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Processing Approaches (processing + approach)
Selected AbstractsSecond Language Vocabulary Acquisition: A Lexical Input Processing ApproachFOREIGN LANGUAGE ANNALS, Issue 2 2004Article first published online: 31 DEC 200, Joe Barcroft PhD These principles emphasize presentation of new words as input, allocation of limited processing resources during vocabulary acquisition, distinct components of vocabulary knowledge (e.g., form, meaning, mapping), and appropriate types of instruction for different stages of development. Empirical support is included. [source] Processing approaches of AlGaN/GaN Metal Insulator Semiconductor Hetero Field Effect Transistors (MISHFET) on Si (111) substratesPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue S2 2009Martin Eickelkamp Abstract We report on the fabrication of AlGaN/GaN MISHFETs using SiO2 and SiN as gate dielectrics. In particular, two different passivation procedures are investigated with respect to the resulting electrical properties. A fluorine based ICP etch step, as used here to remove the gate dielectric prior to passivation layer deposition, is shown to deteriorate the sheet carrier concentration and mobility. Depositing the passivation layer upon the gate dielectric, on the other hand, slightly decreases the sheet resistance as compared to a conventional HFET. Gate diode characteristics reveal significant reduction of gate leakage currents in both, reverse and forward biasing regions, of 1-2 and up to 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. All devices exhibit more pronounced current collapse compared to a conventional passivated HFET. In addition, a clear depencency on the processing scheme is observed. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Minimization of Nyquist ghosting for echo-planar imaging at ultra-high fields based on a "negative readout gradient" strategyJOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 5 2009Wietske van der Zwaag PhD Abstract Purpose: To improve the traditional Nyquist ghost correction approach in echo planar imaging (EPI) at high fields, via schemes based on the reversal of the EPI readout gradient polarity for every other volume throughout a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition train. Materials and Methods: An EPI sequence in which the readout gradient was inverted every other volume was implemented on two ultrahigh-field systems. Phantom images and fMRI data were acquired to evaluate ghost intensities and the presence of false-positive blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal with and without ghost correction. Three different algorithms for ghost correction of alternating readout EPI were compared. Results: Irrespective of the chosen processing approach, ghosting was significantly reduced (up to 70% lower intensity) in both rat brain images acquired on a 9.4T animal scanner and human brain images acquired at 7T, resulting in a reduction of sources of false-positive activation in fMRI data. Conclusion: It is concluded that at high B0 fields, substantial gains in Nyquist ghost correction of echo planar time series are possible by alternating the readout gradient every other volume. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:1171,1178. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Lost Mold Rapid Infiltration Forming of Mesoscale Ceramics: Part 1, FabricationJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 2009Nicholas E. Antolino Free-standing mesoscale (340 ,m × 30 ,m × 20 ,m) bend bars with an aspect ratio over 15:1 and an edge resolution as fine as a single grain diameter (,400 nm) have been fabricated in large numbers on refractory ceramic substrates by combining a novel powder processing approach with photoresist molds and an innovative lost-mold thermal process. The colloid and interfacial chemistry of the nanoscale zirconia particulates has been modeled and used to prepare highly concentrated suspensions. Engineering solutions to challenges in mold fabrication and casting have yielded free-standing, crack-free parts. Molds are fabricated using high-aspect-ratio photoresist on ceramic substrates. Green parts are formed using a rapid infiltration method that exploits the shear thinning behavior of the highly concentrated ceramic suspension in combination with gelcasting. The mold is thermally decomposed and the parts are sintered in place on the ceramic substrate. Chemically aided attrition milling disperses and concentrates the as-received 3Y-TZP powder to produce a dense, fine-grained sintered microstructure. Initial three-point bend strength data are comparable to that of conventional zirconia; however, geometric irregularities (e.g., trapezoidal cross sections) are present in this first generation and are discussed with respect to the distribution of bend strength. [source] An automatic integrated approach for stained neuron detection in studying neuron migrationMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 2 2010Yue Huang Abstract Neurons that come to populate the six-layered cerebral cortex are born deep within the developing brain in the surface of the embryonic cerebral ventricles. It is very important to detect these neurons for studying histogenesis of the brain and abnormal