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Protection Products (protection + products)
Selected AbstractsProblems of resistance development in arthropod pests of agricultural crops in RussiaEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2008G. I. Sukhoruchenko This paper presents the results of long-term monitoring of insecticide resistance in populations of agricultural pests in Russia. Over the last 45 years, resistance developments were recorded for 36 arthropod pest species in 11 agricultural crops and pastures in relation to nearly all commonly used plant protection products. Development of group, cross and multiple resistance has been revealed in populations of many economically important pests. Toxicological and phenotypical (for Colorado potato beetle) methods have been devised to monitor the development of pesticide resistance. Based on experience over the last century, systems aimed at preventing the development of pest resistance to insecticides and acaricides are elaborated. These systems are based on resistance monitoring and using plant protection measures which minimize the toxic pressure on agroecosystems. [source] Decision support systems used in the Netherlands for reduction in the input of active substances in agricultureEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2003E. Bouma Since the middle of the 1980s, Dutch farmers have been using decision support systems (DSS) as an aid in the control of pests. This started with EPIPRE, then weather-related potato blight warning systems were developed (Prophy and Plant-Plus). In the 1990s, many weather-based DSS were developed against pests of orchards, flower bulbs, arable crops and field-produced vegetables. Also, a DSS was developed to predict and check the effect of meteorological conditions on the effectiveness of application timing of plant protection products (GEWIS). The use of these systems resulted in more sustainable crop protection: sustainable because the use of DSS led to a lower risk of crop damage and, in many cases, to a lower input of active substances, by optimization of the product and dose to actual phytosanitary and meteorological conditions. The use of GEWIS to ensure application at the right time of day further reduced the input of active substances and increased efficacy. [source] Environmental risk assessment scheme for plant protection productsEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2003Article first published online: 29 OCT 200 First page of article [source] Environmental risk assessment for plant protection productsEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2003Article first published online: 29 OCT 200 First page of article [source] Environmental risk assessment scheme for plant protection productsEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2003Article first published online: 11 APR 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Environmental risk assessment scheme for plant protection productsEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2003Article first published online: 11 APR 200 First page of article [source] Efficacy evaluation of plant protection productsEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2001A. M. P. Lavadinho First page of article [source] Registration of plant protection products in EPPO countries: current status and possible approaches to harmonizationEPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2001J. Rüegg A survey concerning registration of plant protection products was carried out in 41 EPPO member countries. Twenty six countries responded and results are summarized in three groups. Various models are discussed which seek to adapt product dosage to the crowns of fruit-tree crops. The tree row volume model (TRV) is favoured by the authors since it can adequately cope with the wide variability of orchards encountered across Europe. It is suggested that experimenters who carry out registration field trials should measure the height and width of the tree crowns and the distance between the tree rows to facilitate comparison of registration trials including residue data. [source] Structure and organization of warning services in Rheinland-Pfalz (Germany),EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 1 2000E. Jörg Rheinland-Pfalz, a federal state in the south-western part of Germany, is an agricultural region with high crop diversity. For each branch of agriculture (arable, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants), specific warning and information services have been installed. Advisory work, including warning services, is done by a central (LPP) and eight regional state institutions (SL V As). LPP provides the infrastructure for information dissemination, organizes data acquisition and supplies the farmers with general information on crop protection (availability of plant protection products, control strategies, etc.), SL V As collect data on current pest development and elaborate regional recommendations on field assessments and control measures to be taken by the farmers. Warning service information is transmitted to the farmers by info post (periodic letters), telephone-answering machines, fax services and, lately, via the Internet. Farmers are mainly interested in current disease and pest severity data, preferably on a local basis, to aid their decision-making in crop protection. The forecasting models and computer-aided decision-support systems run by the state crop protection service have become essential tools during the last four years. Their results, supplemented by field-monitoring data, serve as the main input for the warning services. The Internet, in conjunction with computerized decision-support systems, provides the means of ensuring an adequate supply of warning service information at a time when crop protection services are undergoing severe staff reductions. [source] Investigation on the reactions of o -hydroxybenzyl alcohols with vinyl ethers under acidic and/or thermal conditionsJOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2009Volkan Kumbaraci The reaction of vinyl ethers with o -hydroxybenzyl alcohols under different reaction conditions was investigated. The aim of this attempt was to find out whether the protection reactions or the hetero Diels,Alder reaction of quinone methide in situ generated from o -hydroxybenzyl alcohol is more likely to occur. o -hydroxybenzyl alcohols can give hetero Diels,Alder reactions with dihydro-2H -pyran at high temperatures but only when used with acid catalysts. At room temperature, even in the presence of acid catalyst, reactions yielded regular protection products. However, butyl vinyl ether and 4-methoxy-3-butenone could not give intermolecular cycloaddition reactions under the acidic conditions, because both decomposed to the new products with acids. Hetero-Diels,Alder products obtained only under thermal conditions but in low yields. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46, 226 (2009). [source] Effect of spray application technique on spray deposition in greenhouse strawberries and tomatoesPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 2 2010Pascal Braekman Abstract BACKGROUND: Increasingly, Flemish greenhouse growers are using spray booms instead of spray guns to apply plant protection products. Although the advantages of spray booms are well known, growers still have many questions concerning nozzle choice and settings. Spray deposition using a vertical spray boom in tomatoes and strawberries was compared with reference spray equipment. Five different settings of nozzle type, size and pressure were tested with the spray boom. RESULTS: In general, the standard vertical spray boom performed better than the reference spray equipment in strawberries (spray gun) and in tomatoes (air-assisted sprayer). Nozzle type and settings significantly affected spray deposition and crop penetration. Highest overall deposits in strawberries were achieved using air-inclusion or extended-range nozzles. In tomatoes, the extended-range nozzles and the twin air-inclusion nozzles performed best. Using smaller-size extended-range nozzles above the recommended pressure range resulted in lower deposits, especially inside the crop canopy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a vertical spray boom is a promising technique for applying plant protection products in a safe and efficient way in tomatoes and strawberries, and nozzle choice and setting should be carefully considered. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Multivariate analysis of toxicological and environmental properties of soil nematicidesPEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE (FORMERLY: PESTICIDE SCIENCE), Issue 1 2009Sara Sánchez-Moreno Abstract BACKGROUND: In intensive agriculture, the use of pesticides and soil fumigants is necessary to produce economically viable crops worldwide. However, this practice may involve undesirable effects on human health and the environment. In 1995, methyl bromide was restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of possible ozone depletion. The objective of this study was to compare intrinsic environmental and toxicological properties of 11 active substances with nematicidal properties, some of them recognized as methyl bromide alternatives. RESULTS: Four groups of active substances were discriminated by a series of principal component analyses (PCAs): (a) high toxicity to non-target fauna, humans and animals and medium persistence in the environment (cadusafos, ethoprophos and fenamiphos); (b) high toxicity to humans, animals and non-target fauna and high persistence (carbofuran and fosthiazate); (c) low toxicity to non-target fauna, humans and animals and low persistence (carbosulfan, benfuracarb and oxamyl); (d) low toxicity to humans, animals and non-target fauna and medium persistence in the environment (1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin and methyl bromide). CONCLUSION: Evaluating the multiple aspects of toxicological and environmental properties of active substances through PCA is proposed as a helpful tool for initially comparing the complex toxicological behaviour of active substances as plant protection products. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry [source] | ||||||||||