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Procurement Policy (procurement + policy)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Humanities and Social Sciences50%

Selected Abstracts

Bioavailability of generic ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablet products in a dog model

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2010
Kevin W. Garren
Abstract In this study, we explored the bioavailability in dogs and chemical potency of generic ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir tablet products manufactured by various pharmaceutical companies. Chemical potency of the products was examined by HPLC quantitation of ritonavir and lopinavir. Using a dog model, we determined point estimates for Cmax and AUC of ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir for eight generic products compared to Abbott's Norvir® capsule and Kaletra® tablet. Chemical potencies ranged from 79.0% to 104.6%. Point estimates for AUC in the generic tablet products ranged from 0.01 to 1.11, indicating that the relative bioavailability of these formulations was in the range of 1,111% compared to the branded products. This study showed significant variability in bioavailability in a dog model amongst generic tablet products containing the protease inhibitors ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir. The chemical potency of the generic products was not indicative of the plasma levels of ritonavir or lopinavir that were achieved. These results reinforce the need for human bioequivalence testing of generic products containing ritonavir or lopinavir/ritonavir to assure that efficacy in patients is not compromised prior to these products being made available to patients. Procurement policies of funding agencies should require such quality assurance processes. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:626,631, 2010 [source]

OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO PAIN RELIEF IN THE CARIBBEAN

DEVELOPING WORLD BIOETHICS, Issue 3 2009
CHERYL MACPHERSON
ABSTRACT This paper examines pain and pain relief in the Caribbean, where pain is widely perceived as an unavoidable part of life, and where unnecessary suffering results from untreated and under treated pain. Barriers to pain relief in the Caribbean include patient and family attitudes, inadequate knowledge among health professionals and unduly restrictive regulations on the medical use of opioids. Similar barriers exist all over the world. This paper urges medical, nursing and public health professionals, and educators to examine attitudes towards pain and pain relief and to work towards making effective pain relief and palliation more accessible. It recommends that i) health professionals and officials be better educated about pain, palliation and opioids, ii) regulatory restrictions be updated in light of clinical and scientific evidence, iii) opioid procurement policies be adjusted to facilitate increased medical use, iv) medical charts and records be modified to routinely elicit and document patients levels of pain, and v) educational campaigns be developed to inform the public that moderate and severe pain can be safely relieved at the end of life and other stages of life. The professional, respectful, and beneficent response to patients in pain is to provide rapid and aggressive pain relief or to urgently consult a pain or palliative specialist. When a health system hinders such efforts the ethical response is to identify, facilitate and advocate for overcoming barriers to improvement. [source]

,Riches beyond the dreams of avarice?': commerical returns on British warship construction, 1889-1914

ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 2 2001
A.J. Arnold
The contracts for naval warships placed in private shipyards in the nineteenth century provide an early example of state procurement policy. It has been widely argued that these contracts allowed the firms concerned to earn unusually high profits, although the evidence provided has been very limited. This article analyses the effects of naval warship contracts on the profitability of the dominant suppliers during the ,naval arms race' of 1889-1914 in order to provide new and more systematic evidence on the workings of an early form of regulation and on a tangible aspect of the relationship between firms and the British government. [source]

Taxes and the Efficiency-Rent Extraction Trade-off

JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ECONOMIC THEORY, Issue 5 2006
ANIL ARYA
This paper presents an adverse selection model in which progressive taxation enhances productive efficiency by encouraging a principal (buyer) to be less aggressive in contracting with an agent (seller). Wary of padded cost budgets, the buyer employs a hurdle-rate procurement policy. With a low cost hurdle, the buyer keeps greater profits when transactions are undertaken but trade occurs less often. While the hurdle is unaffected by a flat tax, a progressive tax tilts the buyer's preference: the buyer's benefit from a lower hurdle becomes less pronounced, since the marginal increase in his profits is muted in after-tax terms. The result is increased trade and the possibility of Pareto improvements. [source]