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Process Consisting (process + consisting)
Selected AbstractsOn the Cascade Polymerization Process Consisting of Metallocene Polymerization and ATRP to Prepare i -PP-Based Polar Block CopolymersMACROMOLECULAR REACTION ENGINEERING, Issue 2-3 2009Qingfeng Yi Abstract Isotactic poly(propylene)s bearing a terminal hydroxyl group (i -PP- t -OH) with high degrees of end-group functionality were synthesized by a metallocene/methylaluminoxane (MAO)-mediated propylene polymerization process via a preferential aluminium chain transfer reaction assisted by a hydroalumination process at the end of polymerization. Despite the highly isotactic configuration and relatively high molecular weight ( as high as 60,800 g,·,mol,1) of the polymers, the hydroxyl group located at the i -PP chain terminal was efficiently transformed to an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator moiety of i -PP- t -Br via a reaction with 2-bromopropionyl chloride at 60,°C in toluene. Well-defined i -PP- b -PMMA and i -PP- b -PS block copolymers of controllable structure and compositions were then prepared with efficient ATRPs of MMA and St using i -PP- t -Br. [source] Cost-Affordable Technique Involving Equal Channel Angular Pressing for the Manufacturing of Ultrafine Grained Sheets of an Al,Li,Mg,Sc Alloy,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 8 2010Rustam Kaibyshev A two-step process consisting of modified equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent isothermal rolling (IR) was developed to produce thin sheets of aluminum alloys with ultra-fine grained (UFG) structure. Significant increase in the efficiency of ECAP was attained by using flat billets and a back pressure system. The incorporation of final IR into technologic route provides a reduced strain which is necessary to impose for the fabrication of thin sheets with UFG structure. In addition, it allows producing relatively "long billets." In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique an Al,5.1Mg,2.1Li,0.17Sc,0.08Zr (wt %) alloy was subjected to ECAP at 325,°C to a total strain of ,8 using processing route CX. The operation time of this processing did not exceed 15,min. Subsequent IR at the same temperature with a total reduction of 88% was applied to produce thin sheets with a 1.8,mm thickness and an average size of recrystallized grains of ,1.6,µm. These sheets exhibit extraordinary high superplastic ductilities. In addition, this material demonstrated almost isotropic mechanical behavior at room temperature. The maximum elongation-to-failure of ,2700% was attained at a temperature of 450,°C and an initial strain rate of 1.4,×,10,2 s,1. Thus it was demonstrated that the two-step processing consisting of ECAP with a back pressure followed by IR was a simple technique providing potential capability for the fabrication of superplastic sheets from an Al,Mg,Li,Sc alloy on a commercial scale. [source] Determinants of vertebrate invasion success in Europe and North AmericaGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 9 2006JONATHAN M. JESCHKE Abstract Species that are frequently introduced to an exotic range have a high potential of becoming invasive. Besides propagule pressure, however, no other generally strong determinant of invasion success is known. Although evidence has accumulated that human affiliates (domesticates, pets, human commensals) also have high invasion success, existing studies do not distinguish whether this success can be completely explained by or is partly independent of propagule pressure. Here, we analyze both factors independently, propagule pressure and human affiliation. We also consider a third factor directly related to humans, hunting, and 17 traits on each species' population size and extent, diet, body size, and life history. Our dataset includes all 2362 freshwater fish, mammals, and birds native to Europe or North America. In contrast to most previous studies, we look at the complete invasion process consisting of (1) introduction, (2) establishment, and (3) spread. In this way, we not only consider which of the introduced species became invasive but also which species were introduced. Of the 20 factors tested, propagule pressure and human affiliation were the two strongest determinants of invasion success across all taxa and steps. This was true for multivariate analyses that account for intercorrelations among variables as well as univariate analyses, suggesting that human affiliation influenced invasion success independently of propagule pressure. Some factors affected the different steps of the invasion process antagonistically. For example, game species were much more likely to be introduced to an exotic continent than nonhunted species but tended to be less likely to establish themselves and spread. Such antagonistic effects show the importance of considering the complete invasion process. [source] Why health expectations and hopes are different: the development of a conceptual modelHEALTH EXPECTATIONS, Issue 4 2009Karen K. Leung BA (Hons) Abstract Background, In the literature, ,hope' has often been thought