migration that had been linked to cognitive deficits, mental retardation, and motor disorders. The visualization of labeled cells in brain sections was performed by immunocytochemical examination and its image data were documented to microscopic pictures. Based on the fact, automatic accurate neurons labeling is prerequisite instead of time-consuming manual labeling. In this article, a fully automated image processing approach is proposed to detect all the stained neurons in microscopic images. First of all, dark stained neurons are achieved by thresholding in blue channel of image. And then a modified fuzzy c-means clustering method, called alternative fuzzy c-means is applied to achieve higher classification accuracy in extracting constraint factor. Finally, watershed based on gradient vector flow is employed to the constraint factor image to segment all the neurons, including clustered neurons. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can be a useful tool in neuron image analysis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] LiDAR-derived Local Relief Models , a new tool for archaeological prospectionARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSPECTION, Issue 2 2010Ralf HesseArticle first published online: 11 FEB 2010 Abstract Local relief models (LRM) are proposed as a new tool for archaeological prospection. A data processing approach is presented which produces LRM from LiDAR-derived high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). The LRM represents local, small-scale elevation differences after removing the large-scale landscape forms from the data. The LRM greatly enhances the visibility of small-scale, shallow topographic features irrespective of the illumination angle and allows their relative elevations as well as their volumes to be measured directly. This makes the LRM an improved basis for spatially extensive archaeological prospection over a wide range of landscapes. The LRM raster map of local positive and negative relief variations can be used for the mapping and prospection of archaeological features such as burial mounds, linear and circular earthworks, sunken roads, agricultural terraces, ridge and furrow fields, kiln podia and mining/quarrying sites. This approach is currently being used in a project aimed at the complete archaeological mapping and prospection of the state Baden-Württemberg (Germany), covering an area of 35,751,km2. The goal of the project is the verification and extension of the existing archaeological data base. An object-based local relief vector layer is produced as a by-product; however, due to the common amalgamation of natural and anthropogenic features this cannot be used efficiently for archaeological prospection at present. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Introducing the PCMC Model: An Investigative Framework for Young People's Processing of Commercialized Media ContentCOMMUNICATION THEORY, Issue 4 2010Moniek Buijzen There is a vital need for an updated evaluation of children's and adolescents' changing commercial media environment. In this article, we introduce an investigative framework for young people's processing of commercial media content (PCMC) that can deal with current and future developments in the media landscape. To develop this framework, we (a) introduce an integrated model of young people's persuasion processing, adopting a developmental perspective on adult persuasion models; (b) theorize how communication can predict persuasion processing, based on a limited capacity information processing approach; (c) identify specific message characteristics that affect persuasion processing (e.g., prominence, interactivity, integration). Thus, the PCMC model provides a theoretical framework as well as specific guidelines for future research investigating young people's commercialized media environment. Une présentation du modèle TCMC : un cadre d'étude pour le traitement des contenus médiatiques commerciaux chez les jeunes Il faut remettre à jour l'évaluation de l'environnement médiatique commercial changeant des enfants et des adolescents. Dans cet article, nous présentons un cadre d'étude pour le traitement des contenus médiatiques commerciaux chez les jeunes (TCMC). Ce cadre peut gérer les développements actuels et futurs dans le paysage médiatique. Pour développer ce cadre, (1) nous présentons un modèle intégré du traitement de la persuasion chez les jeunes, en adoptant une perspective développementale des modèles de persuasion des adultes; (2) nous théorisons sur les manières dont la communication peut prédire le traitement de la persuasion, à partir d'une approche du traitement de l'information à capacité limitée; (3) nous identifions des caractéristiques spécifiques des messages qui influencent le traitement de la persuasion (p. ex., la saillance, l'interactivité et l'intégration). Ainsi, le modèle TCMC offre un cadre théorique ainsi que des directives spécifiques pour la recherche future sur l'environnement médiatique commercialisé des jeunes. Das PCMC-Modell: Ein investigatives Bezugssystem für die Verarbeitung von werblichen Medieninhalten durch Jugendliche Es gibt einen Bedarf für eine aktualisierte Bewertung der sich veränderten werblichen Medienumgebung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir ein investigatives Bezugssystem für die Verarbeitung von werblichen Medieninhalten durch Jugendliche (PCMC-Modell), welches sich aktuellen und zukünftigen Entwicklungen der Medienlandschaft anpasst. Um dieses Bezugsystem zu entwickeln, stellen wir (1) ein integratives Modell der Verarbeitung von Persuasion durch Jugendliche vor, welches eine Entwicklungsperspektive in die Auseinandersetzung mit Persuasionsmodellen für Erwachsene einbringt; (2) theoretisieren basierend auf einem Ansatz der Informationsverarbeitung mit begrenzten Kapazitäten (limited capacity approach), wie Kommunikation persuasive Prozesse vorhersagen kann und (3) identifizieren spezifische Botschaftseigenschaften, die die Verarbeitung von Persuasion beeinflussen (z.B. Prominenz, Interaktivität, Integration). Damit bietet das PCMC-Modell einen theoretischen Rahmen sowie spezifischen Anweisungen für zukünftige Forschungsarbeiten, die die kommerziellen Medienumgebungen Jugendlicher untersuchen. Un Modelo de Procesamiento para el Contenido Comercial de los Medios Resumen Hay una necesidad vital de actualizar la evaluación del cambiante ambiente comercial de los medios para niños y adolescentes. En este ensayo, introducimos un marco investigativo para el procesamiento del contenido comercial de los medios por parte de las personas jóvenes (PCMC) que permita abordar los desarrollos corrientes y futuros del paisaje de los medios. Para desarrollar este marco, (1) introducimos un modelo integrado del procesamiento persuasivo de las personas jóvenes, adoptando una perspectiva de desarrollo de los modelos persuasivos adultos; (2) teorizamos cómo la comunicación puede predecir el procesamiento persuasivo, basado en un enfoque de la capacidad limitada de procesamiento de la información; (3) identificamos las características específicas de los mensajes que afectan el procesamiento persuasivo (a saber, prominencia, interactividad, integración). Así, el modelo PCMC provee de un marco teórico así como también de guías para la investigación futura sobre el ambiente de comercialización de los medios para la gente joven. [source] Integration of General Sparse Matrix and Parallel Computing Technologies for Large,Scale Structural AnalysisCOMPUTER-AIDED CIVIL AND INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING, Issue 6 2002Hsien Hsieh, Shang Both general sparse matrix and parallel computing technologies are integrated in this study as a finite element solution of large,scale structural problems in a PC cluster environment. The general sparse matrix technique is first employed to reduce execution time and storage requirements for solving the simultaneous equilibrium equations in finite element analysis. To further reduce the time required for large,scale structural analyses, two parallel processing approaches for sharing computational workloads among collaborating processors are then investigated. One approach adopts a publicly available parallel equation solver, called SPOOLES, to directly solve the sparse finite element equations, while the other employs a parallel substructure method for the finite element solution. This work focuses more on integrating the general sparse matrix technique and the parallel substructure method for large,scale finite element solutions. Additionally, numerical studies have been conducted on several large,scale structural analyses using a PC cluster to investigate the effectiveness of the general sparse matrix and parallel computing technologies in reducing time and storage requirements in large,scale finite element structural analyses. [source] Solution Processing of Chalcogenide Semiconductors via Dimensional ReductionADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 31 2009David B. Mitzi Abstract The quest to develop thin-film solution processing approaches that offer low-cost and preferably low-temperature deposition, while simultaneously providing quality semiconductor characteristics, has become an important thrust within the materials community. While inorganic compounds offer the potential for outstanding electronic properties relative to organic systems, the very nature of these materials rendering them good electronic materials,namely strong covalent bonding,also leads to poor solubility. This review presents a "dimensional reduction" approach to improving the solubility of metal chalcogenide semiconductors, which generally involves breaking the extended framework up into discrete metal chalcogenide anions separated by small and volatile cationic species. The resulting soluble precursor may be solution-processed into thin-film form and thermally decomposed to yield the desired semiconductor. Several applications of this principle to the solution deposition of high-performance active layers for transistors (channel mobility >10,cm2 V,1 s,1), solar cells (power conversion efficiency of as high as 12%), and fundamental materials study will be presented using hydrazine as the deposition solvent. [source] Contingent approaches to making likelihood judgments about polychotomous cases: the influence of task factorsJOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING, Issue 4 2005Paul D. Windschitl Abstract Two experiments tested the influence of three task factors on respondents' tendency to use normative, heuristic, and random approaches to making likelihood judgments about polychotomous cases (i.e., cases in which there is more than one alternative to a focal hypothesis). Participants estimated their likelihood of winning hypothetical raffles in which they and other players held various numbers of tickets. Responding on non-numeric scales (vs. numeric ones) and responding under time pressure (vs. self-paced) increased participants' use of a comparison-heuristic approach, resulting in non-normative judgment patterns. A manipulation of evidence representation (whether ticket quantities were represented by numbers or more graphically by bars) did not have reliably detectable effects on processing approaches to likelihood judgment. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the further development of likelihood judgment theories, and they discuss parallels between contingent processing in choice and contingent processing in likelihood judgment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] On Processing and Impact Deformation Behavior of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE),Calcium Carbonate NanocompositesMACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS & ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2009Qiang Yuan Abstract Different processing approaches were adopted to obtain the best combination of strength and toughness. The approach that yielded superior properties was examined in detail to study the mechanical response of nanoscale calcium carbonate-reinforced high density polyethylene in conjunction with unreinforced high density polyethylene. The reinforcement of high density polyethylene with nanoscale calcium carbonate increases impact strength and is not accompanied by decrease in yield strength. The addition of nanoscale calcium carbonate to high density polyethylene alters the micromechanism of deformation from crazing-tearing in high density polyethylene to fibrillation in high density polyethylene,calcium carbonate nanocomposite. [source] Race, Gender, and Communications in Natural DisastersPOLICY STUDIES JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007Darrell M. West We examine public attitudes toward vulnerability and evacuation in hurricane natural disasters. Using the results of an opinion survey in a coastal, New England state, we find important differences in how men and women, and Whites and minorities perceive natural disasters. Race, gender, and geographic proximity to the coast affect how vulnerable people believe their residence is to a major hurricane, while government officials and media reporting telling people to evacuate influence evacuation decisions. In order to avoid future breakdowns, governments need to understand the different information processing approaches of various groups of people. [source] Is Charisma Hyper-Romanticism?APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Empirical Evidence from New Data, a Meta-Analysis In prior research, mixed results were obtained with respect to the relationship between Romance of Leadership and the perception of transformational leadership. In this paper, we first present new studies originating from different contexts (students and employees) and different countries and, second, we meta-analyse these studies together with prior studies in order to shed light on the relationship between Romance of Leadership and the perception of transformational leadership. In the meta-analysis, we considered the following moderators: field/employees vs. experimental/student samples, geographical region, and type of assessment of transformational leadership. The results indicate a positive relationship between Romance of Leadership and the perception of transformational leadership. Only the moderating effect of region of origin was significant. In line with social constructivism and information processing approaches of leadership, our results indicate that the perception of leadership comprises more than merely the actual behaviour the leader exhibits. Des résultats contradictoires ont été obtenus dans le passé en ce qui concerne la relation entre la Romance du Leadership et la perception du leadership transformationnel. Dans cet article, nous présentons d'abord de nouvelles recherches portant sur des populations différentes (des étudiants ou des salariés) provenant de plusieurs pays, puis dans un second temps nous effectuons une méta-analyse regroupant ces travaux et des études antérieures afin d'y voir plus clair dans la relation entre la Romance du Leadership et la perception du leadership transformationnel. On a, dans la méta-analyse, pris en considération les variables régulatrices suivantes: l'origine géographique des échantillons d'étudiants (travaux expérimentaux) ou de salariés (enquêtes sur le terrain) et le type d'évaluation du leadership transformationnel. Les résultats vont dans le sens d'une relation positive entre la Romance du Leadership et la perception du leadership transformationnel. Il n'y a que la région d'origine qui présente un effet régulateur significatif. Dans la continuité du constructivisme social et des travaux concevant le leadership comme un traitement de l'information, nos résultats indiquent que la perception du leadership dépasse le comportement observable du leader. [source] | ||||||||||||||||