours qu'initialement. Les comptages (×105, ±SEM) de B. forsythus tombaient de niveaux initiaux de 0.66±0.16 à 0.04±0.02, 0.13±0.04, 0.10±0.03 et 0.42±0.19 dans le groupe amoxicilline à 14 jours, 90 jours, 180 jours, et 360 jours, respectivement (p<0.001). Les valeurs correspondantes pour les sujets traits par métronidazole étaient de: 1.69±0.28 à 0.02±0.01, 0.20±0.08, 0.22±0.06 et 0.22±0.08 (p<0.001). Les comptages des espèces Camopylobacter, Eubacterium nodatum, des espèces Fusobacterium nodatum, F. periodonticum et Prevotella nigrescensétaient également détectés à des niveaux moyens plus bas pendant, et immédiatement après traitement, mais augmentaient graduellement après cessation des antibiotiques. Les membres des genres Actinomyces, Streptococcus et Capnocytophagaétaient très peu affectés par le métronidazole. Par contre, l'amoxicilline diminuait les comptage et les proportions des Actinomyces pendant et après le traitement. Conclusions: Ces données suggèrent que le métronidazole et l'amoxicilline sont utiles pour diminuer rapidement les comptages des pathogènes parodontaux putatifs, mais qu'ils doivent être accompagnés d'autres procédés pour apporter une stabilité parodontale. [source]

Mutans streptococci in subgingival plaque of treated and untreated patients with periodontitis

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 7 2001
W. A. Van Der Reijden
Abstract Background: The etiology of root caries is thought to be identical to coronal caries, though root caries seem to be more complicated because of the higher susceptibility of exposed roots (dentin) by periodontal therapy to demineralization than intact enamel. This implies that mutans streptococci are the most likely pathogens in the development of root caries. Although it is known that both the numbers of mutans streptococci and the frequency of isolation in root caries lesions are negatively correlated with the distance from the gingival margin, the subgingival sulcus has not been considered a possible habitat for mutans streptococci. However, subgingival occurence of mutans streptococci in both untreated and treated periodontal patients has not been documented well in the literature. Objective: To investigate the presence and levels of mutans streptococci in the subgingival plaque of patients (n=154) in different stages of periodontal therapy. The subgingival sulcus may be a possible habitat for mutans streptococci. This localisation of mutans streptococci may be of importance in the development of root caries after periodontal surgery. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, subgingival plaque samples from 154 consecutive adult periodontitis patients were tested for presence and levels of mutans streptococci and putative periodontal pathogens by anaerobic cultures. These patients were divided into 4 groups based on their stage of periodontal treatment: (1) untreated patients; (2) patients after initial periodontal therapy only; (3) patients in the maintenance phase who not underwent periodontal surgery; (4) patients after periodontal surgery. Results: The prevalence of mutans streptococci in the 4 study groups varied from 82% in untreated patients to 94% in maintenance patients. The mean proportion of mutans streptococci was 6.65% in maintenance patients versus 1.86% in untreated patients (p=0.005) and 2.51% in patients after scaling and root planing (p=0.041). Conclusions: The subgingival area is a microbial habitat for mutans streptococci that may be of importance in the development of root caries in periodontitis patients. Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Es wird angenommen, dass die Ätiologie der Wurzelkaries und der Kronenkaries übereinstimmen, obwohl die Entstehung von Wurzelkaries komplizierter zu sein scheint wegen der erhöhten Empfindlichkeit entblößter Wurzeln (Dentin) für Demineralisation im Vergleich zu gesundem Schmelz. Das bedeutet, dass MS die wahrscheinlichsten Pathogene für die Entstehung der Wurzelkaries sind. Obwohl bekannt ist, dass die Zahl der MS und die Häufigkeit ihres Nachweises aus Wurzelkariesläsionen negativ mit dem Abstand vom Gingivarand korrelieren, wurde die subgingivale Region bisher nicht als möglicher Lebensraum für MS erwogen. Das subgingivale Vorkommen von MS bei behandelten und unbehandelten Parodontitispatienten ist in der Literatur nicht gut dokumentiert. Die subgingivale Region könnte ein möglicher Lebensraum für MS und diese Lokalisation bedeutsam für die Entstehung von Wurzelkaries nach parodontaler Therapie sein. Zielsetzung: Untersuchung des Vorkommens und der Menge von MS in der subgingivalen Plaque von Patienten zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten parodontaler Therapie. Material und Methoden: In einer Querschnittsstudie wurden subgingivale Plaqueproben von 154 Patienten mit Erwachsenenparodontitis auf das Vorkommen und den Anteil von MS und putativer Parodontalpathogene in anaerober Kultur untersucht. Die Patienten wurden nach dem Stadium der parodontalen Therapie in 4 Gruppen unterteilt: (1) unbehandelte Patienten (n=51), (2) Patienten nach abgeschlossener Initialtherapie (Mundhygieneunterweisungen sowie Scaling und Wurzelglättung [SRP]) (n=41), (3) Patienten in der unterstützenden Parodontitistherapie (UPT), die nicht parodontalchirurgisch behandelt worden waren (n=48), und (4) Patienten nach Parodontalchirurgie (n=14). Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenz der MS variierte in den 4 Untersuchungsgruppen von 82% bei unbehandelten bis 94% bei UPT-Patienten. Der mittlere Anteil der MS an subgingivaler Plaque lag bei 6.65% (UPT) im Vergleich zu 1.86% (unbehandelte Parodontitis) (p=0.005) bzw. zu 2.51% (SRP) (p=0.041) und 2.18% nach Parodontalchirurgie (n.s.) Schlußfolgerungen: Die subgingivale Region ist ein Lebensraum für MS, die eine Bedeutung für die Pathogenese der Wurzelkaries bei Patienten mit Parodontitis haben könnte. Résumé L'étiologie des caries radiculaires semble étre identique à celle des caries coronaires bien que les caires radiculaires paraîssent plus compliquées vu la susceptibilité plus importante des racines exposées (dentine) par le traitement parodontal à la même déminéralisation que ne l'est l'émail intact. Ceci a comme conséquence que les Streptocoques mutans sont vraisemblabement les pathogènes les plus problables dans le dévelopment des caries radicularies. Bien qu'il soit connu que les nombres de Streptocoques mutans autant que la fréquence de l'isolation des lésions carieuses radiculaires soient en corrélation négative avec la distance depuis la gencive marginale, le sulcus gingival n'a pas été considéré comme habitat possible pour les Streptocoques mutans. Cependant, l'occurence sous-gingivale des Streptocoques mutans chez les patients avec parodontite traitée ou non n'a pas été suffisamment documentée dans la littérature. Le but de cette étude a été d'analyser la présence et les niveaux de Streptocoques mutans dans la plaque sous-gingivale de 154 patients à différentes étapes de leur traitement parodontale. Le sillon sous-gingival pourrait dont être un habitat possible pour les Streptocoques mutans. Cette localisation peut être importante dans le dévelopment des caries radiculaires après le traitement parodontal. Dans cette étude croisée des échantillons de plaque sous-gingivale ont été prélevés chez 154 patients adultes avec parodontite pour vérifier la présence et les niveaux de Streptocoques mutans et d'autres pathogènes parodontaux putatifs par culture anaérobie. Les patients étaient divisés en 4 groupes suivant le stade de leur traitement parodontal: non-traité, traitement initial seulement, phase de maintien mais sans chirurgie, et patient après chirurgie parodontale. La fréquence globale des Streptocoques mutans dans les 4 goupes variaient de 82% chez les patients non-traités à 94% chez ceux au stade de maintenance. La proportion moyenne de Streptocoques mutansétaient de 6.65% chez les patients en maintenance versus 1.86% chez les patients non-traités (p=0.005) et de 2.51% chez les patients après détartrage et surfaçage radiculaire (p=0.041). L'aire sous-gingivale est donc un habitat microbien pour les Streptocoques mutans qui pourraient être assez importants dans le développement des caries radiculaires chez les patients souffrant de parodontite. [source]