of as an ideal expectation. However, we believe the classification of hope as a type of expectation is problematic. Although both hopes and expectations are future-oriented cognitions, expectations are distinct in that they are an individual's probability-driven assessment of the most likely outcomes, while hopes are an assessment of the most desirable , but not necessarily the most probable , outcomes. Aim, This paper presents a conceptual model of the factors that may serve as common antecedents of hopes and expectations, and a mechanism that may mediate their differentiation. Method, Ovid Healthstar and PsycINFO database searches from January 1967 to October 2008 were conducted. An integrative literature review, synthesis and conceptual model development were carried out. Outcome, Our model envisages the differentiation of hope from expectation as a dynamic, longitudinal process consisting of three phases: appraisal of possible outcomes, cognitive analysis for achieving hopes and goal pursuit. Key variables such as temporal proximity, controllability, external resources, goals, affect, agency and pathways may moderate the extent of divergence by influencing the perceived probability of achieving desired outcomes. Conclusion, Hopes and expectations are distinct, but linked, constructs. This preliminary conceptual model presents how hopes and expectations develop, become differentiated and how social-cognitive factors may moderate this relationship. A better understanding of hopes and expectations may assist health professionals in communicating illness-related expectations while maintaining the integrity of patient hopes. [source] Technologies for value creation: an exploration of remote diagnostics systems in the manufacturing industryINFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Katrin Jonsson Abstract., With firms increasingly relying on ubiquitous computing to implement major business initiatives, it is becoming ever more necessary to understand the technological aspects of business developments. This paper analyzes the use of remote diagnostics systems in the manufacturing industry and discusses the opportunities and challenges for the early adopters. It pays specific attention to the impact on business aspects such as the value creation process consisting of relationships, roles, and architecture and the value proposal consisting of a business offer and customer value. The study shows how ubiquitous computing allows manufacturers to become remote service providers while customers can either become co-creators of value or passive receivers of created value. Ubiquitous computing also creates possibilities for the manufacturing industry to design new kinds of business offers based on remote presence. Studying remote diagnostics systems shows that ubiquitous computing creates value when deployed in products, and not just in relation to individuals. Moreover, the design of the value-creation process should not be limited to the single supplier or customer organization, as ubiquitous computing applications take no notice of organizational boundaries. [source] Innovation management measurement: A reviewINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT REVIEWS, Issue 1 2006Richard Adams Measurement of the process of innovation is critical for both practitioners and academics, yet the literature is characterized by a diversity of approaches, prescriptions and practices that can be confusing and contradictory. Conceptualized as a process, innovation measurement lends itself to disaggregation into a series of separate studies. The consequence of this is the absence of a holistic framework covering the range of activities required to turn ideas into useful and marketable products. We attempt to address this gap by reviewing the literature pertaining to the measurement of innovation management at the level of the firm. Drawing on a wide body of literature, we first develop a synthesized framework of the innovation management process consisting of seven categories: inputs management, knowledge management, innovation strategy, organizational culture and structure, portfolio management, project management and commercialization. Second, we populate each category of the framework with factors empirically demonstrated to be significant in the innovation process, and illustrative measures to map the territory of innovation management measurement. The review makes two important contributions. First, it takes the difficult step of incorporating a vastly diverse literature into a single framework. Second, it provides a framework against which managers can evaluate their own innovation activity, explore the extent to which their organization is nominally innovative or whether or not innovation is embedded throughout their organization, and identify areas for improvement. [source] Conditional phase-type distributions for modelling patient length of stay in hospitalINTERNATIONAL TRANSACTIONS IN OPERATIONAL RESEARCH, Issue 6 2003A. H. Marshall Abstract The proportion of elderly in the population is continuing to increase, placing additional demands on highly competitive medical