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Pure Alcohol (pure + alcohol)
Selected AbstractsThe relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overviewADDICTION, Issue 5 2010Jürgen Rehm ABSTRACT Aims As part of a larger study to estimate the global burden of disease and injury attributable to alcohol: to evaluate the evidence for a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption and pattern of drinking on diseases and injuries; to quantify relationships identified as causal based on published meta-analyses; to separate the impact on mortality versus morbidity where possible; and to assess the impact of the quality of alcohol on burden of disease. Methods Systematic literature reviews were used to identify alcohol-related diseases, birth complications and injuries using standard epidemiological criteria to determine causality. The extent of the risk relations was taken from meta-analyses. Results Evidence of a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption was found for the following major diseases: tuberculosis, mouth, nasopharynx, other pharynx and oropharynx cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, female breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorders, unipolar depressive disorders, epilepsy, hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, conduction disorders and other dysrhythmias, lower respiratory infections (pneumonia), cirrhosis of the liver, preterm birth complications and fetal alcohol syndrome. Dose,response relationships could be quantified for all disease categories except for depressive disorders, with the relative risk increasing with increased level of alcohol consumption for most diseases. Both average volume and drinking pattern were linked causally to IHD, fetal alcohol syndrome and unintentional and intentional injuries. For IHD, ischaemic stroke and diabetes mellitus beneficial effects were observed for patterns of light to moderate drinking without heavy drinking occasions (as defined by 60+ g pure alcohol per day). For several disease and injury categories, the effects were stronger on mortality compared to morbidity. There was insufficient evidence to establish whether quality of alcohol had a major impact on disease burden. Conclusions Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol impacts many disease outcomes causally, both chronic and acute, and injuries. In addition, a pattern of heavy episodic drinking increases risk for some disease and all injury outcomes. Future studies need to address a number of methodological issues, especially the differential role of average volume versus drinking pattern, in order to obtain more accurate risk estimates and to understand more clearly the nature of alcohol,disease relationships. [source] Alcohol and hypertension: gender differences in dose,response relationships determined through systematic review and meta-analysisADDICTION, Issue 12 2009Benjamin Taylor ABSTRACT Aims To analyze the dose,response relationship between average daily alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension via systematic review and meta-analysis. Design A computer-assisted search was completed for 10 databases, followed by hand searches of relevant articles. Only studies with longitudinal design, quantitative measurement of alcohol consumption and biological measurement of outcome were included. Dose,response relationships were assessed by determining the best-fitting model via first- and second-degree fractional polynomials. Various tests for heterogeneity and publication bias were conducted. Findings A total of 12 cohort studies were identified from the literature from the United States, Japan and Korea. A linear dose,response relationship with a relative risk of 1.57 at 50 g pure alcohol per day and 2.47 at 100 g per day was seen for men. Among women, the meta-analysis indicated a more modest protective effect than reported previously: a significant protective effect was reported for consumption at or below about 5 g per day, after which a linear dose,response relationship was found with a relative risk of 1.81 at 50 g per day and of 2.81 at an average daily consumption of 100 g pure alcohol per day. Among men, Asian populations had higher risks than non-Asian populations. Conclusions The risk for hypertension increases linearly with alcohol consumption, so limiting alcohol intake should be advised for both men and women. [source] Association between alcohol consumption and dental healthJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Leif Jansson Abstract Objectives: To study the association of alcohol consumption with dental health in a sample from the County of Stockholm. Material and Methods: In a longitudinal investigation, 513 individuals were examined in 1970 and 1990. Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed as well as an interview including questions on alcohol consumption. The clinical investigation consisted of the registration of the number of remaining teeth, dental restorations, caries and periodontal conditions. The marginal bone level and longitudinal bone loss were determined by assessments on the proximal surfaces of all measurable teeth on the radiographs. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were adopted to calculate the partial correlations between alcohol consumption and the investigated odontological variables. Results: The group of subjects with the highest alcohol consumption (>5 cl pure alcohol per day) had more tooth surfaces with caries, more calculus and more teeth with apical lesions compared with those who reported an alcohol consumption 5 cl of pure alcohol per day. Alcohol consumption was not associated with periodontal disease. Conclusion: The observations do not support any association between alcohol consumption and periodontal disease. However, individuals with high alcohol consumption had significantly more teeth with decayed surfaces and apical lesions indicating that lifestyle-related factors may influence dental health. [source] Ethyl Glucuronide in Hair Compared With Traditional Alcohol Biomarkers,A Pilot Study of Heavy Drinkers Referred to an Alcohol Detoxification UnitALCOHOLISM, Issue 5 2009Gudrun Høiseth Background:, Traditional biomarkers for heavy alcohol use include serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), the enzymes aspartate aminotranserase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). Measurement of the nonoxidative ethanol metabolite, ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in hair, has been proposed as a new marker with superior qualities. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of EtG in hair to detect heavy alcohol use compared with CDT, AST, ALT, and GGT. We also wanted to study the quantitative relation between alcohol intake and the different biomarkers. Methods:, Sixteen patients with a history of heavy alcohol use over the previous 3 months were recruited directly after admission to a withdrawal clinic. They were thoroughly interviewed about their drinking pattern as well as relevant diseases and use of medicines or drugs. Serum was sampled and analyzed for %CDT, AST, ALT, and GGT. Hair samples were collected and analyzed for EtG. Results:, The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) over the previous 3 months was 206 ± 136 g pure alcohol. All patients fulfilled the criteria for heavy alcohol use. The sensitivity to detect heavy alcohol use was 64% for %CDT, 67% for AST, 67% for ALT, 93% for GGT, and 94% for EtG. There was no correlation between the quantitative values of EDI and %CDT, AST, ALT, and GGT. There was a positive, statistically significant correlation between EDI and the level of EtG in hair. Conclusions:, In this study, EtG in hair and GGT showed the best sensitivity to detect heavy alcohol use and there was a positive correlation between EDI and the concentrations of EtG in hair. Before giving recommendations for clinical practice, further studies should be carried out on larger materials and populations with a wider range of alcohol intake. [source] Chiral synthesis of secondary alcohols using Geotrichum candidumCHIRALITY, Issue 9 2002Kaoru Nakamura Abstract Chiral synthesis of secondary alcohols of both the (S)- and (R)-enantiomer with extremely high enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) using a biocatalyst, Geotrichum candidum, is reviewed. Resting cell and dried-cell preparation using acetone were applied to oxidation, reduction, and deracemization reactions. Many methods to improve the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the reactions were developed. For example, additives such as secondary alcohols and hydrophobic resin (AmberliteÔ XAD) were used in nonaqueous reaction media such as organic and supercritical solvents as well as in aqueous ones. As a result, optically pure alcohols of both enantiomers were synthesized on a gram scale. Chirality 14:703,708, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||