Microbiology of destructive periodontal disease in adolescent patients with congenital neutropenia

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 11 2000
A report of 3 cases
Abstract Background, aims: Congenital neutropenia is one condition that may predispose for destructive periodontal disease at a young age. In this report, we describe the microbiology of 3 adolescent patients with congenital neutropenia two of whom suffered from severe periodontitis. Method: Microbiological testing of the parents was also performed in 1 case. DNA fingerprinting was used to study transmission of putative periodontal pathogens in this case. From 1 patient with periodontitis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were isolated; a 2nd periodontitis patient was infected with P. gingivalis. A 3rd patient had gingivitis only and no A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis were found. Results: Using the amplified fragment length polymorphism DNA fingerprinting technique, bacterial transmission between the father and a patient was shown for A. actinomycetemcomitans but not for P. gingivalis. [source]

Microbial composition of supra- and subgingival plaque in subjects with adult periodontitis

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 10 2000
Laurie Ann Ximénez-Fyvie
Abstract Background, aims: The purpose of the present study was to compare and relate the microbial composition of supra and subgingival plaque in 23 adult periodontitis subjects (mean age 51±14 years). Methods: A total of 1,170 samples of supra and subgingival plaque were collected from the mesial aspect of every tooth (up to 28 supra and 28 subgingival samples) from each subject and evaluated for the presence and levels of 40 bacterial taxa using whole genomic DNA probes and checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Clinical assessments including dichotomous measures of gingival redness, bleeding on probing, plaque accumulation and suppuration, as well as duplicate measures of pocket depth and attachment level, were made at 6 sites per tooth. The counts (levels), % DNA probe count (proportion) and % of sites colonized (prevalence) of each species in supra and separately in subgingival plaque were computed for each subject. Significance of differences between supra and subgingival plaque for each species was sought using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test and adjusted for multiple comparisons. Results: All 40 taxa were detected in both supra and subgingival plaque. Actinomyces species were the most prevalent taxa in both habitats. 75 to 100% of supra and 62 to 100% of subgingival sites were colonized by at least one of the 5 Actinomyces species. Supragingival samples exhibited significantly higher counts of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1, Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Neisseria mucosa, Streptococcus gordonii, Capnocytophaga ochracea and Capnocytophaga sputigena when compared with mean counts in subgingival samples taken from the same tooth surfaces. Subgingival plaque samples presented significantly higher counts of Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Subgingival samples exhibited a significantly higher proportion of "red" and "orange complex" species, while supragingival plaque exhibited higher proportions of "green" and "purple" complex species as well as Actinomyces species. Suspected periodontal pathogens could be detected in supragingival plaque from sites where subgingival samples were negative for the same species. Conclusions: The data indicate that supragingival plaque can harbor putative periodontal pathogens, suggesting a possible rôle of this environment as a reservoir of such species for the spread or reinfection of subgingival sites. [source]

The periodontal abscess (I).