budgets. The management of the care of the elderly within hospitals can be assisted by the accurate modelling of the length of stay of patients in hospital. This paper uses conditional phase-type distributions for modelling the length of stay of a group of elderly patients in hospital. The model incorporates the use of Bayesian belief networks with Coxian phase-type distributions, a special type of Markov model that describes the duration of stay in hospital as a process consisting of a sequence of latent phases. The incorporation of the Bayesian belief network in the model permits the inclusion of additional patient information which may provide a better understanding of the system, in particular the incorporation of any potential causal information that may exist in the data. [source] Functional properties of thermoformed wheat gluten/montmorillonite materials with respect to formulation and processing conditionsJOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 1 2008Hélène Angellier-Coussy Abstract Wheat gluten (WG)/montmorillonite (MMT) films were prepared by a thermomechanical process consisting of first mixing the components in a two-blade, counter-rotating device and second thermoforming the obtained dough. A significant loss in protein solubility due to the formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds was observed upon mixing and thermoforming. In the range of studied glycerol contents (25,42.8 wt %), it was shown that glycerol had no significant effect on the mechanical properties or water sensitivity of WG-based films. Increasing the thermoforming temperature from 60 to 120°C led to considerable improvements of the mechanical properties (increases in both the stress and strain at break) and a significant reduction of the water sensitivity. The introduction of MMT (up to 5 wt %) allowed the achievement of mechanical properties that were not possible by just the variation of the glycerol content and the processing temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Cod and rainbow trout as freeze,chilled meal elementsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 3 2010Louise H S Jensen Abstract BACKGROUND: ,Meal elements' are elements of a meal, e.g. portions of pre-fried meat, sauces, frozen fish or pre-processed vegetables typically prepared industrially. The meal elements are distributed to professional satellite kitchens, where the staff can combine them into complete meals. Freeze,chilling is a process consisting of freezing and frozen storage followed by thawing and chilled storage. Combining the two would enable the manufacturer to produce large quantities of frozen meal elements to be released into the chill chain according to demand. We have studied the influence of freeze,chilling on the quality attributes of cod and rainbow trout portions. Sensory profiling and chemical analyses were used to determine the changes in quality after slow thawing and subsequent chill storage and to find the high-quality shelf life. RESULTS: Cod had a consistent and high sensory quality during the first 6 days of chilled storage, and the corresponding time for rainbow trout was 10 days. After this period the sensory quality decreased and chemical indicators of spoilage were seen to increase. CONCLUSION: The consistent quality during storage and the high-quality shelf life are practically applicable and cod and rainbow trout seem potential candidates for freeze,chilled meal elements. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Growth of InN on 6H-SiC by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxyPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (C) - CURRENT TOPICS IN SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 6 2006April S. Brown Abstract We have investigated the growth of InN films by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy on the Si-face of 6H-SiC(0001). Growth is performed under In-rich conditions using a two-step process consisting of the deposition of a thin, low-temperature 350 °C InN buffer layer, followed by the subsequent deposition of the InN epitaxial layer at 450 °C. The effect of buffer annealing is investigated. The structural and optical evolution of the growing layer has been monitored in real time using RHEED and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Structural, morphological, electrical and optic properties are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Laboratory Forum: Experimental Models of Peyronie's Disease.THE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 2 2009Implications for New Therapies ABSTRACT Introduction., Despite its high prevalence and impact on the quality of life of patients, and that it is an excellent model for the study of fibrotic processes, Peyronie's disease (PD) is an orphan disease in biomedical research. The development of animal and cell culture models has advanced substantially the understanding of its molecular and cellular pathology and the proposal of new therapies. Aim., To review the literature pertaining to the use of these models for the study of PD. Methods., PubMed search conducted from the first report of an animal model for PD. Results., This model, based on the finding that transforming growth factor ,1 (TGF,1) is overexpressed in the PD plaque, consists on the injection of TGF,1 into the tunica albuginea of the rat. This leads to a PD-like plaque retaining many of the histological and biochemical features of human PD. Another rat model, based on the hypothesis that the PD plaque arises from trauma to the penis, causing fibrinogen extravasation that initiates as fibrin a fibrotic response, consists on injection of fibrin into the tunica. The cell culture model is based on the demonstration that myofibroblasts are abundant in the human PD plaque. Conclusions., These models have: (i) clarified the role of microtrauma, myofibroblasts, and oxidative stress in plaque development; (ii) demonstrated that this tissue is under sustained turnover by fibrotic and antifibrotic mechanisms; (iii) showed the interplay of collagenolytic and fibrinolytic systems and their inhibitors; (iv) detected an endogenous antifibrotic process consisting of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase that counteracts oxidative stress, collagen synthesis, and myofibroblast generation; (v) characterized the antifibrotic effects of chronic treatment with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors; (vi) discovered the cytogenetic instability of PD cells and alterations in their gene expression; and (vii) detected stem cells in the tunica albuginea with a potential role in fibrosis and ossification. Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, and Rajfer J. Experimental models of peyronie's disease. Implications for new therapies. J Sex Med 2009;6:303,313. [source] Pd,Ag membranes for auto-thermal ethanol reformingASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2010Silvano Tosti Abstract The auto-thermal ethanol reforming was carried out at 200 kPa by a two-step process consisting of a traditional reformer operating at high temperature (700,740 °C) and a Pd,Ag multitube membrane module where the separation of hydrogen took place at 350,380 °C. The membrane module was a bundle of 11 thin-wall Pd,Ag tubes of wall thickness 50,60 µm, diameter 10 mm, and length 270 mm: permeation tests were performed at 300,395 °C with lumen pressure of 150,200 kPa, and nitrogen sweep flow rates in the shell side ranged from 10 to 30 l min,1 at atmospheric pressure. A hydrogen permeance Pe = 1.317 × 10,2 exp (,3.622 × 103/T(K)) mol m,2 s,1 Pa,0.5 was measured and complete hydrogen selectivity was verified. A water/ethanol mixture of molar ratio 2.50/1.00 was used as feed stream for carrying out ethanol reforming in the traditional fixed-bed reactor filled with a Ni on alumina catalyst. As a second step, the water gas shift (WGS) membrane reaction was carried out in the multitube membrane reactor: the Pd,Ag alloy of the membrane tubes worked for both catalyzing the reaction and for separating all the hydrogen produced in the reformer and in the membrane reactor itself. The hydrogen separated through the membrane was collected in the shell side of the membrane module: by operating with a water/ethanol feed flow rate of 200 g h,1, up to 1.2 l min,1 of pure hydrogen was produced. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A low-level penetration seeding experiment of liquid carbon dioxide in a convective cloudHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 11 2002Kenji Wakimizu Abstract In order to bring large amounts of precipitation, the new seeding method using liquid carbon dioxide (LC) was suggested by Fukuta (1996a). The method was applied to the supercooled convective cloud in a post-frontal weather condition in northern Kyushu, Japan, on October 27 1999. In the seeding experiment, LC seeding and the subsequent observation by aircraft were carried out and the features of a seeded echo were observed by radar. Consequently, the aircraft observation confirmed the further development of the seeded cumulus together with a fuzzy aspect of the cloud surface, which indicates the feature consisting of ice particles. Furthermore, the observed cloud top was quite consistent with the cloud top estimated by the thermodynamic analysis following parcel theory. Therefore, the observed results indicate the artificial effects by LC seeding. On the other hand, the radar observation confirmed an artificially induced echo, which showed spreading of the echo area and took a unique mushroom shape in the RHI pictures. The maximum width of the echo reached 24 km and the total amount of estimated radar precipitation of the seeded cumulus was approximately 2.4 million ton, traversing a distance of 60 km in 1 h 40 min. The observed and estimated results are consistent with the hypothesis of the new seeding method, which induces the dynamic and microphysical processes consisting of two fundamental processes. In addition, it was found that dynamical interaction between the seeded and the adjacent natural cumuli was an important factor in the formation of the secondary cumulus. The observational fact will give new viewpoint into the future seeding study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||