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 6 2000
Clinical, microbiological findings
Background/aims: Little information is available regarding the diagnosis and microbiology of periodontal abscesses. The aim of this descriptive clinical and microbiological study was to provide more information in order to help in the characterisation of the periodontal abscess associated to periodontitis. Method: 29 consecutive patients with a periodontal abscess were studied by the assessment of clinical variables, including both subjective (pain, edema, redness and swelling) and objective (bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing pocket depth, tooth mobility and cervical lymphadenopathy) parameters. Microbiological samples were taken for anaerobic microbiology and processed by means of culture. Systemic involvement was also studied through the analysis of blood and urine samples using conventional laboratory standards. Results: 62% of the abscesses affected untreated periodontitis patients, and 69% were associated with a molar tooth. More than 75% of the abscesses had moderate-severe scores related to edema, redness and swelling, and 90% of the patients reported pain. Bleeding occurred in all abscesses, while suppuration on sampling was detected in 66%. Mean associated pocket depth was 7.28 mm, and 79% of teeth presented some degree of mobility. Cervical lymphadenopathy was seen in 10% of patients, while elevated leucocyte counts were observed in 31.6%. The absolute number of neutrophils was elevated in 42% of the patients. High prevalences of putative periodontal pathogens were found, including Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus micros, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Bacteroides forsythus. Conclusions: The periodontal abscess has clear clinical characteristics and is usually associated with severe periodontal destruction. This condition may cause systemic involvement and the lesion generally has a large bacterial mass with a high prevalence of well-recognised periodontal pathogens. [source]

The host cytokine response to Porphyromonas gingivalis is modified by gingipains

Periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of HIV-positive subjects with chronic periodontitis

MOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003
M Patel
Many putative periodontal pathogens associated with periodontal disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients also occur in non-HIV-infected individuals. This study examined the prevalence of eight periodontal pathogens in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients with chronic periodontitis using the 16s RNA polymerase chain reaction technique. The results showed a significant prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola among HIV-negative patients compared to HIV-positive patients. Sixty percent of the patients in both groups were colonized by five to six species. Odds ratio analysis revealed a statistically significant positive association between three of the 28 possible combinations in the HIV-positive group. They included Prevotella nigrescens/Campylobacter rectus, P. nigrescens/P. gingivalis and P. nigrescens/T. denticola. Although the prevalence of periodontal pathogens is similar in both the groups, the combination of certain periodontal pathogens may be responsible for chronic periodontitis seen in HIV-infected adults. [source]

Microbiologic Diagnostics at Titanium Implants

CLINICAL IMPLANT DENTISTRY AND RELATED RESEARCH, Issue 4 2003
Åsa Leonhardt DDS
ABSTRACT Background: The microbiota found at periimplant lesions have been shown to contain putative periodontal pathogens as well as opportunistic species such as Staphylococcus spp, enterics, and Candida spp. Therefore, a microbiologic diagnosis may be of value as guidance before treatment of such lesions. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of some putative pathogens associated with long-term fol-lowed-up cases using two different microbiologic procedures. Malerials and Methods: Fifteen subjects contributed with plaque samples from teeth and implants; these were analyzed with respect to 18 putative periimplant pathogens using cultural methods and a deoxyribonucleic acid DNA-DNA hybridization technique. Results: The number of individuals positive for the analyzed pathogens was similar in samples taken from teeth and implants when analyzed with the DNA-DNA hybridization technique. When comparing detection frequency by culture procedure and by "checkerboard" technique at implants, the number of individuals positive for these species was lower with the traditional culture technique than with the checkerboard analyses. Using a higher cutoff point (4) with the checkerboard technique, the number of positive individuals was generally lower than that found with the culture technique. When comparing the techniques on an implant site level, the prevalence obtained by culture was lower for all analyzed species. If the specific species were present in the samples analyzed by the checkerboard technique, they were present only in every second sample analyzed with the culture technique. The high specificity values showed that if the checkerboard technique did not detect any Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotla intermedia, Actinobadllus actinomycetem-comitans, or Fusobacterium nudeatum, the bacteria were also undetectable by the culture technique. The two methods therefore did not overlap but did supplement each other. Conclusions: Based on the current results it is recommended that the technique used when analyzing microbiota around titanium implants should be a combination of the two protocols mentioned as they seem to give the most comprehensive outcome when used together. [source]